Exploring the link between morphological bill traits and infestation by ectosymbionts in hummingbirds (Trochilidae)

Preening is a crucial aspect of avian behavior because it underpins the maintenance of feathers and the control of ectosymbionts, including ectoparasites. The bill, which evolved adaptively to perform different activities like self-defense, thermal regulation, and primarily feeding, also plays a key...