Age effects on implicit contextual learning

Nuevos estudios sugieren que el control cognitivo interfiere en procesos automáticos e implícitos, incluyendo la creatividad, resolución de problemas y aprendizaje estadístico. Adicional a esto, varios estudios han comprobado que el control cognitivo disminuye a medida que las personas envejecen, po...

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Autores:: Galeano Suárez, María Gabriela
Rodríguez Núñez, Pedro Alejandro

Tipo de recurso:: Trabajo de grado de pregrado

Fecha de publicación:: 2017

Institución:: Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNAB

Repositorio:: Repositorio UNAB

Idioma:: spa

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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Age effects on implicit contextual learning
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv	Age effects on implicit contextual learning
title	Age effects on implicit contextual learning
spellingShingle	Age effects on implicit contextual learning Psychology of learning Senior adult Adolescent psychology Psychology Research Cognitive control Problem resolution Statistical learning Implicit contextual learning Psicología del aprendizaje Adulto mayor Psicología del adolescente Psicología Investigaciones Control cognitivo Resolución de problemas Aprendizaje estadístico Aprendizaje contextual implícito
title_short	Age effects on implicit contextual learning
title_full	Age effects on implicit contextual learning
title_fullStr	Age effects on implicit contextual learning
title_full_unstemmed	Age effects on implicit contextual learning
title_sort	Age effects on implicit contextual learning
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Galeano Suárez, María Gabriela Rodríguez Núñez, Pedro Alejandro
dc.contributor.advisor.spa.fl_str_mv	Rosero Pahi, Mario Alberto
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv	Galeano Suárez, María Gabriela Rodríguez Núñez, Pedro Alejandro
dc.contributor.cvlac.*.fl_str_mv	Rosero Pahi, Mario Alberto [0001356760]
dc.contributor.googlescholar.*.fl_str_mv	Rosero Pahi, Mario Alberto [lmqwzwUAAAAJ&hl=en]
dc.contributor.orcid.*.fl_str_mv	Rosero Pahi, Mario Alberto [0000-0002-9546-4064]
dc.contributor.researchgate.*.fl_str_mv	Rosero Pahi, Mario Alberto [Mario-Alberto-Rosero-Pahi]
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv	Grupo de Investigación en Violencia, Lenguaje y Estudios Culturales
dc.subject.keywords.eng.fl_str_mv	Psychology of learning Senior adult Adolescent psychology Psychology Research Cognitive control Problem resolution Statistical learning Implicit contextual learning
topic	Psychology of learning Senior adult Adolescent psychology Psychology Research Cognitive control Problem resolution Statistical learning Implicit contextual learning Psicología del aprendizaje Adulto mayor Psicología del adolescente Psicología Investigaciones Control cognitivo Resolución de problemas Aprendizaje estadístico Aprendizaje contextual implícito
dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv	Psicología del aprendizaje Adulto mayor Psicología del adolescente Psicología Investigaciones
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	Control cognitivo Resolución de problemas Aprendizaje estadístico Aprendizaje contextual implícito
description	Nuevos estudios sugieren que el control cognitivo interfiere en procesos automáticos e implícitos, incluyendo la creatividad, resolución de problemas y aprendizaje estadístico. Adicional a esto, varios estudios han comprobado que el control cognitivo disminuye a medida que las personas envejecen, por lo tanto, los procesos automáticos e implícitos son favorecidos. Esta investigación busca determinar el efecto que tiene el bajo control cognitivo en el desempeño de tareas de aprendizaje contextual implícito, comparando un grupo de adultos jóvenes con uno de adultos mayores. Encontramos que no existe una diferencia significativa en el desempeño de la tarea “Contextual Cueing” entre el grupo de adultos jóvenes y adultos mayores t (38) = .261, p = .795. Estos resultados sugieren que el efecto “contextual cueing” es preservado a lo largo de la vida.
publishDate	2017
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2017-10
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2020-06-26T16:15:05Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2020-06-26T16:15:05Z
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.local.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de Grado
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dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv	instname:Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNAB
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	reponame:Repositorio Institucional UNAB
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identifier_str_mv	instname:Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNAB reponame:Repositorio Institucional UNAB
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	spa
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dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Galeano Suárez, María Gabriela, Rodríguez Núñez, Pedro Alejandro (2017). Age effects on implicit contextual learning. Bucaramanga (Colombia) : Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga UNAB Amer, T., Campbell, K. L., & Hasher, L. (2016). Cognitive control as a double-edged sword. Trends in cognitive sciences, 20(12), 905-915. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.10.002 Aminoff, E. M., Kveraga, K., & Bar, M. (2013). The role of the parahippocampal cortex in cognition. Trends in cognitive sciences, 17(8), 379-390. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.009 Baddeley, A.,Eysenck M. & M. Anderson. (2009). Memory. Psychology Press, New York, NY, US Baker, C. I., Olson, C. R., & Behrmann, M. (2004). Role of attention and perceptual grouping in visual statistical learning. Psychological Science, 15(7), 460-466 Campbell, K. L., Zimerman, S., Healey, M. K., Lee, M. M. S., & Hasher, L. (2012). Age differences in visual statistical learning. Psychology and Aging, 27(3), 650-656. Chun, M. M., & Jiang, Y. (1998). Contextual cuing: Implicit learning andmemory of visual context guides spatial attention. Cognitive Psychology,36, 28–71. doi: http://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1998.0681 Craik, F. I., & Bialystok, E. (2006). Cognition through the lifespan: mechanisms of change. Trends in cognitive sciences, 10(3), 131-138 Craik, F. I., & Byrd, M. (1982). Aging and cognitive deficits. In Aging and cognitive processes (pp. 191-211). Springer US. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4178-9_11 CEPAL, N. (2013). Consenso de Montevideo sobre población y desarrollo Cohen, N.J., & Eichenbaum H. (1993) Memory, Amnesia, and the Hippocampal System, MIT Press. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(95)90026-8 Cohen, R. A., Sparling-Cohen, Y. A., & O'Donnell, B. F. (1993). The neuropsychology of attention. New York: Plenum Press. 10.1016/B978-0-08-092668-1.50011-9 Eich, T. S., Gonçalves, B. M., Nee, D. E., Razlighi, Q., Jonides, J., & Stern, Y. (2016). Inhibitory selection mechanisms in clinically healthy older and younger adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, gbw029. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbw029 Eich, T. S., Razlighi, Q. R., & Stern, Y. (2017). Perceptual and memory inhibition deficits in clinically healthy older adults are associated with region-specific, doubly dissociable patterns of cortical thinning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 131(3), 220-225. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bne0000194 Fiser, J., & Aslin, R. N. (2002). Statistical learning of new visual feature combinations by infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(24), 15822-15826. Fantz, R. L. (1964). Visual experience in infants: Decreased attention to familiar patterns relative to novel ones. Science, 146(3644), 668-670. Gratton, C., Lee, T. G., Nomura, E. M., & D'Esposito, M. (2013). The effect of theta-burst TMS on cognitive control networks measured with resting state fMRI. Frontiers in systems neuroscience, 7. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00124 Hasher, L., Zacks, R., & May, C. (1999). Inhibitory control, circadian arousal, and age. In D. G. A. Koriat (Ed.), Attention & performance XVII, cognitive regulation of performance: interaction of theory and application (pp. 653– 675). Cambridge, MA/London, UK: MIT Press. doi: 10.4236/psych.2011.27112 Healey, M. K., & Kahana, M. J. (2016). A four-component model of age-related memory change. Psychological review, 123(1), 23. Howard Jr, J. H., Howard, D. V., Dennis, N. A., Yankovich, H., & Vaidya, C. J. (2004). Implicit spatial contextual learning in healthy aging. Neuropsychology, 18(1), 124. Johnson, J. S., Woodman, G. F., Braun, E., & Luck, S. J. (2007). Implicit memory influences the allocation of attention in visual cortex. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(5), 834 839. doi: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194108 Logan, G. D. (1988). Towards an instance theory of automatization. Psychological Review,95(4), 492–527. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.95.4.492 Lustig, C., Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (2007). Inhibitory deficit theory: Recent developments in a “new view”. Inhibition in cognition, 17, 145-162 Matlab (2010) version 7.100 Natick, Massachusetts, The Mathworks Inc.Yantis, S. (1998). Control of visual attention. In H. Pashler (Ed.), Attention (pp. 223-256). London: Psychology Press. Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive psychology, 41(1), 49-100. doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 Oldfield, R.C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97-113. Retrieved from: http://gade.psy.ku.dk/Readings/Oldfield1971.pdf Peterson, M. S., Kramer, A. F., & Colcombe, A. M. (2002, April). Contextual guidance of attention in younger and older adults. Poster session presented at the Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, GA. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.113.4.766 Pashler, H. E., & Sutherland, S. (1998). The psychology of attention (Vol. 15). Oxford (, England: MIT press Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, 32(1), 3-25. Purves, D., Augustine, G.J., Fitzpatrick, D., Hall, W.C.,LaMantia, A., McNamara, J.O. & Williams, S.M. (2004) Neuroscience (3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Purves, D., Cabeza, R., Huettel, S. A., LaBar, K. S., Platt, M. L., Woldorff, M. G., & Brannon, E. M. (2008). Cognitive Neuroscience. Sunderland, United States of America: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Rosen, M. L., Stern, C. E., Michalka, S. W., Devaney, K. J., & Somers, D. C. (2015). Cognitive control network contributions to memory-guided visual attention. Cerebral Cortex, 26(5), 2059-2073 Tsvetanov, K. A., Mevorach, C., Allen, H., & Humphreys, G. W. (2013). Age-related differences in selection by visual saliency. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 75(7), 1382-1394 Schwab, J. F., Schuler, K. D., Stillman, C. M., Newport, E. L., Howard Jr, J. H., & Howard, D. V. (2016). Aging and the statistical learning of grammatical form classes. Psychology and aging, 31(5), 481. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000110
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spelling	Rosero Pahi, Mario Alberto90e7a2c5-a5dd-4f9b-868e-c927dccb2a3a-1Galeano Suárez, María Gabrielae0a790d9-9cae-473c-b186-37249fdb6ecf-1Rodríguez Núñez, Pedro Alejandroc420a791-1b4d-4c8a-b4cc-dba6647c1cbf-1Rosero Pahi, Mario Alberto [0001356760]Rosero Pahi, Mario Alberto [lmqwzwUAAAAJ&hl=en]Rosero Pahi, Mario Alberto [0000-0002-9546-4064]Rosero Pahi, Mario Alberto [Mario-Alberto-Rosero-Pahi]Grupo de Investigación en Violencia, Lenguaje y Estudios Culturales2020-06-26T16:15:05Z2020-06-26T16:15:05Z2017-10http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12749/361instname:Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNABreponame:Repositorio Institucional UNABNuevos estudios sugieren que el control cognitivo interfiere en procesos automáticos e implícitos, incluyendo la creatividad, resolución de problemas y aprendizaje estadístico. Adicional a esto, varios estudios han comprobado que el control cognitivo disminuye a medida que las personas envejecen, por lo tanto, los procesos automáticos e implícitos son favorecidos. Esta investigación busca determinar el efecto que tiene el bajo control cognitivo en el desempeño de tareas de aprendizaje contextual implícito, comparando un grupo de adultos jóvenes con uno de adultos mayores. Encontramos que no existe una diferencia significativa en el desempeño de la tarea “Contextual Cueing” entre el grupo de adultos jóvenes y adultos mayores t (38) = .261, p = .795. Estos resultados sugieren que el efecto “contextual cueing” es preservado a lo largo de la vida.Introduction 8 Problem statement 10 Research question 11 Hypothesis 12 Null hypothesis 12 Justification 12 Objectives 14 General objectives 14 Specific objectives 14 Background of the study 14 Theoretical framework 19 Attention 19 Implicit memory 21 Cognitive control 22 Cognitive control through age 24 Spatial cueing 26 Statistical learning 28 Variables 31 Independent variables 31 Dependent variables 31 Method 32 Design and type of study 32 Subjects 33 Tasks 33 Contextual cueing task 34 Posner cueing task 36 Procedure 37 Data analysis 38 Results 39 Discussion 45 Conclusion 47 References 49Introduction 8 Problem statement 10 Research question 11 Hypothesis 12 Null hypothesis 12 Justification 12 Objectives 14 General objectives 14 Specific objectives 14 Background of the study 14 Theoretical framework 19 Attention 19 Implicit memory 21 Cognitive control 22 Cognitive control through age 24 Spatial cueing 26 Statistical learning 28 Variables 31 Independent variables 31 Dependent variables 31 Method 32 Design and type of study 32 Subjects 33 Tasks 33 Contextual cueing task 34 Posner cueing task 36 Procedure 37 Data analysis 38 Results 39 Discussion 45 Conclusion 47 References 49PregradoNew studies suggest that cognitive control interferes in automatic and implicit processes, including creativity, problem solving, and statistical learning. Furthermore, studies have proven that cognitive control decreases as people age; therefore, automatic and implicit processes are favored. This research seeks to determine the effect of decreased cognitive control on implicit contextual learning task-related performance by comparing a group of young adults with an older adults group. We found that there is not a significant difference in performance between young and old adults groups t (38) = .261, p = .795. These results suggest that the contextual cueing effect is preserved through the lifespan.Modalidad Presencialapplication/pdfspahttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/Abierto (Texto Completo)info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 ColombiaAge effects on implicit contextual learningAge effects on implicit contextual learningPsicólogoBucaramanga (Colombia)UNAB Campus BucaramangaUniversidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga UNABFacultad Ciencias de la SaludPregrado Psicologíainfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisTrabajo de Gradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TPPsychology of learningSenior adultAdolescent psychologyPsychologyResearchCognitive controlProblem resolutionStatistical learningImplicit contextual learningPsicología del aprendizajeAdulto mayorPsicología del adolescentePsicologíaInvestigacionesControl cognitivoResolución de problemasAprendizaje estadísticoAprendizaje contextual implícitoGaleano Suárez, María Gabriela, Rodríguez Núñez, Pedro Alejandro (2017). Age effects on implicit contextual learning. Bucaramanga (Colombia) : Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga UNABAmer, T., Campbell, K. L., & Hasher, L. (2016). Cognitive control as a double-edged sword. Trends in cognitive sciences, 20(12), 905-915. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.10.002Aminoff, E. M., Kveraga, K., & Bar, M. (2013). The role of the parahippocampal cortex in cognition. Trends in cognitive sciences, 17(8), 379-390. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.009Baddeley, A.,Eysenck M. & M. Anderson. (2009). Memory. Psychology Press, New York, NY, USBaker, C. I., Olson, C. R., & Behrmann, M. (2004). Role of attention and perceptual grouping in visual statistical learning. Psychological Science, 15(7), 460-466Campbell, K. L., Zimerman, S., Healey, M. K., Lee, M. M. S., & Hasher, L. (2012). Age differences in visual statistical learning. Psychology and Aging, 27(3), 650-656.Chun, M. M., & Jiang, Y. (1998). Contextual cuing: Implicit learning andmemory of visual context guides spatial attention. Cognitive Psychology,36, 28–71. doi: http://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1998.0681Craik, F. I., & Bialystok, E. (2006). Cognition through the lifespan: mechanisms of change. Trends in cognitive sciences, 10(3), 131-138Craik, F. I., & Byrd, M. (1982). Aging and cognitive deficits. In Aging and cognitive processes (pp. 191-211). Springer US. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4178-9_11CEPAL, N. (2013). Consenso de Montevideo sobre población y desarrolloCohen, N.J., & Eichenbaum H. (1993) Memory, Amnesia, and the Hippocampal System, MIT Press. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(95)90026-8Cohen, R. A., Sparling-Cohen, Y. A., & O'Donnell, B. F. (1993). The neuropsychology of attention. New York: Plenum Press. 10.1016/B978-0-08-092668-1.50011-9Eich, T. S., Gonçalves, B. M., Nee, D. E., Razlighi, Q., Jonides, J., & Stern, Y. (2016). Inhibitory selection mechanisms in clinically healthy older and younger adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, gbw029. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbw029Eich, T. S., Razlighi, Q. R., & Stern, Y. (2017). Perceptual and memory inhibition deficits in clinically healthy older adults are associated with region-specific, doubly dissociable patterns of cortical thinning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 131(3), 220-225. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bne0000194Fiser, J., & Aslin, R. N. (2002). Statistical learning of new visual feature combinations by infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(24), 15822-15826.Fantz, R. L. (1964). Visual experience in infants: Decreased attention to familiar patterns relative to novel ones. Science, 146(3644), 668-670.Gratton, C., Lee, T. G., Nomura, E. M., & D'Esposito, M. (2013). The effect of theta-burst TMS on cognitive control networks measured with resting state fMRI. Frontiers in systems neuroscience, 7. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00124Hasher, L., Zacks, R., & May, C. (1999). Inhibitory control, circadian arousal, and age. In D. G. A. Koriat (Ed.), Attention & performance XVII, cognitive regulation of performance: interaction of theory and application (pp. 653– 675). Cambridge, MA/London, UK: MIT Press. doi: 10.4236/psych.2011.27112Healey, M. K., & Kahana, M. J. (2016). A four-component model of age-related memory change. Psychological review, 123(1), 23.Howard Jr, J. H., Howard, D. V., Dennis, N. A., Yankovich, H., & Vaidya, C. J. (2004). Implicit spatial contextual learning in healthy aging. Neuropsychology, 18(1), 124.Johnson, J. S., Woodman, G. F., Braun, E., & Luck, S. J. (2007). Implicit memory influences the allocation of attention in visual cortex. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(5), 834 839. doi: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194108Logan, G. D. (1988). Towards an instance theory of automatization. Psychological Review,95(4), 492–527. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.95.4.492Lustig, C., Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (2007). Inhibitory deficit theory: Recent developments in a “new view”. Inhibition in cognition, 17, 145-162Matlab (2010) version 7.100 Natick, Massachusetts, The Mathworks Inc.Yantis, S. (1998). Control of visual attention. In H. Pashler (Ed.), Attention (pp. 223-256). London: Psychology Press.Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive psychology, 41(1), 49-100. doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734Oldfield, R.C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97-113. Retrieved from: http://gade.psy.ku.dk/Readings/Oldfield1971.pdfPeterson, M. S., Kramer, A. F., & Colcombe, A. M. (2002, April). Contextual guidance of attention in younger and older adults. Poster session presented at the Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, GA. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.113.4.766Pashler, H. E., & Sutherland, S. (1998). The psychology of attention (Vol. 15). Oxford (, England: MIT pressPosner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, 32(1), 3-25.Purves, D., Augustine, G.J., Fitzpatrick, D., Hall, W.C.,LaMantia, A., McNamara, J.O. & Williams, S.M. (2004) Neuroscience (3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.Purves, D., Cabeza, R., Huettel, S. A., LaBar, K. S., Platt, M. L., Woldorff, M. G., & Brannon, E. M. (2008). Cognitive Neuroscience. Sunderland, United States of America: Sinauer Associates, Inc.Rosen, M. L., Stern, C. E., Michalka, S. W., Devaney, K. J., & Somers, D. C. (2015). Cognitive control network contributions to memory-guided visual attention. Cerebral Cortex, 26(5), 2059-2073Tsvetanov, K. A., Mevorach, C., Allen, H., & Humphreys, G. W. (2013). Age-related differences in selection by visual saliency. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 75(7), 1382-1394Schwab, J. F., Schuler, K. D., Stillman, C. M., Newport, E. L., Howard Jr, J. H., & Howard, D. V. (2016). Aging and the statistical learning of grammatical form classes. Psychology and aging, 31(5), 481. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000110ORIGINAL2017_Tesis_Maria_Gabriela_Galeano.pdf2017_Tesis_Maria_Gabriela_Galeano.pdfTesisapplication/pdf580381https://repository.unab.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12749/361/1/2017_Tesis_Maria_Gabriela_Galeano.pdf2dff3e0cb3e2aad48450888a4ec21c94MD51open access2017_LicenciaMaria_Gabriela_Galeano (2).pdf2017_LicenciaMaria_Gabriela_Galeano (2).pdfLicenciaapplication/pdf623381https://repository.unab.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12749/361/2/2017_LicenciaMaria_Gabriela_Galeano%20%282%29.pdfa86392d47e1d5d7df485ef4a9210c26cMD52metadata only accessTHUMBNAIL2017_Tesis_Maria_Gabriela_Galeano.pdf.jpg2017_Tesis_Maria_Gabriela_Galeano.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg4367https://repository.unab.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12749/361/3/2017_Tesis_Maria_Gabriela_Galeano.pdf.jpg3a2a4d2f532d309638cf176c2352b4d8MD53open access2017_LicenciaMaria_Gabriela_Galeano (2).pdf.jpg2017_LicenciaMaria_Gabriela_Galeano (2).pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg11457https://repository.unab.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12749/361/4/2017_LicenciaMaria_Gabriela_Galeano%20%282%29.pdf.jpgc5b3b62afc377bc8b6e92e82ffb9997fMD54metadata only access20.500.12749/361oai:repository.unab.edu.co:20.500.12749/3612023-03-15 09:32:43.425open accessRepositorio Institucional \| Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga - UNABrepositorio@unab.edu.co

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