Habilidades lingüísticas en niños de estrato sociocultural bajo, al iniciar la primaria
The purpose of this study was to assess the linguistic skills of children from a low socioeconomic background who were beginning their elementary education. A total of 262 first-grade students with an average age of 5.7 years old and who were enrolled in 8 groups of public schools from Mexico State,...
- Autores:
-
Guevara-Benítez, Yolanda
García-Vargas, Gustavo René
López-Hernández, Alfredo
Delgado-Sánchez, Ulises
Hermosillo-García, Ángela
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2007
- Institución:
- Universidad Católica de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- RIUCaC - Repositorio U. Católica
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.ucatolica.edu.co:10983/983
- Acceso en línea:
- http://hdl.handle.net/10983/983
- Palabra clave:
- HABILIDADES LINGÜÍSTICAS
EDUCACIÓN PREESCOLAR
APTITUD PARA EL APRENDIZAJE
EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA
ESTRATO SOCIO-CULTURAL BAJO
LINGUISTIC SKILLS
PRESCHOOL EDUCATION
LEARNING READINESS
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
LOW SOCIOCULTURAL STRATUM
EDUCACION PREESCOLAR
HABILIDADES LINGUISTICAS
APTITUD DE APRENDIZAJE
EDUCACION PRIMARIA
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Derechos Reservados - Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2007
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| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Habilidades lingüísticas en niños de estrato sociocultural bajo, al iniciar la primaria |
| dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv |
Linguistic skills of children from a low socioeconomic level at the beginning of elementary education |
| title |
Habilidades lingüísticas en niños de estrato sociocultural bajo, al iniciar la primaria |
| spellingShingle |
Habilidades lingüísticas en niños de estrato sociocultural bajo, al iniciar la primaria HABILIDADES LINGÜÍSTICAS EDUCACIÓN PREESCOLAR APTITUD PARA EL APRENDIZAJE EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA ESTRATO SOCIO-CULTURAL BAJO LINGUISTIC SKILLS PRESCHOOL EDUCATION LEARNING READINESS ELEMENTARY EDUCATION LOW SOCIOCULTURAL STRATUM EDUCACION PREESCOLAR HABILIDADES LINGUISTICAS APTITUD DE APRENDIZAJE EDUCACION PRIMARIA |
| title_short |
Habilidades lingüísticas en niños de estrato sociocultural bajo, al iniciar la primaria |
| title_full |
Habilidades lingüísticas en niños de estrato sociocultural bajo, al iniciar la primaria |
| title_fullStr |
Habilidades lingüísticas en niños de estrato sociocultural bajo, al iniciar la primaria |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Habilidades lingüísticas en niños de estrato sociocultural bajo, al iniciar la primaria |
| title_sort |
Habilidades lingüísticas en niños de estrato sociocultural bajo, al iniciar la primaria |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Guevara-Benítez, Yolanda García-Vargas, Gustavo René López-Hernández, Alfredo Delgado-Sánchez, Ulises Hermosillo-García, Ángela |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Guevara-Benítez, Yolanda García-Vargas, Gustavo René López-Hernández, Alfredo Delgado-Sánchez, Ulises Hermosillo-García, Ángela |
| dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
HABILIDADES LINGÜÍSTICAS EDUCACIÓN PREESCOLAR APTITUD PARA EL APRENDIZAJE EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA ESTRATO SOCIO-CULTURAL BAJO LINGUISTIC SKILLS PRESCHOOL EDUCATION LEARNING READINESS ELEMENTARY EDUCATION LOW SOCIOCULTURAL STRATUM |
| topic |
HABILIDADES LINGÜÍSTICAS EDUCACIÓN PREESCOLAR APTITUD PARA EL APRENDIZAJE EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA ESTRATO SOCIO-CULTURAL BAJO LINGUISTIC SKILLS PRESCHOOL EDUCATION LEARNING READINESS ELEMENTARY EDUCATION LOW SOCIOCULTURAL STRATUM EDUCACION PREESCOLAR HABILIDADES LINGUISTICAS APTITUD DE APRENDIZAJE EDUCACION PRIMARIA |
| dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv |
EDUCACION PREESCOLAR HABILIDADES LINGUISTICAS APTITUD DE APRENDIZAJE EDUCACION PRIMARIA |
| description |
The purpose of this study was to assess the linguistic skills of children from a low socioeconomic background who were beginning their elementary education. A total of 262 first-grade students with an average age of 5.7 years old and who were enrolled in 8 groups of public schools from Mexico State, participated in this project. The instrument used was the Precurrent Skills for Reading Assessment (PSRA) by Vega (1991), and was administered individually to each student at the beginning of the 2004-2005 school year. The statistical analysis using SPSS showed a mean score of 77 (SD=14), which corresponds to 57% of the total PSRA score. These results may indicate that first grade students have an unsatisfactory level of linguistic behaviour. Slight differences in the students’ performances were observed. A slightly better performance was shown by those first grade students who were 6 years old at the beginning of the school year and who had previously received pre-school education. The implications of the poor linguistic level shown by the participants are discussed, and some alternatives based on the behavioural research, are proposed. |
| publishDate |
2007 |
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2007-12 |
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2013-09-04T22:16:36Z |
| dc.date.available.spa.fl_str_mv |
2013-09-04T22:16:36Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
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Text |
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Guevara-Benítez, Y., García-Vargas, G., López-Hernández, A., Delgado-Sánchez, U., & Hermosillo-García, Á. (2007). Habilidades lingüísticas en niños de estrato sociocultural bajo, al iniciar la primaria. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 10(2), 9-17. Recuperado de https://editorial.ucatolica.edu.co/ojsucatolica/revistas_ucatolica/index.php/acta-colombiana-psicologia/article/view/207 |
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0123-9155 |
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http://hdl.handle.net/10983/983 |
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Guevara-Benítez, Y., García-Vargas, G., López-Hernández, A., Delgado-Sánchez, U., & Hermosillo-García, Á. (2007). Habilidades lingüísticas en niños de estrato sociocultural bajo, al iniciar la primaria. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 10(2), 9-17. Recuperado de https://editorial.ucatolica.edu.co/ojsucatolica/revistas_ucatolica/index.php/acta-colombiana-psicologia/article/view/207 0123-9155 |
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http://hdl.handle.net/10983/983 |
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spa |
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spa |
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Acta Colombiana de Psicología, Vol. 10, no. 2 (jul.-dic. 2007); p. 9-17 |
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Baker, L., Mackler, K., Sonnenschein, S. & Serpell, R. (2001). Parents’interactions with their first-grade children during storybook reading and relations with subsequent home reading activity and reading achievement. Journal of School Psychology, 39, 5, 415-438. Buckner, J. C., Bassuk, E. L. & Weinreb, L. F. (2001). Predictors of academic achievement among homeless and low-income housed children. Journal of School Psychology, 39, 1, 45-69. Carroll, J. M., Snowling, M. J., Hulme, C. & Stevenson, J. (2003). The development of phonological awareness in preschool children. Developmental Psychology 39, 5, 913-923. Connor, C. M., Son, S., Hindman, A. H. & Morrison, F. J. (2005). Teacher qualifications, classroom practices, family characteristics, and preschool experience: Complex effects on first graders vocabulary and early reading outcomes. Journal of School Psychology, 43, 4, 343-375. Dearing, E., McCartney, K., Weiss, H. B., Kreider, H. & Simpkins, S. (2004). The promotive effects of family educational involvement for low-income children’s literacy. Journal of School Psychology, 42, 6, 445-460. Farran, D.(1982). Mother-child interaction. Language development, and the school performance of poverty children. En L. Feagans & D. Farran (dirs.) The Language of Children Reared in Poverty. Implications for Evaluation. New York: Academic Press. González, A. M. (2004). International perspectives of families, schools and communities: Educational implications for family-school-community partnerships. International Journal of Educational Research, 41, 1, 3-9. Guevara, Y. y Macotela, S. (2000). Proceso de adquisición de habilidades académicas: una evaluación referida a criterio. Revista Iberpsicología 2000: 5. 2. 4, 1-14. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, España. http://www.fs-morente.filos.ucm.es/publicaciones/iberpsicologia/Iberpsico9/guevara/guevara.htm Guevara, Y. y Macotela, S. (2002). Sondeo de habilidades preacadémicas en niños mexicanos de estrato socioeconómico bajo. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 36, 1, 255-277. Guevara, Y. y Macotela, S. (2005). Escuela: del fracaso al éxito. Cómo lograrlo apoyándose en la psicología. México. Pax. Guevara, Y., Mares, G., Rueda, E. Rivas, O., Sánchez, B. y Rocha, H. (2005). Niveles de interacción que se propician en alumnos de educación primaria durante la enseñanza de la materia español. Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta, 31, 1,23-45. Hallahan, D., Kauffman, J. & Lloyd, J.W. (1999). Introduction to Learning Disabilities, 2a. Ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Hughes, J. N., Gleason, K. A. & Zhang, D. (2005). Relationship influences on teacher’s perceptions of academic competence in academically at-risk minority and majority first grade students. Journal of School Psychology, 43, 4, 303-320. Instituto Nacional para la Evaluación de la Educación. (INEE, 2004). Resultados de las pruebas nacionales de aprovechamiento en lectura y matemáticas aplicadas al fin del ciclo 2002-2003. Dirección de Pruebas y Medición. http://www.multimedia.ilce.edu.mx/inee/pdf/productos/informe_resultados_2002_2003.pdf Macotela, S. (1994). Problemas de aprendizaje: treinta años de debate. XII Congreso Mexicano de Análisis de la Conducta, Cocoyoc, Morelos, 16 a 18 de febrero de 1994, México. Macotela, S., Bermúdez, P. y Castañeda, I. (1995). Evaluación de problemas de aprendizaje y bajo rendimiento. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México: Programa de publicaciones de material didáctico. Facultad de Psicología. Martínez, R. A., Martínez, R. & Pérez, M. H. (2004). Children’s school assessment: Implications for family-chool partnerships. International Journal of Educational Research, 41, 1, 24-39. Morrison, E. F., Rimm-Kauffman, S. & Pianta, R. C. (2003). A longitudinal study of mother-child interactions at school entry and social and academic outcomes in middle school. Journal of School Psychology, 41, 3, 185-200. Muter, V., Hulme, Ch., Snowling, M. J. & Stevenson, J. (2004). Phonemes, rimes, vocabulary, and gramatical skills as foundations of early reading development: evidence from a longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 40, 5, 665-681 Newman, W. L. (1997). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE, 2005). Programa para la Evaluación Internacional de Estudiantes (PISA). http://www.oecd.org/bookshop/ Poe, M. D., Burchinal, M. R. & Roberts, J. E. (2004). Early language and the development of children’s reading skills. Journal of School Psychology, 42, 4, 315-332. Rosenquest, B. B. (2002). Literacy-based planning and pedagogy that supports toddler language development. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29, 4, 241-249. Tough, J. (1982). Language, poverty and disadvantage in school. En L. Feagans & D. Farran (Dirs.) The language of children reared in poverty. Implications for evaluation. New York: Academic Press. Vacha, E. & McLaughlin, T. (1992). The social structural, family, school, and personal characteristics of at-risk students: policy recommendations for school personnel. Journal of Education, 174, 3, pp.9-25. Vega, L. (1991). Proposición y prueba de un instrumento para evaluar habilidades precurrentes de lectura. Tesis de Maestría en Psicología Educativa. Facultad de Psicología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Wallace, G., Larsen, S. & Elksnin, L. (1992). Educational Assessment of Learning Problems. Austin, Texas: PRO-ED. |
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Guevara-Benítez, Yolanda7bd3623c-bcf4-45b3-ac81-134c89e0751f-1García-Vargas, Gustavo René bde84a17-be26-474c-8c3d-e2f5c1ffc560López-Hernández, Alfredo388334ee-a54c-4fc5-8637-dc6417579c0d-1Delgado-Sánchez, Ulises6c274b0d-96bc-4a7f-8ca2-556ad451fbbc-1Hermosillo-García, Ángela3afd3bea-8e50-4b14-98e5-8e72fac905b4-12013-09-04T22:16:36Z2013-09-04T22:16:36Z2007-12The purpose of this study was to assess the linguistic skills of children from a low socioeconomic background who were beginning their elementary education. A total of 262 first-grade students with an average age of 5.7 years old and who were enrolled in 8 groups of public schools from Mexico State, participated in this project. The instrument used was the Precurrent Skills for Reading Assessment (PSRA) by Vega (1991), and was administered individually to each student at the beginning of the 2004-2005 school year. The statistical analysis using SPSS showed a mean score of 77 (SD=14), which corresponds to 57% of the total PSRA score. These results may indicate that first grade students have an unsatisfactory level of linguistic behaviour. Slight differences in the students’ performances were observed. A slightly better performance was shown by those first grade students who were 6 years old at the beginning of the school year and who had previously received pre-school education. The implications of the poor linguistic level shown by the participants are discussed, and some alternatives based on the behavioural research, are proposed.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las habilidades linguísticas con que ingresan a la educación básica primaria alumnos de estrato socioeconómico bajo. Participaron 262 alumnos de primer grado, inscritos en ocho grupos de escuelas públicas del Estado de México, con una media de 5.7 años de edad. Se aplicó individualmente a cada alumno el Instrumento para Evaluar Habilidades precurrentes para la lectura (EPLE), de Vega (1991), al inicio del ciclo escolar 2004-2005. El análisis estadístico con el programa SPSS arrojó como resultado un puntaje promedio de 77 (DS=14). Que corresponde al 57% de la clasicficación total del eple, lo que puede indicar que los alumnos ingresaron al primer grado de primaria con un nivel insatisfactorio de conductas linguísticas. Se observan ligeras diferencias en las ejecuciones de los alumnos, a favor de quienes ingresaron con seis años de edad y con mayor número de años cursados en preescolar. Se discuten las implicaciones del bajo nivel linguístico mostrado por los participantes y se proponen alternativas basadas en la investigación psiclógica conductual.application/pdfGuevara-Benítez, Y., García-Vargas, G., López-Hernández, A., Delgado-Sánchez, U., & Hermosillo-García, Á. (2007). Habilidades lingüísticas en niños de estrato sociocultural bajo, al iniciar la primaria. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 10(2), 9-17. Recuperado de https://editorial.ucatolica.edu.co/ojsucatolica/revistas_ucatolica/index.php/acta-colombiana-psicologia/article/view/2070123-9155http://hdl.handle.net/10983/983spaUniversidad Católica de Colombia. Facultad de PsicologíaActa Colombiana de Psicología, Vol. 10, no. 2 (jul.-dic. 2007); p. 9-17Baker, L., Mackler, K., Sonnenschein, S. & Serpell, R. (2001). Parents’interactions with their first-grade children during storybook reading and relations with subsequent home reading activity and reading achievement. Journal of School Psychology, 39, 5, 415-438.Buckner, J. C., Bassuk, E. L. & Weinreb, L. F. (2001). Predictors of academic achievement among homeless and low-income housed children. Journal of School Psychology, 39, 1, 45-69.Carroll, J. M., Snowling, M. J., Hulme, C. & Stevenson, J. (2003). The development of phonological awareness in preschool children. Developmental Psychology 39, 5, 913-923.Connor, C. M., Son, S., Hindman, A. H. & Morrison, F. J. (2005). Teacher qualifications, classroom practices, family characteristics, and preschool experience: Complex effects on first graders vocabulary and early reading outcomes. Journal of School Psychology, 43, 4, 343-375.Dearing, E., McCartney, K., Weiss, H. B., Kreider, H. & Simpkins, S. (2004). The promotive effects of family educational involvement for low-income children’s literacy. Journal of School Psychology, 42, 6, 445-460.Farran, D.(1982). Mother-child interaction. Language development, and the school performance of poverty children. En L. Feagans & D. Farran (dirs.) The Language of Children Reared in Poverty. Implications for Evaluation. New York: Academic Press.González, A. M. (2004). International perspectives of families, schools and communities: Educational implications for family-school-community partnerships. International Journal of Educational Research, 41, 1, 3-9.Guevara, Y. y Macotela, S. (2000). Proceso de adquisición de habilidades académicas: una evaluación referida a criterio. Revista Iberpsicología 2000: 5. 2. 4, 1-14. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, España. http://www.fs-morente.filos.ucm.es/publicaciones/iberpsicologia/Iberpsico9/guevara/guevara.htmGuevara, Y. y Macotela, S. (2002). Sondeo de habilidades preacadémicas en niños mexicanos de estrato socioeconómico bajo. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 36, 1, 255-277.Guevara, Y. y Macotela, S. (2005). Escuela: del fracaso al éxito. Cómo lograrlo apoyándose en la psicología. México. Pax.Guevara, Y., Mares, G., Rueda, E. Rivas, O., Sánchez, B. y Rocha, H. (2005). Niveles de interacción que se propician en alumnos de educación primaria durante la enseñanza de la materia español. Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta, 31, 1,23-45.Hallahan, D., Kauffman, J. & Lloyd, J.W. (1999). Introduction to Learning Disabilities, 2a. Ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Hughes, J. N., Gleason, K. A. & Zhang, D. (2005). Relationship influences on teacher’s perceptions of academic competence in academically at-risk minority and majority first grade students. Journal of School Psychology, 43, 4, 303-320.Instituto Nacional para la Evaluación de la Educación. (INEE, 2004). Resultados de las pruebas nacionales de aprovechamiento en lectura y matemáticas aplicadas al fin del ciclo 2002-2003. Dirección de Pruebas y Medición. http://www.multimedia.ilce.edu.mx/inee/pdf/productos/informe_resultados_2002_2003.pdfMacotela, S. (1994). Problemas de aprendizaje: treinta años de debate. XII Congreso Mexicano de Análisis de la Conducta, Cocoyoc, Morelos, 16 a 18 de febrero de 1994, México.Macotela, S., Bermúdez, P. y Castañeda, I. (1995). Evaluación de problemas de aprendizaje y bajo rendimiento. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México: Programa de publicaciones de material didáctico. Facultad de Psicología.Martínez, R. A., Martínez, R. & Pérez, M. H. (2004). Children’s school assessment: Implications for family-chool partnerships. International Journal of Educational Research, 41, 1, 24-39.Morrison, E. F., Rimm-Kauffman, S. & Pianta, R. C. (2003). A longitudinal study of mother-child interactions at school entry and social and academic outcomes in middle school. Journal of School Psychology, 41, 3, 185-200.Muter, V., Hulme, Ch., Snowling, M. J. & Stevenson, J. (2004). Phonemes, rimes, vocabulary, and gramatical skills as foundations of early reading development: evidence from a longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 40, 5, 665-681Newman, W. L. (1997). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE, 2005). Programa para la Evaluación Internacional de Estudiantes (PISA). http://www.oecd.org/bookshop/Poe, M. D., Burchinal, M. R. & Roberts, J. E. (2004). Early language and the development of children’s reading skills. Journal of School Psychology, 42, 4, 315-332.Rosenquest, B. B. (2002). Literacy-based planning and pedagogy that supports toddler language development. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29, 4, 241-249.Tough, J. (1982). Language, poverty and disadvantage in school. En L. Feagans & D. Farran (Dirs.) The language of children reared in poverty. Implications for evaluation. New York: Academic Press.Vacha, E. & McLaughlin, T. (1992). The social structural, family, school, and personal characteristics of at-risk students: policy recommendations for school personnel. Journal of Education, 174, 3, pp.9-25.Vega, L. (1991). Proposición y prueba de un instrumento para evaluar habilidades precurrentes de lectura. Tesis de Maestría en Psicología Educativa. Facultad de Psicología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.Wallace, G., Larsen, S. & Elksnin, L. (1992). Educational Assessment of Learning Problems. Austin, Texas: PRO-ED.Derechos Reservados - Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2007info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2HABILIDADES LINGÜÍSTICASEDUCACIÓN PREESCOLARAPTITUD PARA EL APRENDIZAJEEDUCACIÓN PRIMARIAESTRATO SOCIO-CULTURAL BAJOLINGUISTIC SKILLSPRESCHOOL EDUCATIONLEARNING READINESSELEMENTARY EDUCATIONLOW SOCIOCULTURAL STRATUMEDUCACION PREESCOLARHABILIDADES LINGUISTICASAPTITUD DE APRENDIZAJEEDUCACION PRIMARIAHabilidades lingüísticas en niños de estrato sociocultural bajo, al iniciar la primariaLinguistic skills of children from a low socioeconomic level at the beginning of elementary educationArtículo de 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