Analysis of the effect of the dynamic assessment approach implementation in the English learning process: A case study of B.A. students in Early Childhood Education at a university in Bogotá.
Este artículo presenta un informe de investigación cualitativa de estudio de caso que exploró la implementación de la evaluación dinámica en un grupo de quince estudiantes de inglés matriculados en una licenciatura en Educación Infantil de una universidad privada colombiana. La evaluación dinámica e...
- Autores:
-
Torres García, Andrea Paola
Trujillo Flórez, Erica Fernanda
- Tipo de recurso:
- Masters Thesis
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2024
- Institución:
- Universidad Santo Tomás
- Repositorio:
- Universidad Santo Tomás
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.usta.edu.co:11634/53409
- Acceso en línea:
- http://hdl.handle.net/11634/53409
- Palabra clave:
- Assessment
Dynamic assessment
Learning Process of English
Ambientes Bilingües de Aprendizaje
Investigación-Educación
Idioma-inglés
Evaluación
Evaluación dinámica
Bilingüismo
Proceso de aprendizaje del inglés
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombia
id |
SantoToma2_bdb070020a7fa5e0923237cf4a633746 |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repository.usta.edu.co:11634/53409 |
network_acronym_str |
SantoToma2 |
network_name_str |
Universidad Santo Tomás |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Analysis of the effect of the dynamic assessment approach implementation in the English learning process: A case study of B.A. students in Early Childhood Education at a university in Bogotá. |
title |
Analysis of the effect of the dynamic assessment approach implementation in the English learning process: A case study of B.A. students in Early Childhood Education at a university in Bogotá. |
spellingShingle |
Analysis of the effect of the dynamic assessment approach implementation in the English learning process: A case study of B.A. students in Early Childhood Education at a university in Bogotá. Assessment Dynamic assessment Learning Process of English Ambientes Bilingües de Aprendizaje Investigación-Educación Idioma-inglés Evaluación Evaluación dinámica Bilingüismo Proceso de aprendizaje del inglés |
title_short |
Analysis of the effect of the dynamic assessment approach implementation in the English learning process: A case study of B.A. students in Early Childhood Education at a university in Bogotá. |
title_full |
Analysis of the effect of the dynamic assessment approach implementation in the English learning process: A case study of B.A. students in Early Childhood Education at a university in Bogotá. |
title_fullStr |
Analysis of the effect of the dynamic assessment approach implementation in the English learning process: A case study of B.A. students in Early Childhood Education at a university in Bogotá. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Analysis of the effect of the dynamic assessment approach implementation in the English learning process: A case study of B.A. students in Early Childhood Education at a university in Bogotá. |
title_sort |
Analysis of the effect of the dynamic assessment approach implementation in the English learning process: A case study of B.A. students in Early Childhood Education at a university in Bogotá. |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Torres García, Andrea Paola Trujillo Flórez, Erica Fernanda |
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Hernández Echavarría, Yonier |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Torres García, Andrea Paola Trujillo Flórez, Erica Fernanda |
dc.contributor.cvlac.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000780448 https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001557858 |
dc.subject.keyword.spa.fl_str_mv |
Assessment Dynamic assessment Learning Process of English |
topic |
Assessment Dynamic assessment Learning Process of English Ambientes Bilingües de Aprendizaje Investigación-Educación Idioma-inglés Evaluación Evaluación dinámica Bilingüismo Proceso de aprendizaje del inglés |
dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv |
Ambientes Bilingües de Aprendizaje Investigación-Educación Idioma-inglés |
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Evaluación Evaluación dinámica Bilingüismo Proceso de aprendizaje del inglés |
description |
Este artículo presenta un informe de investigación cualitativa de estudio de caso que exploró la implementación de la evaluación dinámica en un grupo de quince estudiantes de inglés matriculados en una licenciatura en Educación Infantil de una universidad privada colombiana. La evaluación dinámica es un enfoque mediante el cual los profesores evalúan el progreso de los alumnos prestando atención a sus errores, proporcionándoles indicaciones graduadas o mediaciones para ayudarles a corregirlos, considerando más importante el proceso que el producto. Los datos se recopilaron a través de observaciones en el aula, cuestionarios a los estudiantes, pruebas de entrada y salida y grupos focales. Los resultados indicaron que la evaluación dinámica sirve como método de evaluación complementario para que los estudiantes obtengan un mayor rendimiento en las habilidades de habla, escucha y escritura en el proceso de aprendizaje del inglés. Además, los estudiantes mostraron sentimientos y actitudes positivas hacia la evaluación dinámica y su proceso de aprendizaje, ya que les sirvió como una forma cómoda, estructurada, práctica y significativa de reconocer sus debilidades, fortalezas y necesidades en inglés como lengua extranjera. Por otro lado, los estudiantes se sintieron más motivados y seguros para aprender inglés debido a los objetivos que pudieron alcanzar durante y después de la implementación. El estudio tiene implicaciones para los administradores universitarios, profesores y estudiantes de inglés. |
publishDate |
2024 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-01-17T15:06:13Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-01-17T15:06:13Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-01-16 |
dc.type.local.spa.fl_str_mv |
Tesis de maestría |
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc |
dc.type.drive.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc |
status_str |
acceptedVersion |
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Torres García, A. P. y Trujillo Flórez, E. F. (s.f.). Analysis of the effect of the dynamic assessment approach implementation in the English learning process: A case study of B.A. students in Early Childhood Education at a university in Bogotá. [Trabajo de Maestría, Universidad Santo Tomás]. Repositorio Isntitiucional. |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/11634/53409 |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
reponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad Santo Tomás |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
instname:Universidad Santo Tomás |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
repourl:https://repository.usta.edu.co |
identifier_str_mv |
Torres García, A. P. y Trujillo Flórez, E. F. (s.f.). Analysis of the effect of the dynamic assessment approach implementation in the English learning process: A case study of B.A. students in Early Childhood Education at a university in Bogotá. [Trabajo de Maestría, Universidad Santo Tomás]. Repositorio Isntitiucional. reponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad Santo Tomás instname:Universidad Santo Tomás repourl:https://repository.usta.edu.co |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/11634/53409 |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
spa |
language |
spa |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Abdullateef, S. T. & Muhammedzein, F. (2021). Dynamic Assessment: A Complementary Method to Promote EFL Learning. Arab World English Journal, 12 (2) 279-293. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol12no2.19 Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). Anxiety and Foreign Language Learning: Analysis of students’ anxiety towards Foreign language learning. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 6(3), 234–244. https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.63.32 Amerian, Majid & Mehri, Ehsan. (2015). Transcendence of Cognitive Development: The Incorporation of Task-based Instruction into the Transfer Tasks of Dynamic Assessment. Journal of Language Teaching and Research. 6. 1311-1319. 10.17507/jltr.0606.19. Antón, M. (2009). Dynamic assessment of advanced second language learners. Foreign Language Annals, 42(3), pp. 576-598. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ859067 Araque, D.M. y Rodríguez, S.M. (2020). Maestría en Ambientes Bilingües de Aprendizaje PEP. Universidad Santo Tomás. DOI https://doi.org/10.15332/dt.inv.2021.01750. Azizi, Z., Farid Khafaga, A. Scaffolding via Group-dynamic Assessment to Positively Affect Motivation, Learning Anxiety, and Willingness to Communicate: A Case Study of High School Students. J Psycholinguist Res 52, 831–851 (2023). https://doi-org.crai-ustadigital.usantotomas.edu.co/10.1007/s10936-023-09935-6 Instituto Colombiano para la Evaluación de la Educación - ICFES (2022). Repositorio de datos ICFES. [Conjunto de datos]. DataIcfes. https://www2.icfes.gov.co/data-icfes Bavali, M., Yamini,M., Sadighi, F. (2011). Dynamic Assessment in Perspective: Demarcating Dynamic and Non-dynamic Boundaries. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2 (4), 895-902. From: https://www.academypublication.com/issues/past/jltr/vol02/04/23.pdf Benavides, J. E. (2021). Level of English in Colombian higher education: A decade of stagnation. Profile: Issues in Teachers’ Professional Development, 23(1), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.15446/profile.v23n1.83135 Bonilla, C. & Tejada, I. (2016). Unanswered Questions in Colombia's Foreign Language Education Policy. Profile Issues in Teachers` Professional Development. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-07902016000100011 Cárdenas, R. & Miranda, N. (2014). Implementación del Programa Nacional de Bilingüismo: un balance intermedio. Educ. Vol. 17, No. 1, 51-67. Correa, D., & González, A. (2016). English in Public Primary Schools in Colombia: Achievements and Challenges Brought about by National Language Education Policies. Education Policy Analysis Archives/Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas, 24( ), 1-26. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=275043450124 Del Ángel, M. C., & Gallardo, K. E. (2014). Language learning strategies and academic success: A Mexican perspective. Universitas Psychologica, 13(2), 703-713. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.UPSY13-2.llsa Espinoza D., González, I. & Moreno, J. (2017) Feedback: understanding strategies and impact on EFL learning and teaching contexts. Enletawa Journal, 10 (1), 43 - 65. https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/enletawa_journal/article/download/8669/7207/2574 9 Farangi, Mohamadreza & Saadi, Zahra. (2017). Dynamic assessment or schema theory: The case of listening comprehension. Cogent Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2017.1312078 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/2331186X.2017.1312078?needAccess=tr ue&role=button García, O. and Li Wei. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. (PART 1). Gass, S.M., Behney, J., & Plonsky, L. (2020). Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course (5th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315181752 Ghahari, S., & Nejadgholamali, A. (2019). Instructed assessment and assessed instruction: a review of dynamic assessment and ways forward. Educational Psychology in Practice, 1–11. doi:10.1080/02667363.2019.1617113 Gómez, M. (2017). Review and analysis of the Colombian foreign language bilingualism policies and plans. HOW, 24(1), 139-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.19183/how.24.1.343 Guerrero, C. H. (2008). Bilingual Colombia: What does It Mean to Be Bilingual within the Framework of the National Plan of Bilingualism? Profile Issues in Teachers` Professional Development. 10(1),27-45. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/profile/article/view/10563/11023 Hadi, A. (2019). Exploring Preparation of Pre-Service Teachers’ English Proficiency and Pedagogy: Stories from an EFL Teacher Education Program. The Qualitative Report, 24(8), 1946-1966. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol24/iss8/9 Hastie & Hay, 2012. Chapter 7. Qualitative approaches. http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/43318/1/90.pdf#page=85 Hatch, J. (2002) Doing Qualitative Research in Education Settings Albany: State University of New York Press. Herrera, L. & González,O. (2021). Perceptions and Beliefs of EFL Students Regarding Classroom Assessment at a Colombian University. Folios, (54). https//doi.org/10.17227/folios.54-11498 Herrera, L. & Macías, D. (2015). A call for language assessment literacy in the education and development of teachers of English as a foreign language. Colomb. Appl. Linguist. J., 17(2), pp. 302-312. https://doi.org/10.14483/udistrital.jour.calj.2015.2.a09 Huang Q. (2021) The Role of English as a Foreign Language Teachers’ and Learners’ Emotions and Language Achievement and Success. Front. Psychol. 12:756853. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.756853 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.756853/full Jaelani A. &Umam, A.,(2021) PreparingEFL pre-service teachers for curriculum 2013 through authentic materials and assessment integration. Journal of English Educator Society. doi:10.21070/jees.v6i1.829 https://jees.umsida.ac.id/index.php/jees/article/view/829/1566 Kazemi, Akram & Bagheri, Mohammad & Rassaei, Ehsan. (2020). Dynamic assessment in English classrooms: Fostering learners’ reading comprehension and motivation. Cogent Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2020.1788912 Lantolf, J., & Poehner, M. (2010). Dynamic assessment in the classroom: Vygotskian praxis for second language development.Language Teaching Research 15(1) 11–33. DOI: 10.1177/1362168810383328 Lantolf, J., & Poehner, M. (2011). Dynamic assessment in the foreign language classroom: A teacher’s guide (2nd ed.). CALPER Publications. Latham-Koenig, C., Oxenden, C., & Lambert, J. (2021). American English File (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press López, A. & Bernal, R. (2009). Language Testing in Colombia: A Call for More Teacher Education and Teacher Training in Language Assessment. Profile Issues in Teachers` Professional Development. 11(2),55-70. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/profile/article/view/11442 Masrul, Masrul & Rasyidah, Ummi & Yuliani, Sri & Nurmalina, Nurmalina & Erliana, Santi & Wicaksono, Bayu. (2023). The Implementation of Dynamic Assessment in EFL Learners’ Writing. World Journal of English Language. 13. 191. 10.5430/wjel.v13n5p191. Matthews, B., & Ross, L. (2010). Research methods about the authors: A practical guide for the social sciences. Pearson Education Limited. www.pearsoned.co.uk/matthews Mauludin, L. (2018). Dynamic assessment to improve students’ summary writing skill in an ESP class. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 36(4), 355–364. doi:10.2989/16073614.2018.1548296 Miao, T. & Mian, L. (2013). Dynamic Assessment in ESL Writing Classroom. International Conference on Education Technology and Management Science (ICETMS 2013), 676-679. DOI: 10.2991/icetms.2013.1 https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icetms-13/6996 Ministry of education. (2014, July 10th). Programa Nacional de inglés. https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1759/articles 343837_Programa_Nacional_Ingles.pdf Muñoz, A., Palacio, M. & Escobar, L. (2012). Teachers' Beliefs About Assessment in an EFL Context in Colombia. Profile Issues in Teachers` Professional Development, 14(1), 143-158.http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-0790201200 0100010&lng=en&tlng=en Naeini, J., & Duvall, E. (2012). Dynamic Assessment and the Impact on English Language Learners’ Reading Comprehension Performance. Language Testing in Asia, 2(2), 22. doi:10.1186/2229-0443-2-2-22 Nushi, Musa & Momeni, Ali. (2022). A Comparative Study of University and Private Language Institute EFL Teachers' Familiarity with and Classroom Practicality Perceptions of Dynamic Assessment. Education & Self Development. DOI: 173. 25-49. 10.26907/esd.17.3.04. Ortiz, A.,Arias, M.,& Pedrozo, Z. (2018). Decolonialidad de la educación: emergencia/urgencia de una pedagogía decolonial. Editorial Unimagdalena. Consult here https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325731644_Decolonialidad_de_la_educacion_ EmergenciaUrgencia_de_una_pedagogia_decolonial Otheguy, R., García, O., & Reid, W. (2015). Clarifying translanguaging and deconstructing named languages: A perspective from linguistics. Applied Linguistics Review, 6(3), 281-307.https://free.openeclass.org/modules/document/file.php/ENG257/Further%20Rea ding/otheguyreidgarcia.pdf Özdemir-Yılmazer, M., & Özkan, Y. (2023). Challenges and complexities in teacher conceptualization of dynamic assessment in the L2 classroom: A case study in Türkiye. Profile: Issues in Teachers’ Professional Development, 25(1), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.15446/profile.v25n1.101065 Poehner, M. E. (2007). Beyond the Test: L2 Dynamic Assessment and the Transcendence of Mediated Learning. The Modern Language Journal, 91: 323–340. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00583.x Poehner, M. E. (2008). Dynamic Assessment: A Vygotskian Approach to Understanding and Promoting L2 Development Dynamic Assessment. Educational Linguistics, vol 9. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75775-9_9 Poehner, M. E. (2008a). The Origins of Dynamic Assessment: Sociocultural Theory and the Zone of Proximal Development. Dynamic Assessment, 23–42. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-75775-9_2 Poehner, M. E., & Lantolf, J. P. (2005). Dynamic assessment in the language classroom. Language Teaching Research, 9(3), 233–265. doi:10.1191/1362168805lr166oa Poehner, M. E., & Lantolf, J. P. (2010). Vygotsky’s Teaching-Assessment Dialectic and L2 Education: The Case for Dynamic Assessment. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 17(4), 312–330. doi:10.1080/10749030903338509 Poehner, M. E., Davin, K. J., & Lantolf, J. P. (2017). Dynamic Assessment. Language Testing and Assessment, 243–256. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02261-1_18 Poehner, M.E., van Compernolle, R.A. (2020). Reconsidering Time and Process in L2 Dynamic Assessment. In: Poehner, M.E., Inbar-Lourie, O. (eds) Toward a Reconceptualization of Second Language Classroom Assessment. Educational Linguistics, vol 41. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35081-9_9 Poehner, M., & Wang, Z. (2021). Dynamic Assessment and second language development. Language Teaching, 54(4), 472-490. doi:10.1017/S0261444820000555. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-teaching/article/abs/dynamic-assessm ent-and-second-language-development/6926234FDE72C27BF93941383DCB6388 Poehner, M.E., Davin, K.J., Lantolf, J.P. (2017). Dynamic Assessment. In: Shohamy, E., Or, I., May, S. (eds) Language Testing and Assessment. Encyclopedia of Language and Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi-org.crai-ustadigital.usantotomas.edu.co/10.1007/978-3-319-02261-1_18 Rashidi, N., & Bahadori Nejad, Z. (2018). an investigation into the effect of dynamic assessment on the EFL learners’ process writing development. SAGE Open, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 2158244018784643 Rojas, J. (2017). Making sense of alternative assessment in a qualitative evaluation system. Profile Issues in Teachers’ Professional Development, 19(2), 73-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/profile.v19n2.57178. Safdari, M., & Fathi, J. (2020). Investigating the role of dynamic assessment on speaking accuracy and fluency of pre-intermediate EFL learners. Cogent Education, 7(1), 1818924. doi:10.1080/2331186x.2020.1818924 Shohamy, E. (2007) Language tests as language policy tools, Assessment In Education, 14:1, 117-130, DOI: 10.1080/09695940701272948 Shrestha, P. & Coffin, C. (2011). Dynamic assessment, tutor mediation and academic writing development. Assessing Writing 17, 55–70. Sohrabi, S., Ahmadi Safa, M. (2020). Group Dynamic Assessment and EFL Learners’ Oral Production, Motivation, and Classroom Anxiety. English Teaching & Learning 44, 353–376 ttps://doi-org.crai-ustadigital.usantotomas.edu.co/10.1007/s42321-020-00054-2 Spratt, M., Pulverness, A., & Williams, M. (2011). The TKT Course Modules 1, 2 and 3 (2nd ed., TKT Course). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139062398 Vergara, L., Caraballo, J., Castellon, D., Vásquez, C, & Becker, E. (2019). Dynamic Assessment Approach in Language Teaching: A Review. Zona Proxima, 30, 82-99. https://doi.org/10.14482/zp.30.371.3 Wang, Peihui. (2015). The Effect of Dynamic Assessment on the Listening Skills of Lower-intermediate EFL Learners in Chinese Technical College: A Pilot Study. Journal of Language Teaching and Research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0606.14 Yin, R. K. (2002). Case study research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Chapter 2. Designing Case Studies: Identifying Your Case(s) and Establishing the Logic of Your Case Study. https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/24736_Chapter2.pdf Yin, R. K. (2011) Applications of Case Study Research. Third edition.. Chapter 1. A (Very) Brief Refresher on the Case Study Method.COSMOS Corporation. SAGE Publications.https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/41407_1.pdf Yu Q (2022) A Review of Foreign Language Learners’ Emotions. Front. Psychol. 12:827104. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.827104 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.827104/full |
dc.relation.youtube.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdppQpXEbN4 |
dc.rights.*.fl_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombia |
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/ |
dc.rights.local.spa.fl_str_mv |
Abierto (Texto Completo) |
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/ Abierto (Texto Completo) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.coverage.campus.spa.fl_str_mv |
CRAI-USTA Duad |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Santo Tomás |
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv |
Maestría Ambientes Bilingües de Aprendizaje |
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv |
Facultad Educación |
institution |
Universidad Santo Tomás |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/11634/53409/4/license_rdf https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/11634/53409/1/2024AndreaTorres-EricaTrujillo.pdf https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/11634/53409/2/CARTA%20AUTORIZACI%c3%93N%20CRAI%20-%20ERICA%20TRUJILLO-%20ANDREA%20TORRES.pdf https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/11634/53409/3/Carta%20derechos%20de%20autor.pdf https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/11634/53409/5/license.txt https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/11634/53409/6/2024AndreaTorres-EricaTrujillo.pdf.jpg https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/11634/53409/7/CARTA%20AUTORIZACI%c3%93N%20CRAI%20-%20ERICA%20TRUJILLO-%20ANDREA%20TORRES.pdf.jpg https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/11634/53409/8/Carta%20derechos%20de%20autor.pdf.jpg |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
217700a34da79ed616c2feb68d4c5e06 0e9d37710437c5a706b7bb3231f3e792 a5c43700e7bc98820927d6bc98844e1e a4b3896a66c6f294945e92f161d2a364 aedeaf396fcd827b537c73d23464fc27 9c054079949352354310b8112577af78 0280d93b66b6d7aa59053de45d3b95f2 a6e5da23117d7abc942f5b17f74cb4f1 |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Universidad Santo Tomás |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
noreply@usta.edu.co |
_version_ |
1800786397710254080 |
spelling |
Hernández Echavarría, YonierTorres García, Andrea PaolaTrujillo Flórez, Erica Fernandahttps://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000780448https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=00015578582024-01-17T15:06:13Z2024-01-17T15:06:13Z2024-01-16Torres García, A. P. y Trujillo Flórez, E. F. (s.f.). Analysis of the effect of the dynamic assessment approach implementation in the English learning process: A case study of B.A. students in Early Childhood Education at a university in Bogotá. [Trabajo de Maestría, Universidad Santo Tomás]. Repositorio Isntitiucional.http://hdl.handle.net/11634/53409reponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad Santo Tomásinstname:Universidad Santo Tomásrepourl:https://repository.usta.edu.coEste artículo presenta un informe de investigación cualitativa de estudio de caso que exploró la implementación de la evaluación dinámica en un grupo de quince estudiantes de inglés matriculados en una licenciatura en Educación Infantil de una universidad privada colombiana. La evaluación dinámica es un enfoque mediante el cual los profesores evalúan el progreso de los alumnos prestando atención a sus errores, proporcionándoles indicaciones graduadas o mediaciones para ayudarles a corregirlos, considerando más importante el proceso que el producto. Los datos se recopilaron a través de observaciones en el aula, cuestionarios a los estudiantes, pruebas de entrada y salida y grupos focales. Los resultados indicaron que la evaluación dinámica sirve como método de evaluación complementario para que los estudiantes obtengan un mayor rendimiento en las habilidades de habla, escucha y escritura en el proceso de aprendizaje del inglés. Además, los estudiantes mostraron sentimientos y actitudes positivas hacia la evaluación dinámica y su proceso de aprendizaje, ya que les sirvió como una forma cómoda, estructurada, práctica y significativa de reconocer sus debilidades, fortalezas y necesidades en inglés como lengua extranjera. Por otro lado, los estudiantes se sintieron más motivados y seguros para aprender inglés debido a los objetivos que pudieron alcanzar durante y después de la implementación. El estudio tiene implicaciones para los administradores universitarios, profesores y estudiantes de inglés.This paper presents a report of qualitative case study research that explored the implementation of dynamic assessment in a group of fifteen students of English enrolled in a bachelor program in Early Childhood Education of a Colombian private university. Dynamic assessment is an approach through which teachers assess learners’ progress by paying attention to students’ errors, providing graduated prompts or mediations to help them fix them, considering more important the process rather than the product. Data were gathered through classroom observations, students’ questionnaires, pretest and post-tests and focus group. The results indicated that dynamic assessment serves as a complementary assessment method for students to get higher performance in the speaking, listening, and writing skills in the learning process of English. Also, learners showed positive feelings and attitudes toward DA and their learning process since it served them as a comfortable, structured, practical, and meaningful way to recognize their weaknesses, strengths, and needs in English as a foreign language. Moreover, students felt more motivated and confident toward learning English due to the goals they were able to achieve during and after the implementation. The study bears implications for university administrators, English teachers and learners.Magíster en Ambientes Bilingües de AprendizajeMaestríaapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Santo TomásMaestría Ambientes Bilingües de AprendizajeFacultad EducaciónAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombiahttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/Abierto (Texto Completo)info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Analysis of the effect of the dynamic assessment approach implementation in the English learning process: A case study of B.A. students in Early Childhood Education at a university in Bogotá.AssessmentDynamic assessmentLearning Process of EnglishAmbientes Bilingües de AprendizajeInvestigación-EducaciónIdioma-inglésEvaluaciónEvaluación dinámicaBilingüismoProceso de aprendizaje del inglésTesis de maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdccinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisCRAI-USTA DuadAbdullateef, S. T. & Muhammedzein, F. (2021). Dynamic Assessment: A Complementary Method to Promote EFL Learning. Arab World English Journal, 12 (2) 279-293. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol12no2.19Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). Anxiety and Foreign Language Learning: Analysis of students’ anxiety towards Foreign language learning. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 6(3), 234–244. https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.63.32Amerian, Majid & Mehri, Ehsan. (2015). Transcendence of Cognitive Development: The Incorporation of Task-based Instruction into the Transfer Tasks of Dynamic Assessment. Journal of Language Teaching and Research. 6. 1311-1319. 10.17507/jltr.0606.19.Antón, M. (2009). Dynamic assessment of advanced second language learners. Foreign Language Annals, 42(3), pp. 576-598. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ859067Araque, D.M. y Rodríguez, S.M. (2020). Maestría en Ambientes Bilingües de Aprendizaje PEP. Universidad Santo Tomás. DOI https://doi.org/10.15332/dt.inv.2021.01750.Azizi, Z., Farid Khafaga, A. Scaffolding via Group-dynamic Assessment to Positively Affect Motivation, Learning Anxiety, and Willingness to Communicate: A Case Study of High School Students. J Psycholinguist Res 52, 831–851 (2023). https://doi-org.crai-ustadigital.usantotomas.edu.co/10.1007/s10936-023-09935-6Instituto Colombiano para la Evaluación de la Educación - ICFES (2022). Repositorio de datos ICFES. [Conjunto de datos]. DataIcfes. https://www2.icfes.gov.co/data-icfesBavali, M., Yamini,M., Sadighi, F. (2011). Dynamic Assessment in Perspective: Demarcating Dynamic and Non-dynamic Boundaries. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2 (4), 895-902. From: https://www.academypublication.com/issues/past/jltr/vol02/04/23.pdfBenavides, J. E. (2021). Level of English in Colombian higher education: A decade of stagnation. Profile: Issues in Teachers’ Professional Development, 23(1), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.15446/profile.v23n1.83135Bonilla, C. & Tejada, I. (2016). Unanswered Questions in Colombia's Foreign Language Education Policy. Profile Issues in Teachers` Professional Development. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-07902016000100011Cárdenas, R. & Miranda, N. (2014). Implementación del Programa Nacional de Bilingüismo: un balance intermedio. Educ. Vol. 17, No. 1, 51-67.Correa, D., & González, A. (2016). English in Public Primary Schools in Colombia: Achievements and Challenges Brought about by National Language Education Policies. Education Policy Analysis Archives/Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas, 24( ), 1-26. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=275043450124Del Ángel, M. C., & Gallardo, K. E. (2014). Language learning strategies and academic success: A Mexican perspective. Universitas Psychologica, 13(2), 703-713. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.UPSY13-2.llsaEspinoza D., González, I. & Moreno, J. (2017) Feedback: understanding strategies and impact on EFL learning and teaching contexts. Enletawa Journal, 10 (1), 43 - 65. https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/enletawa_journal/article/download/8669/7207/2574 9Farangi, Mohamadreza & Saadi, Zahra. (2017). Dynamic assessment or schema theory: The case of listening comprehension. Cogent Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2017.1312078 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/2331186X.2017.1312078?needAccess=tr ue&role=buttonGarcía, O. and Li Wei. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. (PART 1).Gass, S.M., Behney, J., & Plonsky, L. (2020). Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course (5th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315181752Ghahari, S., & Nejadgholamali, A. (2019). Instructed assessment and assessed instruction: a review of dynamic assessment and ways forward. Educational Psychology in Practice, 1–11. doi:10.1080/02667363.2019.1617113Gómez, M. (2017). Review and analysis of the Colombian foreign language bilingualism policies and plans. HOW, 24(1), 139-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.19183/how.24.1.343Guerrero, C. H. (2008). Bilingual Colombia: What does It Mean to Be Bilingual within the Framework of the National Plan of Bilingualism? Profile Issues in Teachers` Professional Development. 10(1),27-45. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/profile/article/view/10563/11023Hadi, A. (2019). Exploring Preparation of Pre-Service Teachers’ English Proficiency and Pedagogy: Stories from an EFL Teacher Education Program. The Qualitative Report, 24(8), 1946-1966. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol24/iss8/9Hastie & Hay, 2012. Chapter 7. Qualitative approaches. http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/43318/1/90.pdf#page=85Hatch, J. (2002) Doing Qualitative Research in Education Settings Albany: State University of New York Press.Herrera, L. & González,O. (2021). Perceptions and Beliefs of EFL Students Regarding Classroom Assessment at a Colombian University. Folios, (54). https//doi.org/10.17227/folios.54-11498Herrera, L. & Macías, D. (2015). A call for language assessment literacy in the education and development of teachers of English as a foreign language. Colomb. Appl. Linguist. J., 17(2), pp. 302-312. https://doi.org/10.14483/udistrital.jour.calj.2015.2.a09Huang Q. (2021) The Role of English as a Foreign Language Teachers’ and Learners’ Emotions and Language Achievement and Success. Front. Psychol. 12:756853. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.756853 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.756853/fullJaelani A. &Umam, A.,(2021) PreparingEFL pre-service teachers for curriculum 2013 through authentic materials and assessment integration. Journal of English Educator Society. doi:10.21070/jees.v6i1.829 https://jees.umsida.ac.id/index.php/jees/article/view/829/1566Kazemi, Akram & Bagheri, Mohammad & Rassaei, Ehsan. (2020). Dynamic assessment in English classrooms: Fostering learners’ reading comprehension and motivation. Cogent Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2020.1788912Lantolf, J., & Poehner, M. (2010). Dynamic assessment in the classroom: Vygotskian praxis for second language development.Language Teaching Research 15(1) 11–33. DOI: 10.1177/1362168810383328Lantolf, J., & Poehner, M. (2011). Dynamic assessment in the foreign language classroom: A teacher’s guide (2nd ed.). CALPER Publications.Latham-Koenig, C., Oxenden, C., & Lambert, J. (2021). American English File (3rd ed.). Oxford University PressLópez, A. & Bernal, R. (2009). Language Testing in Colombia: A Call for More Teacher Education and Teacher Training in Language Assessment. Profile Issues in Teachers` Professional Development. 11(2),55-70. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/profile/article/view/11442Masrul, Masrul & Rasyidah, Ummi & Yuliani, Sri & Nurmalina, Nurmalina & Erliana, Santi & Wicaksono, Bayu. (2023). The Implementation of Dynamic Assessment in EFL Learners’ Writing. World Journal of English Language. 13. 191. 10.5430/wjel.v13n5p191.Matthews, B., & Ross, L. (2010). Research methods about the authors: A practical guide for the social sciences. Pearson Education Limited. www.pearsoned.co.uk/matthewsMauludin, L. (2018). Dynamic assessment to improve students’ summary writing skill in an ESP class. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 36(4), 355–364. doi:10.2989/16073614.2018.1548296Miao, T. & Mian, L. (2013). Dynamic Assessment in ESL Writing Classroom. International Conference on Education Technology and Management Science (ICETMS 2013), 676-679. DOI: 10.2991/icetms.2013.1 https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icetms-13/6996Ministry of education. (2014, July 10th). Programa Nacional de inglés. https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1759/articles 343837_Programa_Nacional_Ingles.pdfMuñoz, A., Palacio, M. & Escobar, L. (2012). Teachers' Beliefs About Assessment in an EFL Context in Colombia. Profile Issues in Teachers` Professional Development, 14(1), 143-158.http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-0790201200 0100010&lng=en&tlng=enNaeini, J., & Duvall, E. (2012). Dynamic Assessment and the Impact on English Language Learners’ Reading Comprehension Performance. Language Testing in Asia, 2(2), 22. doi:10.1186/2229-0443-2-2-22Nushi, Musa & Momeni, Ali. (2022). A Comparative Study of University and Private Language Institute EFL Teachers' Familiarity with and Classroom Practicality Perceptions of Dynamic Assessment. Education & Self Development. DOI: 173. 25-49. 10.26907/esd.17.3.04.Ortiz, A.,Arias, M.,& Pedrozo, Z. (2018). Decolonialidad de la educación: emergencia/urgencia de una pedagogía decolonial. Editorial Unimagdalena. Consult here https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325731644_Decolonialidad_de_la_educacion_ EmergenciaUrgencia_de_una_pedagogia_decolonialOtheguy, R., García, O., & Reid, W. (2015). Clarifying translanguaging and deconstructing named languages: A perspective from linguistics. Applied Linguistics Review, 6(3), 281-307.https://free.openeclass.org/modules/document/file.php/ENG257/Further%20Rea ding/otheguyreidgarcia.pdfÖzdemir-Yılmazer, M., & Özkan, Y. (2023). Challenges and complexities in teacher conceptualization of dynamic assessment in the L2 classroom: A case study in Türkiye. Profile: Issues in Teachers’ Professional Development, 25(1), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.15446/profile.v25n1.101065Poehner, M. E. (2007). Beyond the Test: L2 Dynamic Assessment and the Transcendence of Mediated Learning. The Modern Language Journal, 91: 323–340. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00583.xPoehner, M. E. (2008). Dynamic Assessment: A Vygotskian Approach to Understanding and Promoting L2 Development Dynamic Assessment. Educational Linguistics, vol 9. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75775-9_9Poehner, M. E. (2008a). The Origins of Dynamic Assessment: Sociocultural Theory and the Zone of Proximal Development. Dynamic Assessment, 23–42. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-75775-9_2Poehner, M. E., & Lantolf, J. P. (2005). Dynamic assessment in the language classroom. Language Teaching Research, 9(3), 233–265. doi:10.1191/1362168805lr166oaPoehner, M. E., & Lantolf, J. P. (2010). Vygotsky’s Teaching-Assessment Dialectic and L2 Education: The Case for Dynamic Assessment. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 17(4), 312–330. doi:10.1080/10749030903338509Poehner, M. E., Davin, K. J., & Lantolf, J. P. (2017). Dynamic Assessment. Language Testing and Assessment, 243–256. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02261-1_18Poehner, M.E., van Compernolle, R.A. (2020). Reconsidering Time and Process in L2 Dynamic Assessment. In: Poehner, M.E., Inbar-Lourie, O. (eds) Toward a Reconceptualization of Second Language Classroom Assessment. Educational Linguistics, vol 41. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35081-9_9Poehner, M., & Wang, Z. (2021). Dynamic Assessment and second language development. Language Teaching, 54(4), 472-490. doi:10.1017/S0261444820000555. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-teaching/article/abs/dynamic-assessm ent-and-second-language-development/6926234FDE72C27BF93941383DCB6388Poehner, M.E., Davin, K.J., Lantolf, J.P. (2017). Dynamic Assessment. In: Shohamy, E., Or, I., May, S. (eds) Language Testing and Assessment. Encyclopedia of Language and Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi-org.crai-ustadigital.usantotomas.edu.co/10.1007/978-3-319-02261-1_18Rashidi, N., & Bahadori Nejad, Z. (2018). an investigation into the effect of dynamic assessment on the EFL learners’ process writing development. SAGE Open, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 2158244018784643Rojas, J. (2017). Making sense of alternative assessment in a qualitative evaluation system. Profile Issues in Teachers’ Professional Development, 19(2), 73-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/profile.v19n2.57178.Safdari, M., & Fathi, J. (2020). Investigating the role of dynamic assessment on speaking accuracy and fluency of pre-intermediate EFL learners. Cogent Education, 7(1), 1818924. doi:10.1080/2331186x.2020.1818924Shohamy, E. (2007) Language tests as language policy tools, Assessment In Education, 14:1, 117-130, DOI: 10.1080/09695940701272948Shrestha, P. & Coffin, C. (2011). Dynamic assessment, tutor mediation and academic writing development. Assessing Writing 17, 55–70.Sohrabi, S., Ahmadi Safa, M. (2020). Group Dynamic Assessment and EFL Learners’ Oral Production, Motivation, and Classroom Anxiety. English Teaching & Learning 44, 353–376 ttps://doi-org.crai-ustadigital.usantotomas.edu.co/10.1007/s42321-020-00054-2Spratt, M., Pulverness, A., & Williams, M. (2011). The TKT Course Modules 1, 2 and 3 (2nd ed., TKT Course). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139062398Vergara, L., Caraballo, J., Castellon, D., Vásquez, C, & Becker, E. (2019). Dynamic Assessment Approach in Language Teaching: A Review. Zona Proxima, 30, 82-99. https://doi.org/10.14482/zp.30.371.3Wang, Peihui. (2015). The Effect of Dynamic Assessment on the Listening Skills of Lower-intermediate EFL Learners in Chinese Technical College: A Pilot Study. Journal of Language Teaching and Research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0606.14Yin, R. K. (2002). Case study research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Chapter 2. Designing Case Studies: Identifying Your Case(s) and Establishing the Logic of Your Case Study. https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/24736_Chapter2.pdfYin, R. K. (2011) Applications of Case Study Research. Third edition.. Chapter 1. A (Very) Brief Refresher on the Case Study Method.COSMOS Corporation. SAGE Publications.https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/41407_1.pdfYu Q (2022) A Review of Foreign Language Learners’ Emotions. Front. Psychol. 12:827104. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.827104 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.827104/fullhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdppQpXEbN4CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8811https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/11634/53409/4/license_rdf217700a34da79ed616c2feb68d4c5e06MD54open accessORIGINAL2024AndreaTorres-EricaTrujillo.pdf2024AndreaTorres-EricaTrujillo.pdfTrabajo de gradoapplication/pdf723495https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/11634/53409/1/2024AndreaTorres-EricaTrujillo.pdf0e9d37710437c5a706b7bb3231f3e792MD51open accessCARTA AUTORIZACIÓN CRAI - ERICA TRUJILLO- ANDREA TORRES.pdfCARTA AUTORIZACIÓN CRAI - ERICA TRUJILLO- ANDREA TORRES.pdfCarta aprobación facultadapplication/pdf31986https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/11634/53409/2/CARTA%20AUTORIZACI%c3%93N%20CRAI%20-%20ERICA%20TRUJILLO-%20ANDREA%20TORRES.pdfa5c43700e7bc98820927d6bc98844e1eMD52metadata only accessCarta derechos de autor.pdfCarta derechos de autor.pdfCarta derechos de autorapplication/pdf97057https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/11634/53409/3/Carta%20derechos%20de%20autor.pdfa4b3896a66c6f294945e92f161d2a364MD53metadata only accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-8807https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/11634/53409/5/license.txtaedeaf396fcd827b537c73d23464fc27MD55open accessTHUMBNAIL2024AndreaTorres-EricaTrujillo.pdf.jpg2024AndreaTorres-EricaTrujillo.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg8157https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/11634/53409/6/2024AndreaTorres-EricaTrujillo.pdf.jpg9c054079949352354310b8112577af78MD56open accessCARTA AUTORIZACIÓN CRAI - ERICA TRUJILLO- ANDREA TORRES.pdf.jpgCARTA AUTORIZACIÓN CRAI - ERICA TRUJILLO- ANDREA TORRES.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg6909https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/11634/53409/7/CARTA%20AUTORIZACI%c3%93N%20CRAI%20-%20ERICA%20TRUJILLO-%20ANDREA%20TORRES.pdf.jpg0280d93b66b6d7aa59053de45d3b95f2MD57open accessCarta derechos de autor.pdf.jpgCarta derechos de autor.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg8248https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/11634/53409/8/Carta%20derechos%20de%20autor.pdf.jpga6e5da23117d7abc942f5b17f74cb4f1MD58open access11634/53409oai:repository.usta.edu.co:11634/534092024-01-18 03:26:32.308open accessRepositorio Universidad Santo Tomásnoreply@usta.edu.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 |