Peer Feedback: A strategy based on error treatment to enhance writing skills in EFL classroom

Esta tesis basada en la investigación-acción muestra el proceso y los resultados de un estudio aplicado en una escuela pública en Bogotá con grado octavo y noveno sobre la aplicación de la estrategia de retroalimentación entre pares para el tratamiento de errores. La metodología llevada a cabo en es...

Full description

Autores:
Figueroa Vega, Neyla Edith
Gamboa Merchán, Adriana
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2015
Institución:
Universidad Libre
Repositorio:
RIU - Repositorio Institucional UniLibre
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.unilibre.edu.co:10901/8281
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/10901/8281
Palabra clave:
Habilidades en escritura
Inglés
Lengua extranjera
Error treatment
peer feedback
writing skills
teaching and learning in EFL classroom.
TESIS - FACULTAD CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN
MAESTRÍA EN EDUCACIÓN CON ÉNFASIS EN DIDÁCTICA DE LAS LENGUAS EXTRANJERAS
INVESTIGACIÓN
METODOLOGÍA
ESCRITURA
Tratamiento de errores
Retroalimentación entre pares
Habilidades de escritura
Los procesos de aprendizaje de idiomas, enseñanza de ESL.
Rights
openAccess
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/
id RULIBRE2_8a0eb61e55c446b1608cda1c1fc6f549
oai_identifier_str oai:repository.unilibre.edu.co:10901/8281
network_acronym_str RULIBRE2
network_name_str RIU - Repositorio Institucional UniLibre
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Peer Feedback: A strategy based on error treatment to enhance writing skills in EFL classroom
title Peer Feedback: A strategy based on error treatment to enhance writing skills in EFL classroom
spellingShingle Peer Feedback: A strategy based on error treatment to enhance writing skills in EFL classroom
Habilidades en escritura
Inglés
Lengua extranjera
Error treatment
peer feedback
writing skills
teaching and learning in EFL classroom.
TESIS - FACULTAD CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN
MAESTRÍA EN EDUCACIÓN CON ÉNFASIS EN DIDÁCTICA DE LAS LENGUAS EXTRANJERAS
INVESTIGACIÓN
METODOLOGÍA
ESCRITURA
Tratamiento de errores
Retroalimentación entre pares
Habilidades de escritura
Los procesos de aprendizaje de idiomas, enseñanza de ESL.
title_short Peer Feedback: A strategy based on error treatment to enhance writing skills in EFL classroom
title_full Peer Feedback: A strategy based on error treatment to enhance writing skills in EFL classroom
title_fullStr Peer Feedback: A strategy based on error treatment to enhance writing skills in EFL classroom
title_full_unstemmed Peer Feedback: A strategy based on error treatment to enhance writing skills in EFL classroom
title_sort Peer Feedback: A strategy based on error treatment to enhance writing skills in EFL classroom
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Figueroa Vega, Neyla Edith
Gamboa Merchán, Adriana
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Guerrero, Carmen Helena
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Figueroa Vega, Neyla Edith
Gamboa Merchán, Adriana
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Habilidades en escritura
Inglés
Lengua extranjera
topic Habilidades en escritura
Inglés
Lengua extranjera
Error treatment
peer feedback
writing skills
teaching and learning in EFL classroom.
TESIS - FACULTAD CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN
MAESTRÍA EN EDUCACIÓN CON ÉNFASIS EN DIDÁCTICA DE LAS LENGUAS EXTRANJERAS
INVESTIGACIÓN
METODOLOGÍA
ESCRITURA
Tratamiento de errores
Retroalimentación entre pares
Habilidades de escritura
Los procesos de aprendizaje de idiomas, enseñanza de ESL.
dc.subject.subjectenglish.eng.fl_str_mv Error treatment
peer feedback
writing skills
teaching and learning in EFL classroom.
dc.subject.lemb.spa.fl_str_mv TESIS - FACULTAD CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN
MAESTRÍA EN EDUCACIÓN CON ÉNFASIS EN DIDÁCTICA DE LAS LENGUAS EXTRANJERAS
INVESTIGACIÓN
METODOLOGÍA
ESCRITURA
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Tratamiento de errores
Retroalimentación entre pares
Habilidades de escritura
Los procesos de aprendizaje de idiomas, enseñanza de ESL.
description Esta tesis basada en la investigación-acción muestra el proceso y los resultados de un estudio aplicado en una escuela pública en Bogotá con grado octavo y noveno sobre la aplicación de la estrategia de retroalimentación entre pares para el tratamiento de errores. La metodología llevada a cabo en este estudio incluyó métodos teóricos empíricos, teóricos y meta teóricos. El análisis pone de manifiesto que los comentarios de pares se benefician las habilidades de escritura de los estudiantes, ya que es una forma diferente de afrontar su proceso de aprendizaje de idiomas a través de una estrategia de colaboración. Palabras clave: tratamiento de errores, de retroalimentación entre pares, habilidades de escritura, los procesos de aprendizaje de idiomas, enseñanza de ESL.
publishDate 2015
dc.date.created.none.fl_str_mv 2015-07
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2016-05-23T14:12:14Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2016-05-23T14:12:14Z
dc.type.local.spa.fl_str_mv Tesis de Maestría
dc.type.hasversion.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10901/8281
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv instname:Universidad Libre
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv reponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad Libre
url https://hdl.handle.net/10901/8281
identifier_str_mv instname:Universidad Libre
reponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad Libre
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.references.eng.fl_str_mv Andton, M. & Di Camilla, F. (1998). Socio-cognitive functions of L1 Collaborative Interaction in the L2 Classroom. Canadian Modern Language Review, 314-342
Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Retrieved from http://folk.uio.no/hanneml/documents/notes/blumer.doc
Burt, M. & Kiparsky, C. (1978). Global and local errors. En S. &. Stenson, New Frontiers in Second Language. Newbury House Publishing.
Byrne. (1988). Teaching Writing Skills. Singapore: Longman.
Chaudron, C. (1984). The effects of feedback on students' composition revision. RELC Journal, 1-14.
Chin, G. (2010). An Investigation of Effectiveness of Peer Feedback. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/3699369/An_Investigation_of_Effectiveness_of_Peer_Feedback
Cohen, L. &. Manion, L.(1984). Research Methods in Education. Routledge.
Corder, S. (1967). The Significance of Learners' Errors. IRAL, 161 - 170
Corder, S. (1973). Introducing Applied Linguistics (PP. 274-277). . Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Corder, S. (s.f.). Error Analysis and Interlanguage.
Elliott, J. (1980). Action Research for Educational Change. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Farrah, M. (2012). The Impact of Peer Feedback on Improving the Writitng Skills among Hebron University Students. Retrieved from http://scholar.najah.edu/sites/default/files/journal-article/impact-peerfeedback-improving-writing-skills-among-hebron-university-students.pdf
Ferris, D. (1995). Student Reactions to Teacher Response in Multiple-draft Composition Classrooms. TESOL Quarterly, 33-53.
Flower, L. &. Hayes, J.(1981). A Cognitive Process Theory of Writing. College Composition and Communication, 365-387.
García, P. (2004). Investigating tasks in formal language learning. Clevedon Avon: Multilingual Matters , 44-68.
Giraldo, C. &. Perry, R. (2008). Treating ESL Writing Errors: Balancing Form and Content. How Journal Colombia, 107-123.
Hashimoto, M. (2004). An examination of ESL teachers' treatment of written errors,. Retrieved from http://epublications.bond.edu.au/theses/hashimoto/
Hyland, F. &. Hyland, K. (2001). Sugaring the pill: Praise and criticism in written feedback. Journal of Second Language Writing, 185-212.
Hyland, K. &. Candlin, C. (1999). Writing: Texts, Processes and Practices. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Jimena, E. et al. (2010). Error Correction: A Bridge to Grammatical Accuracy in L2 Writing. Retrieved from http://fportfolio.petra.ac.id/.../Full_Paper_Error_Correctio
Krashen, S. (1987). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Prentice-Hall International.
Le Compte, M. &.Schensul, J. (1999). Analyzing and Interpreting Ethnographic Data. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Londoño, D. (2008). Error Analysis in a Written Composition. PROFILE Journal.
Lyster, R. & Ranta, L. (1997). Corrective feedback and learner uptake: Negotiation of form in communicative classrooms. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 37-66
Mc Leod, S.A. (2012). Zone of Proximal Development. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/Zone-of-Proximal-Development.html
Nunan, D. (2001). English as a global language. TESOL Quarterly, 605-606.
Pea, R. (1993). Practices of Distributed Intelligence and Designs for Education. Retrieved from http://tecfa.unige.ch/tecfa/publicat/dil-papers-2/dc2/dc2.pdf
Richards, J. (1971). A Non- Contrastive Approach to Error Analysis. Journal of ELT, 204-219.
Richards, J. a. (1996). Reflective Teaching In Second Language. Oxford University Press.
Seow, (2002). A. En J. a. Richards, Methodology in Language Teaching An Anthology of Current Practice (págs. 315-320). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Roy, P. (s.f.). En S. Gabriel, Distributed Cognitions (págs. 47 - 81). Cambridge.
Seidel, J. (1998). Qualitative Data Analysis. Obtenido de http://www.qualisresearch.com/qda_paper.htm
Tram, B. (2010). Common Written Errors Commited By First Year Students at Hanoi University. Retrieved from http://es.scribd.com/doc/32025845/9/Interlingual-errors
Tribble, C. (1996). Writing. Oxford University Press
Van, E. et al. (1984). Applied Linguistics and the Learning and Teaching of Foreign Languages. London.
Villamil, O. & De Guerrero, M. (1996). Peer Revisio in the L2 Classroom: Social Aspects of Social Behavior. Journal of Second Language Writing, 51-75.
Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Wallace, M. (1998). Action Research for English Teachers. Cambridge University Press.
Wood, D. et al. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem-solving. Journal of Child Psychology, 89-100.
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Bazzani, S. (2010). Tratamiento del Error desde la Perspectiva Docente en ELE. Retrieved from http://funiber.com
Leal, A. & Sánchez, P. (2009). El Tratamiento del Error en Lengua Inglesa dentro del Aula de Idiomas.
Ministerio de Educación Nacional. (Octubre de 2006). Estándares Básicos de Competencias: Inglés. Retrieved from http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/micrositios/1752/articles315518_recurso_3.pdf
Ministerio de Educación Nacional. (s.f.). Ley 115 de Febrero 8 de 1994. Retrieved from http://www.oei.es/quipu/colombia/Ley_115_1994.pdf
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/
dc.rights.license.*.fl_str_mv Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombia
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombia
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv PDF
dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.coverage.spatial.spa.fl_str_mv Bogotá
institution Universidad Libre
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv http://repository.unilibre.edu.co/bitstream/10901/8281/1/PEER%20FEEDBACK.pdf
http://repository.unilibre.edu.co/bitstream/10901/8281/4/Neyla%20E.%20Figueroa%20V.%20y%20Adriana%20G.%20Merchan.pdf
http://repository.unilibre.edu.co/bitstream/10901/8281/2/license.txt
http://repository.unilibre.edu.co/bitstream/10901/8281/3/PEER%20FEEDBACK.pdf.jpg
http://repository.unilibre.edu.co/bitstream/10901/8281/5/Neyla%20E.%20Figueroa%20V.%20y%20Adriana%20G.%20Merchan.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 007f17a76929162cadcf02c74226540d
37f882aa2878e51783634c2ef50f114c
8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33
5b4034c49488a74c765205e8d49e3669
51eea10a2d993ac4302c83d0e1ef6d17
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Unilibre
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorio@unilibrebog.edu.co
_version_ 1814090374389432320
spelling Guerrero, Carmen HelenaFigueroa Vega, Neyla EdithGamboa Merchán, AdrianaBogotá2016-05-23T14:12:14Z2016-05-23T14:12:14Z2015-07https://hdl.handle.net/10901/8281instname:Universidad Librereponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad LibreEsta tesis basada en la investigación-acción muestra el proceso y los resultados de un estudio aplicado en una escuela pública en Bogotá con grado octavo y noveno sobre la aplicación de la estrategia de retroalimentación entre pares para el tratamiento de errores. La metodología llevada a cabo en este estudio incluyó métodos teóricos empíricos, teóricos y meta teóricos. El análisis pone de manifiesto que los comentarios de pares se benefician las habilidades de escritura de los estudiantes, ya que es una forma diferente de afrontar su proceso de aprendizaje de idiomas a través de una estrategia de colaboración. Palabras clave: tratamiento de errores, de retroalimentación entre pares, habilidades de escritura, los procesos de aprendizaje de idiomas, enseñanza de ESL.This thesis based on Action Research shows the process and results from a study implemented at a public school in Bogotá with eighth and ninth graders about the implementation of the strategy peer feedback for the error treatment; the methodology carried out in this study included empirical, theoretical, and meta theoretical methods. The analysis evidenced that peer comments benefit student’s writing skills because it is a different way to face their language learning process through a collaborative strategy. Key words: Error treatment, Peer feedback, writing skills, language learning process, ESL teaching.PDFapplication/pdfspahttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/co/Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombiainfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Habilidades en escrituraInglésLengua extranjeraError treatmentpeer feedbackwriting skillsteaching and learning in EFL classroom.TESIS - FACULTAD CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓNMAESTRÍA EN EDUCACIÓN CON ÉNFASIS EN DIDÁCTICA DE LAS LENGUAS EXTRANJERASINVESTIGACIÓNMETODOLOGÍAESCRITURATratamiento de erroresRetroalimentación entre paresHabilidades de escrituraLos procesos de aprendizaje de idiomas, enseñanza de ESL.Peer Feedback: A strategy based on error treatment to enhance writing skills in EFL classroomTesis de Maestríainfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1finfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisAndton, M. & Di Camilla, F. (1998). Socio-cognitive functions of L1 Collaborative Interaction in the L2 Classroom. Canadian Modern Language Review, 314-342Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Retrieved from http://folk.uio.no/hanneml/documents/notes/blumer.docBurt, M. & Kiparsky, C. (1978). Global and local errors. En S. &. Stenson, New Frontiers in Second Language. Newbury House Publishing.Byrne. (1988). Teaching Writing Skills. Singapore: Longman.Chaudron, C. (1984). The effects of feedback on students' composition revision. RELC Journal, 1-14.Chin, G. (2010). An Investigation of Effectiveness of Peer Feedback. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/3699369/An_Investigation_of_Effectiveness_of_Peer_FeedbackCohen, L. &. Manion, L.(1984). Research Methods in Education. Routledge.Corder, S. (1967). The Significance of Learners' Errors. IRAL, 161 - 170Corder, S. (1973). Introducing Applied Linguistics (PP. 274-277). . Harmondsworth: Penguin.Corder, S. (s.f.). Error Analysis and Interlanguage.Elliott, J. (1980). Action Research for Educational Change. Buckingham: Open University Press.Farrah, M. (2012). The Impact of Peer Feedback on Improving the Writitng Skills among Hebron University Students. Retrieved from http://scholar.najah.edu/sites/default/files/journal-article/impact-peerfeedback-improving-writing-skills-among-hebron-university-students.pdfFerris, D. (1995). Student Reactions to Teacher Response in Multiple-draft Composition Classrooms. TESOL Quarterly, 33-53.Flower, L. &. Hayes, J.(1981). A Cognitive Process Theory of Writing. College Composition and Communication, 365-387.García, P. (2004). Investigating tasks in formal language learning. Clevedon Avon: Multilingual Matters , 44-68.Giraldo, C. &. Perry, R. (2008). Treating ESL Writing Errors: Balancing Form and Content. How Journal Colombia, 107-123.Hashimoto, M. (2004). An examination of ESL teachers' treatment of written errors,. Retrieved from http://epublications.bond.edu.au/theses/hashimoto/Hyland, F. &. Hyland, K. (2001). Sugaring the pill: Praise and criticism in written feedback. Journal of Second Language Writing, 185-212.Hyland, K. &. Candlin, C. (1999). Writing: Texts, Processes and Practices. New York: Taylor & Francis.Jimena, E. et al. (2010). Error Correction: A Bridge to Grammatical Accuracy in L2 Writing. Retrieved from http://fportfolio.petra.ac.id/.../Full_Paper_Error_CorrectioKrashen, S. (1987). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Prentice-Hall International.Le Compte, M. &.Schensul, J. (1999). Analyzing and Interpreting Ethnographic Data. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.Londoño, D. (2008). Error Analysis in a Written Composition. PROFILE Journal.Lyster, R. & Ranta, L. (1997). Corrective feedback and learner uptake: Negotiation of form in communicative classrooms. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 37-66Mc Leod, S.A. (2012). Zone of Proximal Development. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/Zone-of-Proximal-Development.htmlNunan, D. (2001). English as a global language. TESOL Quarterly, 605-606.Pea, R. (1993). Practices of Distributed Intelligence and Designs for Education. Retrieved from http://tecfa.unige.ch/tecfa/publicat/dil-papers-2/dc2/dc2.pdfRichards, J. (1971). A Non- Contrastive Approach to Error Analysis. Journal of ELT, 204-219.Richards, J. a. (1996). Reflective Teaching In Second Language. Oxford University Press.Seow, (2002). A. En J. a. Richards, Methodology in Language Teaching An Anthology of Current Practice (págs. 315-320). New York: Cambridge University Press.Roy, P. (s.f.). En S. Gabriel, Distributed Cognitions (págs. 47 - 81). Cambridge.Seidel, J. (1998). Qualitative Data Analysis. Obtenido de http://www.qualisresearch.com/qda_paper.htmTram, B. (2010). Common Written Errors Commited By First Year Students at Hanoi University. Retrieved from http://es.scribd.com/doc/32025845/9/Interlingual-errorsTribble, C. (1996). Writing. Oxford University PressVan, E. et al. (1984). Applied Linguistics and the Learning and Teaching of Foreign Languages. London.Villamil, O. & De Guerrero, M. (1996). Peer Revisio in the L2 Classroom: Social Aspects of Social Behavior. Journal of Second Language Writing, 51-75.Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.Wallace, M. (1998). Action Research for English Teachers. Cambridge University Press.Wood, D. et al. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem-solving. Journal of Child Psychology, 89-100.Bazzani, S. (2010). Tratamiento del Error desde la Perspectiva Docente en ELE. Retrieved from http://funiber.comLeal, A. & Sánchez, P. (2009). El Tratamiento del Error en Lengua Inglesa dentro del Aula de Idiomas.Ministerio de Educación Nacional. (Octubre de 2006). Estándares Básicos de Competencias: Inglés. Retrieved from http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/micrositios/1752/articles315518_recurso_3.pdfMinisterio de Educación Nacional. (s.f.). Ley 115 de Febrero 8 de 1994. Retrieved from http://www.oei.es/quipu/colombia/Ley_115_1994.pdfORIGINALPEER FEEDBACK.pdfPEER FEEDBACK.pdfFigueroaVegaNeylaEdith2015application/pdf1643336http://repository.unilibre.edu.co/bitstream/10901/8281/1/PEER%20FEEDBACK.pdf007f17a76929162cadcf02c74226540dMD51Neyla E. Figueroa V. y Adriana G. Merchan.pdfNeyla E. Figueroa V. y Adriana G. Merchan.pdfapplication/pdf816198http://repository.unilibre.edu.co/bitstream/10901/8281/4/Neyla%20E.%20Figueroa%20V.%20y%20Adriana%20G.%20Merchan.pdf37f882aa2878e51783634c2ef50f114cMD54LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748http://repository.unilibre.edu.co/bitstream/10901/8281/2/license.txt8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD52THUMBNAILPEER FEEDBACK.pdf.jpgPEER FEEDBACK.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg7498http://repository.unilibre.edu.co/bitstream/10901/8281/3/PEER%20FEEDBACK.pdf.jpg5b4034c49488a74c765205e8d49e3669MD53Neyla E. Figueroa V. y Adriana G. Merchan.pdf.jpgNeyla E. Figueroa V. y Adriana G. Merchan.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg21570http://repository.unilibre.edu.co/bitstream/10901/8281/5/Neyla%20E.%20Figueroa%20V.%20y%20Adriana%20G.%20Merchan.pdf.jpg51eea10a2d993ac4302c83d0e1ef6d17MD5510901/8281oai:repository.unilibre.edu.co:10901/82812024-04-12 06:00:50.618Repositorio Institucional Unilibrerepositorio@unilibrebog.edu.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