Evaluation of the effect of flocculation on harvesting of microalgaenannochloropsis SP

Microalgae have recently emerged as an attractive source of products for the food, energy and pharmaceutical industries due to their high biomass productivity, metabolic versatility and environmental sustainability. This work focuses on the effect of flocculation on the harvesting of microalgae Nann...

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Autores:
ZUORRO, Antonio
Barajas Solano, andres F
Mena, Nelson Osvaldo
González-Delgado, Angel Darío
Ortegón, Manuel Alejandro
Sanguino, Paola Andrea
Lavecchia, Roberto
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2018
Institución:
Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander
Repositorio:
Repositorio Digital UFPS
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.ufps.edu.co:ufps/1588
Acceso en línea:
http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1588
Palabra clave:
Microalgae
Harvesting
Flocculation
Sedimentation
pH
Rights
openAccess
License
2006-2018 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Evaluation of the effect of flocculation on harvesting of microalgaenannochloropsis SP
title Evaluation of the effect of flocculation on harvesting of microalgaenannochloropsis SP
spellingShingle Evaluation of the effect of flocculation on harvesting of microalgaenannochloropsis SP
Microalgae
Harvesting
Flocculation
Sedimentation
pH
title_short Evaluation of the effect of flocculation on harvesting of microalgaenannochloropsis SP
title_full Evaluation of the effect of flocculation on harvesting of microalgaenannochloropsis SP
title_fullStr Evaluation of the effect of flocculation on harvesting of microalgaenannochloropsis SP
title_full_unstemmed Evaluation of the effect of flocculation on harvesting of microalgaenannochloropsis SP
title_sort Evaluation of the effect of flocculation on harvesting of microalgaenannochloropsis SP
dc.creator.fl_str_mv ZUORRO, Antonio
Barajas Solano, andres F
Mena, Nelson Osvaldo
González-Delgado, Angel Darío
Ortegón, Manuel Alejandro
Sanguino, Paola Andrea
Lavecchia, Roberto
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv ZUORRO, Antonio
Barajas Solano, andres F
Mena, Nelson Osvaldo
González-Delgado, Angel Darío
Ortegón, Manuel Alejandro
Sanguino, Paola Andrea
Lavecchia, Roberto
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Microalgae
Harvesting
Flocculation
Sedimentation
pH
topic Microalgae
Harvesting
Flocculation
Sedimentation
pH
description Microalgae have recently emerged as an attractive source of products for the food, energy and pharmaceutical industries due to their high biomass productivity, metabolic versatility and environmental sustainability. This work focuses on the effect of flocculation on the harvesting of microalgae Nannochloropsissp. Through a three-factor experimental design. The most suitable conditions for flocculation were determined based on flocculant (AlCl3) dosage, pH and culture time. In addition, flocculant adding-pH adjustment methods were studied and harvesting was performed according to the method that provided the best results. The pH adjustment after flocculant addition showed higher flocculation efficiency (above 90%) compared to the reverse process. It was also found that the microalgae cells exhibited spontaneous sedimentation, suggesting that the use of flocculant is not required for biomass collection.
publishDate 2018
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2018-08
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-11-30T20:57:46Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-11-30T20:57:46Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
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dc.relation.ispartof.none.fl_str_mv ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ISSN: 1819-6608, 2018 vol:13 fasc: 15 págs: 4475 - 4479
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Vol. 13, No. 15 (2018)
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 4479
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 15 (2018)
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 4475
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 13
dc.relation.cites.none.fl_str_mv Mena López, N. O., Ortegón Díaz, M. A., González Delgado, Á. D., Sanguino Barajas, P. A., Barajas Solano, A. F., Lavecchia, R. y Zuorro, A. (2018). Evaluation of the effect of flocculation on harvesting of microalgaenannochloropsis SP. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 13(15), 4475–4479. http://www.arpnjournals.org/jeas/research_papers/rp_2018/jeas_0818_7227.pdf
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv 2006-2018 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
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rights_invalid_str_mv 2006-2018 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 5 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
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spelling ZUORRO, Antonio1d9ebb9bdc0d09156364b9fd1169276a600Barajas Solano, andres F7237a5ca918751f9d045f15b62fd2f1f600Mena, Nelson Osvaldo268c9669b3071c8f5b192c51040dc1e0González-Delgado, Angel Darío0102ed6cc17aae314ed4ababae07d17c600Ortegón, Manuel Alejandro94e35a07cae1b0d97a6a117f27482fe3Sanguino, Paola Andreaeea47e25d3d2679fcacfd40c55a39c62Lavecchia, Roberto8033d5a4f3e830d04dbedcb031c65dc72021-11-30T20:57:46Z2021-11-30T20:57:46Z2018-08http://repositorio.ufps.edu.co/handle/ufps/1588Microalgae have recently emerged as an attractive source of products for the food, energy and pharmaceutical industries due to their high biomass productivity, metabolic versatility and environmental sustainability. This work focuses on the effect of flocculation on the harvesting of microalgae Nannochloropsissp. Through a three-factor experimental design. The most suitable conditions for flocculation were determined based on flocculant (AlCl3) dosage, pH and culture time. In addition, flocculant adding-pH adjustment methods were studied and harvesting was performed according to the method that provided the best results. The pH adjustment after flocculant addition showed higher flocculation efficiency (above 90%) compared to the reverse process. It was also found that the microalgae cells exhibited spontaneous sedimentation, suggesting that the use of flocculant is not required for biomass collection.5 páginasapplication/pdfengARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied SciencesARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ISSN: 1819-6608, 2018 vol:13 fasc: 15 págs: 4475 - 4479Vol. 13, No. 15 (2018)447915 (2018)447513Mena López, N. O., Ortegón Díaz, M. A., González Delgado, Á. D., Sanguino Barajas, P. A., Barajas Solano, A. F., Lavecchia, R. y Zuorro, A. (2018). Evaluation of the effect of flocculation on harvesting of microalgaenannochloropsis SP. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 13(15), 4475–4479. http://www.arpnjournals.org/jeas/research_papers/rp_2018/jeas_0818_7227.pdfARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences2006-2018 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2http://www.arpnjournals.org/jeas/research_papers/rp_2018/jeas_0818_7227.pdfEvaluation of the effect of flocculation on harvesting of microalgaenannochloropsis SPArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85MicroalgaeHarvestingFlocculationSedimentationpHBorges L., Morón–Villarreyes J., Montes D’Oca M. & Abreu P. 2011. Effects of flocculants on lipid extraction and fatty acid composition of the microalgae Nannochloropsisoculata and Thalassiosiraweissflogii. Biomass and Bioenergy. 31, 4449-4454.Brasil B.S.A., Silva F.C.P. & Siqueira F.G. 2016. Microalgae biorefineries: The Brazilian scenario in perspective. New Biotechnology.Chatsungnoen T.& Chisti Y. 2016. Harvesting microalgae by flocculation-sedimentation. Algal Research. 13, 271- 283.Chen Y., Liu J.&Yih-Hsu J. 1998. Flotation removal of algae from water. Colloids and Surfaces. Biointerfaces. 12, 49-55Collotta M., Champagne P., Mabee W., Tomasoni G., Gustavo B., Busi L. &Alberti M. 2017. Comparative LCA of flocculation for the harvesting of microalgae for biofuels production. Procedia CIRP. 61, 756-760.El-Mekkawi S.A., El-Ardy O.A., Abdelmonem N.M.& Elahwany A.H. 2016. A scope on microalgae as potential source of biofuel. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 11(19): 11421-11432.Garzon-Sanabria A.J., Ramirez-Caballero S.S., Moss F.E.P.&Nikolov Z.L. 2013. Effect of algogenic organic matter (AOM) and sodium chloride on Nannochloropsissalina flocculation efficiency. Bioresource Technology. 143, 231-237.Garzón-Sanabria A.J., Davis R.T.& Nikolov N.L. 2012. Harvesting Nannochlorisoculata by inorganic electrolyte flocculation: Effect of initial cell density, ionic strength, coagulant dosage, and media pH. Bioresource Technology. 118, 418-424.Kalidasan B., Srinivas T.& Shankar R. 2015. Experimental study on power generation using biomass based and solar based brayton cycles. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 10(9): 3987-3990.Kim D., Lee K., Lee J., Lee Y., Han J., Park J. & Oh Y. 2017. Acidified-flocculation process for harvesting of microalgae: Coagulant reutilization and metal-freemicroalgae recovery. Bioresource Technology. 239, 190- 196.Knuckey R., Brown M., Robert R. & Frampton D. 2006. Production of microalgal concentrates by flocculation and their assessment as aquaculture feeds. Agricultural Engineering. 35, 300-313.Maffei G., Bracciale M.P., Broggi A., Zuorro A., Santarelli M.L.&Lavecchia R. 2018. Effect of an enzymatic treatment with cellulase and mannanase on the structural properties of Nannochloropsis microalgae.Bioresource Technology. 249, 592-598.Roselet F., Burkert J. & Cesar P. 2016. Flocculation of Nannochloropsisoculata using a tannin-based polymer: Bench scale optimization and pilot scale reproducibility. Biomass and Bioenergy. 87, 55-60.Rwehumbiza M.V., Harrison R. & Thomsen L. 2012. Alum-induced flocculation of preconcentratedNannochloropsissalina: Residual aluminium in the biomass, FAMEs and its effects on microalgae growth upon media recycling. Chemical Engineering Journal. 200-202, 168-175.Sadegh M., Shariati A., Badakhshan A. &Anvaripour B. 2013. Using nano-chitosan for harvesting microalga Nannochloropsis sp. Bioresource Technology. 131, 555- 559.Sari A.M.&Purnawan I. 2016. The influence of chitosan flocculant on the flocculation of microalgae Chlorella sp. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 11(8): 5177-5182.Sathasivam R., Radhakrishnan R., Hashem A. &Abd E. F. 2017. Microalgae metabolites : A rich source for food and medicine. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.Sunar N.M., Matias-Peralta H., Aziz A.&Latiff A. 2016. Screening of sustainable hydrocarbon extracted from microalgae via phycoremediation. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 11(12): 7431-7436.Uduman N., Danquah Q.Y., Forde M.&Hoadley A. 2010. Dewatering of microalgal cultures: A major bottleneck to algae-based fuels. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 127011-127015.Wan C., Zhao X., Guo S., Alam A. & Bai F. 2013. Bioflocculant production from Solibacillussilvestris W01 and its application in cost-effective harvest of marine microalga Nannochloropsisoceanica by flocculation. Bioresource Technology. 135, 207-212.Zakariah N.A., Rahman N.A., Raikhan N.& Him N. 2017. Effects of nitrogen supplementation in replete condition on the biomass yield and microalgae. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 12(10): 3290-3298.Zhang Y., Tian J., Nan J., Gao S., Liang H., Wang M. & Li G. 2010. Effect of PAC addition on immersed ultrafiltration for the treatment of algal-rich water. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 186, 1415-1424.Zuorro A., Maffei G.&Lavecchia R. 2016ª. Optimization of enzyme-assisted lipid extraction from Nannochloropsis microalgae. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 67, 106-114.Zuorro A., Miglietta S., Familiari G.&Lavecchia R. 2016b. Enhanced lipid recovery from Nannochloropsis microalgae by treatment with optimized cell wall degrading enzyme mixtures. 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 incorporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
0000-0002-8173-38091d9ebb9bdc0d09156364b9fd1169276a6000000-0003-2765-91317237a5ca918751f9d045f15b62fd2f1f6000000-0001-8100-88880102ed6cc17aae314ed4ababae07d17c600