Ultrasonic monitoring of the water content in concentrated water–petroleum emulsions using the slope of the phase spectrum

This work proposes the slope of the phase spectrum as a signal processing parameter for the ultrasonic monitoring of the water content of water-in-crude oil emulsions. Experimental measurements, with water volume fractions from 0 to 0.48 and test temperatures of 20 ◦C, 25 ◦C, and 30 ◦C, were carried...