A critical and comprehensive review of the current status of 17β-estradiol hormone remediation through adsorption technology
Even at low concentrations, steroid hormones pose a significant threat to ecosystem health and are classified as micropollutants. Among these, 17β-estradiol (molecular formula: C18H24O2; pKa = 10.46; Log Kow = 4.01; solubility in water = 3.90 mg L−1 at 27 °C; molecular weight: 272.4 g mol−1) is exte...
- Autores:
-
Georgin, Jordana
Pfingsten Franco, Dison Stracke
Saood Manzar, Mohammad
Meili, Lucas
El Messaoudi, Noureddine
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2024
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/13857
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13857
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- 17β-estradiol hormone
Technology
Endocrine
- Rights
- closedAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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A critical and comprehensive review of the current status of 17β-estradiol hormone remediation through adsorption technology |
| title |
A critical and comprehensive review of the current status of 17β-estradiol hormone remediation through adsorption technology |
| spellingShingle |
A critical and comprehensive review of the current status of 17β-estradiol hormone remediation through adsorption technology 17β-estradiol hormone Technology Endocrine |
| title_short |
A critical and comprehensive review of the current status of 17β-estradiol hormone remediation through adsorption technology |
| title_full |
A critical and comprehensive review of the current status of 17β-estradiol hormone remediation through adsorption technology |
| title_fullStr |
A critical and comprehensive review of the current status of 17β-estradiol hormone remediation through adsorption technology |
| title_full_unstemmed |
A critical and comprehensive review of the current status of 17β-estradiol hormone remediation through adsorption technology |
| title_sort |
A critical and comprehensive review of the current status of 17β-estradiol hormone remediation through adsorption technology |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Georgin, Jordana Pfingsten Franco, Dison Stracke Saood Manzar, Mohammad Meili, Lucas El Messaoudi, Noureddine |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Georgin, Jordana Pfingsten Franco, Dison Stracke Saood Manzar, Mohammad Meili, Lucas El Messaoudi, Noureddine |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
17β-estradiol hormone Technology Endocrine |
| topic |
17β-estradiol hormone Technology Endocrine |
| description |
Even at low concentrations, steroid hormones pose a significant threat to ecosystem health and are classified as micropollutants. Among these, 17β-estradiol (molecular formula: C18H24O2; pKa = 10.46; Log Kow = 4.01; solubility in water = 3.90 mg L−1 at 27 °C; molecular weight: 272.4 g mol−1) is extensively studied as an endocrine disruptor due to its release through natural pathways and widespread use in conventional medicine. 17β-estradiol (E2) is emitted by various sources, such as animal and human excretions, hospital and veterinary clinic effluents, and treatment plants. In aquatic biota, it can cause issues ranging from the feminization of males to inhibiting plant growth. This review aims to identify technologies for remediating E2 in water, revealing that materials like graphene oxides, nanocomposites, and carbonaceous materials are commonly used for adsorption. The pH of the medium, especially in acidic to neutral conditions, affects efficiency, and ambient temperature (298 K) supports the process. The Langmuir and Freundlich models aptly describe isothermal studies, with interactions being of a low-energy, physical nature. Adsorption faces limitations when other ions coexist in the solution. Hybrid treatments exhibit high removal efficiency. To mitigate global E2 pollution, establishing national and international standards with detailed guidelines for advanced treatment systems is crucial. Despite significant advancements in optimizing technologies by the scientific community, there remains a considerable gap in their societal application, primarily due to economic and sustainable factors. Therefore, further studies are necessary, including conducting batch experiments with these adsorbents for large-scale treatment along with economic analyses of the production process. |
| publishDate |
2024 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-11-28T20:21:01Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-11-28T20:21:01Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-03-15 |
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Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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Text |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
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http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
| dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/draft |
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http://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcce |
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Georgin, J., Franco, D.S.P., Manzar, M.S. et al. A critical and comprehensive review of the current status of 17β-estradiol hormone remediation through adsorption technology. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 24679–24712 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32876-z |
| dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv |
0944-1344 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13857 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1007/s11356-024-32876-z |
| dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv |
1614-7499 |
| dc.identifier.instname.none.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Georgin, J., Franco, D.S.P., Manzar, M.S. et al. A critical and comprehensive review of the current status of 17β-estradiol hormone remediation through adsorption technology. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 24679–24712 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32876-z 0944-1344 10.1007/s11356-024-32876-z 1614-7499 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13857 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv |
Environmental Science and Pollution Research |
| dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© 2024 Springer Naturehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbGeorgin, JordanaPfingsten Franco, Dison StrackeSaood Manzar, MohammadMeili, LucasEl Messaoudi, Noureddine2024-11-28T20:21:01Z2024-11-28T20:21:01Z2024-03-15Georgin, J., Franco, D.S.P., Manzar, M.S. et al. A critical and comprehensive review of the current status of 17β-estradiol hormone remediation through adsorption technology. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 24679–24712 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32876-z0944-1344https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1385710.1007/s11356-024-32876-z1614-7499Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Even at low concentrations, steroid hormones pose a significant threat to ecosystem health and are classified as micropollutants. Among these, 17β-estradiol (molecular formula: C18H24O2; pKa = 10.46; Log Kow = 4.01; solubility in water = 3.90 mg L−1 at 27 °C; molecular weight: 272.4 g mol−1) is extensively studied as an endocrine disruptor due to its release through natural pathways and widespread use in conventional medicine. 17β-estradiol (E2) is emitted by various sources, such as animal and human excretions, hospital and veterinary clinic effluents, and treatment plants. In aquatic biota, it can cause issues ranging from the feminization of males to inhibiting plant growth. This review aims to identify technologies for remediating E2 in water, revealing that materials like graphene oxides, nanocomposites, and carbonaceous materials are commonly used for adsorption. The pH of the medium, especially in acidic to neutral conditions, affects efficiency, and ambient temperature (298 K) supports the process. The Langmuir and Freundlich models aptly describe isothermal studies, with interactions being of a low-energy, physical nature. Adsorption faces limitations when other ions coexist in the solution. Hybrid treatments exhibit high removal efficiency. To mitigate global E2 pollution, establishing national and international standards with detailed guidelines for advanced treatment systems is crucial. Despite significant advancements in optimizing technologies by the scientific community, there remains a considerable gap in their societal application, primarily due to economic and sustainable factors. Therefore, further studies are necessary, including conducting batch experiments with these adsorbents for large-scale treatment along with economic analyses of the production process.1 páginaapplication/pdfengSpringer NatureGermanyhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-024-32876-z#citeasA critical and comprehensive review of the current status of 17β-estradiol hormone remediation through adsorption technologyArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/drafthttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcceEnvironmental Science and Pollution ResearchAbdel Maksoud MIA, Fahim RA, Bedir AG et al (2022) Engineered magnetic oxides nanoparticles as efficient sorbents for wastewater remediation: a review. 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 públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.</li>
      <li>
        Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:
        <ol type="i">
          <li>Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.</li>
          <li>Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.</li>
        </ol>
      </li>
      <li>Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.</li>
    </ol>
  </li>
  <br/>
  <li>
    Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
    <p>A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.</p>
  </li>
  <br/>
  <li>
    Limitación de responsabilidad.
    <p>A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.</p>
  </li>
  <br/>
  <li>
    Término.
    <ol type="a">
      <li>Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.</li>
      <li>Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.</li>
    </ol>
  </li>
  <br/>
  <li>
    Varios.
    <ol type="a">
      <li>Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.</li>
      <li>Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.</li>
      <li>Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.</li>
      <li>Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.</li>
    </ol>
  </li>
  <br/>
</ol>
 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