The effect of periodization on training program adherence

The present research aimed to study the effect of three different training periodization (traditional, reverse, and free training) on the aerobic performance, motivation, and adherence of physically active athletes. We analysed the adherence to three different periodization training programs: tradit...

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Autores:
Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
Ramos-Campo, Domingo Jesús
Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
Parraca, Jose A.
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9222
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9222
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412973
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Adherence
Endurance
Periodization
Triathlon
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv The effect of periodization on training program adherence
title The effect of periodization on training program adherence
spellingShingle The effect of periodization on training program adherence
Adherence
Endurance
Periodization
Triathlon
title_short The effect of periodization on training program adherence
title_full The effect of periodization on training program adherence
title_fullStr The effect of periodization on training program adherence
title_full_unstemmed The effect of periodization on training program adherence
title_sort The effect of periodization on training program adherence
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
Ramos-Campo, Domingo Jesús
Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
Parraca, Jose A.
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
Ramos-Campo, Domingo Jesús
Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
Parraca, Jose A.
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Adherence
Endurance
Periodization
Triathlon
topic Adherence
Endurance
Periodization
Triathlon
description The present research aimed to study the effect of three different training periodization (traditional, reverse, and free training) on the aerobic performance, motivation, and adherence of physically active athletes. We analysed the adherence to three different periodization training programs: traditional, reverse, and free training periodization on the adherence of amateur triathletes. For this aim, the individual adherence, motivation, and aerobic performance time and heart rate (in a 1000 m running test) were evaluated before and after the completion of the three different 8-week periodization programs. The level of adherence to the reverse periodization was significantly higher than in traditional and free training. The number of dropouts in reverse and traditional periodization was similar but lower than in the free training. Finally, neither of the periodization programs improved aerobic performance and reverse training periodization decreased heart rate of participants in a 1000 m running test.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-12-09
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-06-08T13:32:32Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-06-08T13:32:32Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Parraca, J.A.; Batalha, N. The Effect of Periodization on Training Program Adherence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12973. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412973
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 1660-4601
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9222
dc.identifier.url.spa.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412973
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv 10.3390/ijerph182412973
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv 1661-7827
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Parraca, J.A.; Batalha, N. The Effect of Periodization on Training Program Adherence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12973. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412973
1660-4601
10.3390/ijerph182412973
1661-7827
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9222
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412973
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. Goddard, K.; Roberts, C.M.; Byron-Daniel, J.; Woodford, L. Psychological factors involved in adherence to sport injury rehabilitation: A systematic review. Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2020, 14, 51–73. [CrossRef]
2. Bull, S.; Stimmel, B.; Veeraraghavan, V.; Dynes, R.; Knox, J. Adherence Issues in Sport and Exercise; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2001.
3. Berger, B.; Pargman, D.; Weinberg, R. Foundations of Exercise Psychology; Fitness Information Technolog: Morgantown, WV, USA, 2002; pp. 53–62.
4. Matsumoto, H.; Takenaka, K. Motivational profiles and stages of exercise behavior change. Int. J. Sport Health Sci. 2004, 2, 89–96. [CrossRef]
5. Phillips, E.M.; Schneider, J.C.; Mercer, G.R. Motivating elders to initiate and maintain exercise. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2004, 85, S52–S57. [CrossRef]
6. Bachmann, C.; Oesch, P.; Bachmann, S. Recommendations for Improving Adherence to Home-Based Exercise: A Systematic Review. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Kurortmed. 2018, 28, 20–31. [CrossRef]
7. Asbjornsen, R.A.; Smedsrod, M.L.; Solberg Nes, L.; Wentzel, J.; Varsi, C.; Hjelmesaeth, J.; van Gemert-Pijnen, J.E. Persuasive System Design Principles and Behavior Change Techniques to Stimulate Motivation and Adherence in Electronic Health Interventions to Support Weight Loss Maintenance: Scoping Review. J. Med. Internet Res. 2019, 21, e14265. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. Keegan, R.J.; Harwood, C.G.; Spray, C.M.; Lavallee, D.E. A qualitative investigation exploring the motivational climate in early career sports participants: Coach, parent and peer influences on sport motivation. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2009, 10, 361–372. [CrossRef]
9. Medellín Ruiz, J.P.; Rubio-Arias, J.Á.; Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J. Effectiveness of training prescription guided by heart rate variability versus predefined training for physiological and aerobic performance improvements: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8532. [CrossRef]
10. Colquhoun, R.J.; Gai, C.M.; Walters, J.; Brannon, A.R.; Kilpatrick, M.W.; D0Agostino, D.P.; Campbell, W.I. Comparison of powerlifting performance in trained men using traditional and flexible daily undulating periodization. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2017, 31, 283–291. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Rhea, M.R.; Ball, S.D.; Phillips, W.T.; Burkett, L.N. A comparison of linear and daily undulating periodized programs with equated volume and intensity for strength. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2002, 16, 250–255. [PubMed]
12. Monteiro, A.G.; Aoki, M.S.; Evangelista, A.L.; Alveno, D.A.; Monteiro, G.A.; Picarro Ida, C.; Ugrinowitsch, C. Nonlinear periodization maximizes strength gains in split resistance training routines. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2009, 23, 1321–1326. [CrossRef]
13. McNamara, J.M.; Stearne, D.J. Flexible nonlinear periodization in a beginner college weight training class. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2010, 24, 17–22. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Fernandes, R.J.; de Jesus, K.; Pelarigo, J.G.; Arroyo-Toledo, J.J.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. Do traditional and reverse swimming training periodizations lead to similar aerobic performance improvements? J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2018, 58, 761–767. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J. Effectiveness of Reverse vs. Traditional Linear Training Periodization in Triathlon. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2807. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Gomez Martin, J.P.; Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J. Hematological and Running Performance Modification of Trained Athletes after Reverse vs. Block Training Periodization. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4825. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Dalamitros, A.; Ribeiro, J.; Sousa, A.; Fernandes, R.J.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. The effects of two different swimming training periodization on physiological parameters at various exercise intensities. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2017, 17, 425–432. [CrossRef]
18. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Fuentes-García, J.P.; Fernandes, R.J.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. Psychological and Physiological Features Associated with Swimming Performance. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4561. [CrossRef]
19. Stockwell, T.B.; McKean, M.R.; Burkett, B.J. Response to Constant and Interval Exercise Protocols in the Elderly. J. Exerc. Physiol. Online 2012, 15, 3039.
20. Martinez, N.; Kilpatrick, M.W.; Salomon, K.; Jung, M.E.; Little, J.P. Affective and enjoyment responses to high-intensity interval training in overweight-to-obese and insufficiently active adults. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2015, 37, 138–149. [CrossRef]
21. Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Fernandes, R.J.; Arroyo-Toledo, J.J.; Figueiredo, P.; Gonzalez-Rave, J.M.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. Autonomic adaptation after traditional and reverse swimming training periodizations. Acta Physiol. Hung. 2015, 102, 105–113. [CrossRef]
22. Manzi, V.; Castagna, C.; Padua, E.; Lombardo, M.; D0Ottavio, S.; Massaro, M.; Volterrani, M.; Iellamo, F. Dose-response relationship of autonomic nervous system responses to individualized training impulse in marathon runners. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2009, 296, H1733–H1740. [CrossRef]
23. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Delgado-Moreno, R.; González, B.; Ortega, J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J. Amateur endurance triathletes’ performance is improved independently of volume or intensity based training. Physiol. Behav. 2019, 205, 2–8. [CrossRef]
24. Strohacker, K.; Fazzino, D.; Breslin, W.L.; Xu, X. The use of periodization in exercise prescriptions for inactive adults: A systematic review. Prev. Med. Rep. 2015, 2, 385–396. [CrossRef]
25. Franco, E.; Tejero, J.P.; Arrizabalaga, A. Motivación e intención de ser físicamente activo en jugadores de baloncesto en formación. Diferencias en función de la competición. Cuad. Psicol. Deporte 2012, 12, 23–25. [CrossRef]
26. Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Periodized training achieves better autonomic modulation and aerobic performance than non-periodized training. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2017, 58, 1559–1564. [CrossRef]
27. Williams, T.D.; Tolusso, D.V.; Fedewa, M.V.; Esco, M.R. Comparison of Periodized and Non-Periodized Resistance Training on Maximal Strength: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2017, 47, 2083–2100. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. Markland, D. Self-determination moderates the effects of perceived competence on intrinsic motivation in an exercise setting. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 1999, 21, 351–361. [CrossRef]
29. Aron, A.; Lewandowski, G.W., Jr.; Mashek, D.; Aron, E.N. The self-expansion model of motivation and cognition in close relationships. In The Oxford Handbook of Close Relationships; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2013; pp. 90–115.
30. Xu, X.; Floyd, A.H.; Westmaas, J.L.; Aron, A. Self-expansion and smoking abstinence. Addict. Behav. 2010, 35, 295–301. [CrossRef]
31. Mattingly, B.A.; Lewandowski, G.W. The power of one: Benefits of individual self-expansion. J. Posit. Psychol. 2013, 8, 12–22. [CrossRef]
32. Oliver, M.B.; Bartsch, A. Appreciation as Audience Response: Exploring Entertainment Gratifications Beyond Hedonism. Hum. Commun. Res. 2010, 36, 53–81. [CrossRef]
33. Terada, S.; Tabata, I.; Higuchi, M. Effect of high-intensity intermittent swimming training on fatty acid oxidation enzyme activity in rat skeletal muscle. Jpn. J. Physiol. 2004, 54, 47–52. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. Gibala, M.J.; Little, J.P.; van Essen, M.; Wilkin, G.P.; Burgomaster, K.A.; Safdar, A.; Raha, S.; Tarnopolsky, M.A. Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: Similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. J. Physiol. 2006, 575, 901–911. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. Banfi, G.; Lundby, C.; Robach, P.; Lippi, G. Seasonal variations of haematological parameters in athletes. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2011, 111, 9–16. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
36. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Arroyo-Toledo, J. Use of biotechnology devices to analyse fatigue process in swimming training. J. Med Syst. 2017, 41, 94. [CrossRef]
37. Bartlett, J.D.; Close, G.L.; MacLaren, D.P.M.; Gregson, W.; Drust, B.; Morton, J.P. High-intensity interval running is perceived to be more enjoyable than moderate-intensity continuous exercise: Implications for exercise adherence. J. Sports Sci. 2011, 29, 547–553. [CrossRef]
38. Jung, M.E.; Bourne, J.E.; Little, J.P. Where does HIT fit? An examination of the affective response to high-intensity intervals in comparison to continuous moderate-and continuous vigorous-intensity exercise in the exercise intensity-affect continuum. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e114541. [CrossRef]
39. Garber, C.E.; Blissmer, B.; Deschenes, M.R.; Franklin, B.A.; Lamonte, M.J.; Lee, I.M.; Nieman, D.C.; Swain, D.P.; American College of Sports, M. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011, 43, 1334–1359. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. Pescatello, L.S.; Riebe, D.; Thompson, P.D. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2014.
41. Tiedemann, A.; Sherrington, C.; Close, J.C.; Lord, S.R. Exercise and Sports Science Australia position statement on exercise and falls prevention in older people. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2011, 14, 489–495. [CrossRef]
42. Ramos-Campo, D.J.; Andreu Caravaca, L.; Martinez-Rodriguez, A.; Rubio-Arias, J.A. Effects of Resistance Circuit-Based Training on Body Composition, Strength and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biology 2021, 10, 377. [CrossRef]
43. Puhl, R.M.; Gold, J.A.; Luedicke, J.; DePierre, J.A. The effect of physicians0 body weight on patient attitudes: Implications for physician selection, trust and adherence to medical advice. Int. J. Obes. 2013, 37, 1415–1421. [CrossRef]
44. Jimenez, M.; Fernandez-Navas, M.; Alvero-Cruz, J.R.; Garcia-Romero, J.; Garcia-Coll, V.; Rivilla, I.; Clemente-Suarez, V.J. Differences in Psychoneuroendocrine Stress Responses of High-Level Swimmers Depending on Autocratic and Democratic Coaching Style. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 5089. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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spelling Clemente-Suárez, Vicente JavierRamos-Campo, Domingo JesúsTornero Aguilera, José FranciscoParraca, Jose A.2022-06-08T13:32:32Z2022-06-08T13:32:32Z2021-12-09Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Parraca, J.A.; Batalha, N. The Effect of Periodization on Training Program Adherence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12973. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1824129731660-4601https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9222https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18241297310.3390/ijerph1824129731661-7827Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The present research aimed to study the effect of three different training periodization (traditional, reverse, and free training) on the aerobic performance, motivation, and adherence of physically active athletes. We analysed the adherence to three different periodization training programs: traditional, reverse, and free training periodization on the adherence of amateur triathletes. For this aim, the individual adherence, motivation, and aerobic performance time and heart rate (in a 1000 m running test) were evaluated before and after the completion of the three different 8-week periodization programs. The level of adherence to the reverse periodization was significantly higher than in traditional and free training. The number of dropouts in reverse and traditional periodization was similar but lower than in the free training. Finally, neither of the periodization programs improved aerobic performance and reverse training periodization decreased heart rate of participants in a 1000 m running test.8 páginasapplication/pdfengFrontiers Media S.A.SwitzerlandAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerlandhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2The effect of periodization on training program adherenceArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/24/12973International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health1. Goddard, K.; Roberts, C.M.; Byron-Daniel, J.; Woodford, L. Psychological factors involved in adherence to sport injury rehabilitation: A systematic review. Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2020, 14, 51–73. [CrossRef]2. Bull, S.; Stimmel, B.; Veeraraghavan, V.; Dynes, R.; Knox, J. Adherence Issues in Sport and Exercise; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2001.3. Berger, B.; Pargman, D.; Weinberg, R. Foundations of Exercise Psychology; Fitness Information Technolog: Morgantown, WV, USA, 2002; pp. 53–62.4. Matsumoto, H.; Takenaka, K. Motivational profiles and stages of exercise behavior change. Int. J. Sport Health Sci. 2004, 2, 89–96. [CrossRef]5. Phillips, E.M.; Schneider, J.C.; Mercer, G.R. Motivating elders to initiate and maintain exercise. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2004, 85, S52–S57. [CrossRef]6. Bachmann, C.; Oesch, P.; Bachmann, S. Recommendations for Improving Adherence to Home-Based Exercise: A Systematic Review. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Kurortmed. 2018, 28, 20–31. [CrossRef]7. Asbjornsen, R.A.; Smedsrod, M.L.; Solberg Nes, L.; Wentzel, J.; Varsi, C.; Hjelmesaeth, J.; van Gemert-Pijnen, J.E. Persuasive System Design Principles and Behavior Change Techniques to Stimulate Motivation and Adherence in Electronic Health Interventions to Support Weight Loss Maintenance: Scoping Review. J. Med. Internet Res. 2019, 21, e14265. [CrossRef] [PubMed]8. Keegan, R.J.; Harwood, C.G.; Spray, C.M.; Lavallee, D.E. A qualitative investigation exploring the motivational climate in early career sports participants: Coach, parent and peer influences on sport motivation. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2009, 10, 361–372. [CrossRef]9. Medellín Ruiz, J.P.; Rubio-Arias, J.Á.; Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J. Effectiveness of training prescription guided by heart rate variability versus predefined training for physiological and aerobic performance improvements: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8532. [CrossRef]10. Colquhoun, R.J.; Gai, C.M.; Walters, J.; Brannon, A.R.; Kilpatrick, M.W.; D0Agostino, D.P.; Campbell, W.I. Comparison of powerlifting performance in trained men using traditional and flexible daily undulating periodization. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2017, 31, 283–291. [CrossRef] [PubMed]11. Rhea, M.R.; Ball, S.D.; Phillips, W.T.; Burkett, L.N. A comparison of linear and daily undulating periodized programs with equated volume and intensity for strength. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2002, 16, 250–255. [PubMed]12. Monteiro, A.G.; Aoki, M.S.; Evangelista, A.L.; Alveno, D.A.; Monteiro, G.A.; Picarro Ida, C.; Ugrinowitsch, C. Nonlinear periodization maximizes strength gains in split resistance training routines. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2009, 23, 1321–1326. [CrossRef]13. McNamara, J.M.; Stearne, D.J. Flexible nonlinear periodization in a beginner college weight training class. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2010, 24, 17–22. [CrossRef] [PubMed]14. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Fernandes, R.J.; de Jesus, K.; Pelarigo, J.G.; Arroyo-Toledo, J.J.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. Do traditional and reverse swimming training periodizations lead to similar aerobic performance improvements? J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2018, 58, 761–767. [CrossRef] [PubMed]15. Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J. Effectiveness of Reverse vs. Traditional Linear Training Periodization in Triathlon. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2807. [CrossRef] [PubMed]16. Gomez Martin, J.P.; Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J. Hematological and Running Performance Modification of Trained Athletes after Reverse vs. Block Training Periodization. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4825. [CrossRef] [PubMed]17. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Dalamitros, A.; Ribeiro, J.; Sousa, A.; Fernandes, R.J.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. The effects of two different swimming training periodization on physiological parameters at various exercise intensities. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2017, 17, 425–432. [CrossRef]18. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Fuentes-García, J.P.; Fernandes, R.J.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. Psychological and Physiological Features Associated with Swimming Performance. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4561. [CrossRef]19. Stockwell, T.B.; McKean, M.R.; Burkett, B.J. Response to Constant and Interval Exercise Protocols in the Elderly. J. Exerc. Physiol. Online 2012, 15, 3039.20. Martinez, N.; Kilpatrick, M.W.; Salomon, K.; Jung, M.E.; Little, J.P. Affective and enjoyment responses to high-intensity interval training in overweight-to-obese and insufficiently active adults. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2015, 37, 138–149. [CrossRef]21. Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Fernandes, R.J.; Arroyo-Toledo, J.J.; Figueiredo, P.; Gonzalez-Rave, J.M.; Vilas-Boas, J.P. Autonomic adaptation after traditional and reverse swimming training periodizations. Acta Physiol. Hung. 2015, 102, 105–113. [CrossRef]22. Manzi, V.; Castagna, C.; Padua, E.; Lombardo, M.; D0Ottavio, S.; Massaro, M.; Volterrani, M.; Iellamo, F. Dose-response relationship of autonomic nervous system responses to individualized training impulse in marathon runners. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2009, 296, H1733–H1740. [CrossRef]23. 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