Warming up before a 20-minute endurance effort: Is it really worth it

Purpose: To analyze the effects of different warm-up protocols on endurance-cycling performance from an integrative perspective (by assessing perceptual, neuromuscular, physiological, and metabolic variables). Methods: Following a randomized crossover design, 15 male cyclists (35 [9] y; peak oxygen...

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Autores:
Barranco Gil, David
Alejo, Lidia B
Valenzuela, Pedro L
Gil Cabrera, Jaime
Montalvo Pérez, Almudena
Talavera, Eduardo
Moral González, Susana
Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier
Lucía, Alejandro M
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/7989
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7989
https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0554
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
cycling
exercise
Preconditioning
Time trial
Rights
closedAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
id RCUC2_408772a5481c55057059ac724c0ce6aa
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/7989
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Warming up before a 20-minute endurance effort: Is it really worth it
title Warming up before a 20-minute endurance effort: Is it really worth it
spellingShingle Warming up before a 20-minute endurance effort: Is it really worth it
cycling
exercise
Preconditioning
Time trial
title_short Warming up before a 20-minute endurance effort: Is it really worth it
title_full Warming up before a 20-minute endurance effort: Is it really worth it
title_fullStr Warming up before a 20-minute endurance effort: Is it really worth it
title_full_unstemmed Warming up before a 20-minute endurance effort: Is it really worth it
title_sort Warming up before a 20-minute endurance effort: Is it really worth it
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Barranco Gil, David
Alejo, Lidia B
Valenzuela, Pedro L
Gil Cabrera, Jaime
Montalvo Pérez, Almudena
Talavera, Eduardo
Moral González, Susana
Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier
Lucía, Alejandro M
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Barranco Gil, David
Alejo, Lidia B
Valenzuela, Pedro L
Gil Cabrera, Jaime
Montalvo Pérez, Almudena
Talavera, Eduardo
Moral González, Susana
Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier
Lucía, Alejandro M
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv cycling
exercise
Preconditioning
Time trial
topic cycling
exercise
Preconditioning
Time trial
description Purpose: To analyze the effects of different warm-up protocols on endurance-cycling performance from an integrative perspective (by assessing perceptual, neuromuscular, physiological, and metabolic variables). Methods: Following a randomized crossover design, 15 male cyclists (35 [9] y; peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] 66.4 [6.8] mL·kg−1·min−1) performed a 20-minute cycling time trial (TT) preceded by no warm-up, a standard warm-up (10 min at 60% of VO2peak), or a warm-up that was intended to induce potentiation postactivation (PAP warm-up; 5 min at 60% of VO2peak followed by three 10-s all-out sprints). Study outcomes were jumping ability and heart-rate variability (both assessed at baseline and before the TT), TT performance (mean power output), and perceptual (rating of perceived exertion) and physiological (oxygen uptake, muscle oxygenation, heart-rate variability, blood lactate, and thigh skin temperature) responses during and after the TT. Results: Both standard and PAP warm-up (9.7% [4.7%] and 12.9% [6.5%], respectively, P <.001), but not no warm-up (−0.9% [4.8%], P =.074), increased jumping ability and decreased heart-rate variability (−7.9% [14.2%], P =.027; −20.3% [24.7%], P =.006; and −1.7% [10.5%], P =.366). Participants started the TT (minutes 0-3) at a higher power output and oxygen uptake after PAP warm-up compared with the other 2 protocols (P <.05), but no between-conditions differences were found overall for the remainder of outcomes (P >.05). Conclusions: Compared with no warm-up, warming up enhanced jumping performance and sympathetic modulation before the TT, and the inclusion of brief sprints resulted in a higher initial power output during the TT. However, no warm-up benefits were found for overall TT performance or for perceptual or physiological responses during the TT.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020-08
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-03-11T21:36:43Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-03-11T21:36:43Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0554
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
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url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7989
https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0554
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. Bishop D. Warm-up I: potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance. Sports Med. 2003;33(6):439-454. PubMed ID: 12744717 doi:10.2165/00007256-200333060-00005.
2. Kilduff LP, Finn CV, Baker JS, Cook CJ, West DJ. Preconditioning strategies to enhance physical performance on the day of competition. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013;8(6):677–681. PubMed ID: 23689163 doi:10.1123/ijspp.8.6.677.
3. McGowan CJ, Pyne DB, Thompson KG, Rattray B. Warm-up strategies for sport and exercise: mechanisms and applications. Sports Med. 2015;45(11):1523–1546. PubMed ID: 26400696 doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0376-x.
4. Fradkin AJ, Zazryn TR, Smoliga JM. Effects of warming-up on physical performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(1):140–148. PubMed ID: 19996770 doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c643a0.
5. Silva LM, Neiva HP, Marques MC, Izquierdo M, Marinho DA. Effects of warm-up, post-warm-up, and re-warm-up strategies on explosive efforts in team sports: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2018;48(10):2285–2299. PubMed ID: 29968230 doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0958-5.
6. Bunn JA, Eschbach LC, Magal M, Wells EK. The effects of warm-up duration on cycling time trial performance in trained cyclists. Cent Eur J Sport Sci Med. 2017;17(1):5–18. doi:10.18276/cej.2017.1-01.
7. Zourdos MC, Bazyler CD, Jo E, et al. Impact of a submaximal warm-up on endurance performance in highly trained and competitive male runners. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2017;88(1):114–119. PubMed ID: 27636554 doi:10.1080/02701367.2016.1224294.
8. Bishop D. Warm-up II: performance changes following active warm-up and how to structure the warm-up. Sports Med. 2003;33(7):483–498. PubMed ID: 12762825 doi:10.2165/00007256-200333070-00002.
9. García-Pinillos F, Ramírez-Campillo R, Roche-Seruendo LE, Soto-Hermoso VM, Latorre-Román P. How do recreational endurance runners warm-up and cool-down? A descriptive study on the use of continuous runs. Int J Perform Anal Sport. 2019;19(1):102–109. doi:10.1080/24748668.2019.1566846.
10. Hodgson M, Docherty D, Robbins D. Post-activation potentiation: underlying physiology and implications for motor performance. Sports Med. 2005;35(7):585–595. PubMed ID: 16026172 doi:10.2165/00007256-200535070-00004.
11. Seitz LB, Haff GG. Factors modulating post-activation potentiation of jump, sprint, throw, and upper-body ballistic performances: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2016;46(2):231–240. PubMed ID: 26508319 doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0415-7.
12. Boullosa D, Del Rosso S, Behm DG, Foster C. Post-activation potentiation (PAP) in endurance sports: a review. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018;18(5):595–610. PubMed ID: 29490594 doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1438519.
13. MacInnis M, Thomas A, Philips S. The reliability of 4-minute and 20-minute time trials and their relationships to functional threshold power in trained cyclists. Int J Sport Physiol Perform. 2019;14(1):38–45. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0100.
14. Valenzuela PL, Morales JS, Foster C, Lucia A, de la Villa P. Is the functional threshold power (FTP) a valid surrogate of the lactate threshold? Int J Sport Physiol Perform. 2018;13(10):1293–1298. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0008.
15. Borg G. Borg’s Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1998.
16. Valenzuela PL, Sánchez-Martínez G, Torrontegi E, et al. Acute responses to on-court repeated-sprint training performed with blood flow restriction versus systemic hypoxia in elite badminton athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2019;14(9):1280–1287. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0878.
17. Crum EM, O’Connor WJ, Van Loo L, Valckx M, Stannard SR. Validity and reliability of the Moxy oxygen monitor during incremental cycling exercise. Eur J Sport Sci. 2017;17(8):1037–1043. PubMed ID: 28557670 doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1330899.
18. Moreira DG, Costello JT, Brito CJ, et al. Thermographic imaging in sports and exercise medicine: a Delphi study and consensus statement on the measurement of human skin temperature. J Therm Biol. 2017;69:155–162. PubMed ID: 29037377 doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.07.006.
19. Hopkins W. Spreadsheets for analysis of controlled trials, crossovers and time series. Sportscience. 2017;21:1–4.
20. Hopkins W, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):3–13. PubMed ID: 19092709 doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278.
21. Batterham AM, Hopkins WG. Making meaningful inferences about magnitudes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2006;1:50–57. PubMed ID: 19114737 doi:10.1123/ijspp.1.1.50.
22. Binnie M, Landers G, Peeling P. Effect of different warm-up procedures on subsequent swim and overall sprint distance triathlon performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(9):2438–2446. PubMed ID: 22067241 doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823f29c6.
23. van den Tillaar R, Vatten T, von Heimburg E. Effects of short or long warm-up on intermediate running performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(1):37–44. PubMed ID: 27191697 doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001489.
24. Ückert S, Joch W. Effects of warm-up and precooling on endurance performance in the heat. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(6):380–384. PubMed ID: 17224434 doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.032292.
25. Caritá RA, Greco CC, Denadai BS. The positive effects of priming exercise on oxygen uptake kinetics and high-intensity exercise performance are not magnified by a fast-start pacing strategy in trained cyclists. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e95202. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095202.
26. Caritá RA, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Prior heavy-intensity exercise’s enhancement of oxygen-uptake kinetics and short-term high-intensity exercise performance independent of aerobic-training status. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2015;10(3):339–345. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2014-0131.
27. Veen J, Corbett M, Renfree A. Maximal sprints within the warm-up does not affect pacing or performance in a 10 km cycle time trial. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2019;15(2):1–11. doi:10.14198/jhse.2020.152.07.
28. Silva RA, Silva-Júnior FL, Pinheiro FA, Souza PF, Boullosa DA, Pires FO. Acute prior heavy strength exercise bouts improve the 20-km cycling time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(9):2513–2520. PubMed ID: 24584047 doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000442.
29. Chorley A, Lamb KL. The effects of a cycling warm-up including high-intensity heavy-resistance conditioning contractions on subsequent 4-km time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(1):57–65. PubMed ID: 28368959 doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001908.
30. Feros SA, Young WB, Rice AJ, Talpey SW. The effect of including a series of isometric conditioning contractions to the rowing warm-up on 1,000-m rowing ergometer time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(12):3326–3334. PubMed ID: 22266645 doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182495025.
31. Mieras M, Heesch W, Slivka D. Physiological and psychological responses to outdoor vs. laboratory cycling. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(8):2324–2329. PubMed ID: 24476776 doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000384.
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spelling Barranco Gil, DavidAlejo, Lidia BValenzuela, Pedro LGil Cabrera, JaimeMontalvo Pérez, AlmudenaTalavera, EduardoMoral González, SusanaClemente Suárez, Vicente JavierLucía, Alejandro M2021-03-11T21:36:43Z2021-03-11T21:36:43Z2020-08https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7989https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0554Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Purpose: To analyze the effects of different warm-up protocols on endurance-cycling performance from an integrative perspective (by assessing perceptual, neuromuscular, physiological, and metabolic variables). Methods: Following a randomized crossover design, 15 male cyclists (35 [9] y; peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] 66.4 [6.8] mL·kg−1·min−1) performed a 20-minute cycling time trial (TT) preceded by no warm-up, a standard warm-up (10 min at 60% of VO2peak), or a warm-up that was intended to induce potentiation postactivation (PAP warm-up; 5 min at 60% of VO2peak followed by three 10-s all-out sprints). Study outcomes were jumping ability and heart-rate variability (both assessed at baseline and before the TT), TT performance (mean power output), and perceptual (rating of perceived exertion) and physiological (oxygen uptake, muscle oxygenation, heart-rate variability, blood lactate, and thigh skin temperature) responses during and after the TT. Results: Both standard and PAP warm-up (9.7% [4.7%] and 12.9% [6.5%], respectively, P <.001), but not no warm-up (−0.9% [4.8%], P =.074), increased jumping ability and decreased heart-rate variability (−7.9% [14.2%], P =.027; −20.3% [24.7%], P =.006; and −1.7% [10.5%], P =.366). Participants started the TT (minutes 0-3) at a higher power output and oxygen uptake after PAP warm-up compared with the other 2 protocols (P <.05), but no between-conditions differences were found overall for the remainder of outcomes (P >.05). Conclusions: Compared with no warm-up, warming up enhanced jumping performance and sympathetic modulation before the TT, and the inclusion of brief sprints resulted in a higher initial power output during the TT. However, no warm-up benefits were found for overall TT performance or for perceptual or physiological responses during the TT.Barranco Gil, DavidAlejo, Lidia BValenzuela, Pedro LGil Cabrera, JaimeMontalvo Pérez, AlmudenaTalavera, EduardoMoral González, SusanaClemente Suárez, Vicente JavierLucía, Alejandro Mapplication/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbInternational Journal of Sports Physiology and Performancehttps://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090597429&doi=10.1123%2fijspp.2019-0554&origin=inward&txGid=245a34bb10468968225d2be4b1454975cyclingexercisePreconditioningTime trialWarming up before a 20-minute endurance effort: Is it really worth itArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion1. Bishop D. Warm-up I: potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance. Sports Med. 2003;33(6):439-454. PubMed ID: 12744717 doi:10.2165/00007256-200333060-00005.2. Kilduff LP, Finn CV, Baker JS, Cook CJ, West DJ. Preconditioning strategies to enhance physical performance on the day of competition. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013;8(6):677–681. PubMed ID: 23689163 doi:10.1123/ijspp.8.6.677.3. McGowan CJ, Pyne DB, Thompson KG, Rattray B. Warm-up strategies for sport and exercise: mechanisms and applications. Sports Med. 2015;45(11):1523–1546. PubMed ID: 26400696 doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0376-x.4. Fradkin AJ, Zazryn TR, Smoliga JM. Effects of warming-up on physical performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(1):140–148. PubMed ID: 19996770 doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c643a0.5. Silva LM, Neiva HP, Marques MC, Izquierdo M, Marinho DA. Effects of warm-up, post-warm-up, and re-warm-up strategies on explosive efforts in team sports: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2018;48(10):2285–2299. PubMed ID: 29968230 doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0958-5.6. Bunn JA, Eschbach LC, Magal M, Wells EK. The effects of warm-up duration on cycling time trial performance in trained cyclists. Cent Eur J Sport Sci Med. 2017;17(1):5–18. doi:10.18276/cej.2017.1-01.7. Zourdos MC, Bazyler CD, Jo E, et al. Impact of a submaximal warm-up on endurance performance in highly trained and competitive male runners. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2017;88(1):114–119. PubMed ID: 27636554 doi:10.1080/02701367.2016.1224294.8. Bishop D. Warm-up II: performance changes following active warm-up and how to structure the warm-up. Sports Med. 2003;33(7):483–498. PubMed ID: 12762825 doi:10.2165/00007256-200333070-00002.9. García-Pinillos F, Ramírez-Campillo R, Roche-Seruendo LE, Soto-Hermoso VM, Latorre-Román P. How do recreational endurance runners warm-up and cool-down? A descriptive study on the use of continuous runs. Int J Perform Anal Sport. 2019;19(1):102–109. doi:10.1080/24748668.2019.1566846.10. Hodgson M, Docherty D, Robbins D. Post-activation potentiation: underlying physiology and implications for motor performance. Sports Med. 2005;35(7):585–595. PubMed ID: 16026172 doi:10.2165/00007256-200535070-00004.11. Seitz LB, Haff GG. Factors modulating post-activation potentiation of jump, sprint, throw, and upper-body ballistic performances: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2016;46(2):231–240. PubMed ID: 26508319 doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0415-7.12. Boullosa D, Del Rosso S, Behm DG, Foster C. Post-activation potentiation (PAP) in endurance sports: a review. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018;18(5):595–610. PubMed ID: 29490594 doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1438519.13. MacInnis M, Thomas A, Philips S. The reliability of 4-minute and 20-minute time trials and their relationships to functional threshold power in trained cyclists. Int J Sport Physiol Perform. 2019;14(1):38–45. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0100.14. Valenzuela PL, Morales JS, Foster C, Lucia A, de la Villa P. Is the functional threshold power (FTP) a valid surrogate of the lactate threshold? Int J Sport Physiol Perform. 2018;13(10):1293–1298. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0008.15. Borg G. Borg’s Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales. 7th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1998.16. Valenzuela PL, Sánchez-Martínez G, Torrontegi E, et al. Acute responses to on-court repeated-sprint training performed with blood flow restriction versus systemic hypoxia in elite badminton athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2019;14(9):1280–1287. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0878.17. Crum EM, O’Connor WJ, Van Loo L, Valckx M, Stannard SR. Validity and reliability of the Moxy oxygen monitor during incremental cycling exercise. Eur J Sport Sci. 2017;17(8):1037–1043. PubMed ID: 28557670 doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1330899.18. Moreira DG, Costello JT, Brito CJ, et al. Thermographic imaging in sports and exercise medicine: a Delphi study and consensus statement on the measurement of human skin temperature. J Therm Biol. 2017;69:155–162. PubMed ID: 29037377 doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.07.006.19. Hopkins W. Spreadsheets for analysis of controlled trials, crossovers and time series. Sportscience. 2017;21:1–4.20. Hopkins W, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):3–13. PubMed ID: 19092709 doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278.21. Batterham AM, Hopkins WG. Making meaningful inferences about magnitudes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2006;1:50–57. PubMed ID: 19114737 doi:10.1123/ijspp.1.1.50.22. Binnie M, Landers G, Peeling P. Effect of different warm-up procedures on subsequent swim and overall sprint distance triathlon performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(9):2438–2446. PubMed ID: 22067241 doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823f29c6.23. van den Tillaar R, Vatten T, von Heimburg E. Effects of short or long warm-up on intermediate running performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(1):37–44. PubMed ID: 27191697 doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001489.24. Ückert S, Joch W. Effects of warm-up and precooling on endurance performance in the heat. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(6):380–384. PubMed ID: 17224434 doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.032292.25. Caritá RA, Greco CC, Denadai BS. The positive effects of priming exercise on oxygen uptake kinetics and high-intensity exercise performance are not magnified by a fast-start pacing strategy in trained cyclists. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e95202. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095202.26. Caritá RA, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Prior heavy-intensity exercise’s enhancement of oxygen-uptake kinetics and short-term high-intensity exercise performance independent of aerobic-training status. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2015;10(3):339–345. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2014-0131.27. Veen J, Corbett M, Renfree A. Maximal sprints within the warm-up does not affect pacing or performance in a 10 km cycle time trial. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2019;15(2):1–11. doi:10.14198/jhse.2020.152.07.28. Silva RA, Silva-Júnior FL, Pinheiro FA, Souza PF, Boullosa DA, Pires FO. Acute prior heavy strength exercise bouts improve the 20-km cycling time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(9):2513–2520. PubMed ID: 24584047 doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000442.29. Chorley A, Lamb KL. The effects of a cycling warm-up including high-intensity heavy-resistance conditioning contractions on subsequent 4-km time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(1):57–65. PubMed ID: 28368959 doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001908.30. Feros SA, Young WB, Rice AJ, Talpey SW. The effect of including a series of isometric conditioning contractions to the rowing warm-up on 1,000-m rowing ergometer time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(12):3326–3334. PubMed ID: 22266645 doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182495025.31. Mieras M, Heesch W, Slivka D. Physiological and psychological responses to outdoor vs. laboratory cycling. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(8):2324–2329. 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