Gender, anxiety, and legitimation of violence in adolescents facing simulated physical aggression at school

We analyzed gender and anxiety differences in middle school students facing a physical peer aggression situation. The participants were 1147 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years (male: n = 479; female: n = 668) who watched a 12 s animation representing the situation and filled out a questionnair...

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Autores:
Martínez-González, Marina Begoña
Turizo-Palencia, Yamile
Arenas Rivera, Claudia Patricia
Acuña Rodriguez, Mónica Patricia
Gómez-López, Yeferson
Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8258
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8258
https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040458
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Bullying
Moral disengagement
Violence
Disruptive behavior
Peer aggression
Social rules
Socialization
Externalizing symptoms
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openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
id RCUC2_39161001b59ce9671b4d4349c5a23455
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8258
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Gender, anxiety, and legitimation of violence in adolescents facing simulated physical aggression at school
title Gender, anxiety, and legitimation of violence in adolescents facing simulated physical aggression at school
spellingShingle Gender, anxiety, and legitimation of violence in adolescents facing simulated physical aggression at school
Bullying
Moral disengagement
Violence
Disruptive behavior
Peer aggression
Social rules
Socialization
Externalizing symptoms
title_short Gender, anxiety, and legitimation of violence in adolescents facing simulated physical aggression at school
title_full Gender, anxiety, and legitimation of violence in adolescents facing simulated physical aggression at school
title_fullStr Gender, anxiety, and legitimation of violence in adolescents facing simulated physical aggression at school
title_full_unstemmed Gender, anxiety, and legitimation of violence in adolescents facing simulated physical aggression at school
title_sort Gender, anxiety, and legitimation of violence in adolescents facing simulated physical aggression at school
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Martínez-González, Marina Begoña
Turizo-Palencia, Yamile
Arenas Rivera, Claudia Patricia
Acuña Rodriguez, Mónica Patricia
Gómez-López, Yeferson
Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Martínez-González, Marina Begoña
Turizo-Palencia, Yamile
Arenas Rivera, Claudia Patricia
Acuña Rodriguez, Mónica Patricia
Gómez-López, Yeferson
Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Bullying
Moral disengagement
Violence
Disruptive behavior
Peer aggression
Social rules
Socialization
Externalizing symptoms
topic Bullying
Moral disengagement
Violence
Disruptive behavior
Peer aggression
Social rules
Socialization
Externalizing symptoms
description We analyzed gender and anxiety differences in middle school students facing a physical peer aggression situation. The participants were 1147 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years (male: n = 479; female: n = 668) who watched a 12 s animation representing the situation and filled out a questionnaire to analyze the legitimation of violent behaviors and anxiety levels. We registered their decisions to solve the situation using a categorical scale that included assertive, avoidant, aggressive, submissive, and supportive behaviors. Gender was not associated with the adolescent’s behaviors in facing a simulated peer aggression situation. However, male teenagers tended to perceive adults as sanctioners and neutrals; those who used the diffusion of responsibility and dehumanization to justify their behavior also showed a higher state of anxiety. Female teenagers who expected legitimation from their peers, presented higher anxiety as well. Educational interventions may use these results, helping adolescents to understand that their acts have substantial implications in the lives of others. It is essential to develop group interventions that modify how adolescents manage their conflicts and change gender stereotypes that significantly impact health. We highlight the need for linking families in educational programs facing the challenges of transforming the legitimization of violence in parental practices.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-05-12T18:54:50Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-05-12T18:54:50Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-04-03
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
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dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
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dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 2076-3425
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8258
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040458
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 2076-3425
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8258
https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040458
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
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2. Barreto, I.; Borja, H.; Serrano, Y.; López-López, W. La legitimación como proceso en la violencia política, medios de comunicación y construcción de culturas de paz. Univ. Psychol. 2009, 8, 737–748. Available online: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-92672009000300010&nrm=iso (accessed on 12 December 2020).
3. Galtung, J. Cultural Violence. J. Peace Res. 1990, 27, 291–305. [CrossRef]
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6. Fernández Villanueva, I. Justificación y Legitimación de la Violencia en la Infancia: Un Estudio Sobre la Legitimación Social de las Agresiones en los Conflictos Cotidianos Entre Menores. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Servicio de Publicaciones, Madrid, Spain, 2009.
7. Martínez-González, M.B.; Amar, J.J. Quién es el malo del Paseo? 1st ed.; Editorial Universidad del Norte: Barranquilla, Colombia, 2016.
8. Cardozo-Rusinque, A.A.; Martínez-González, M.B.; Peña-Leiva, A.A.D.L.; Avedaño-Villa, I.; Crissien-Borrero, T.J. Factores psicosociales asociados al conflicto entre menores en el contexto escolar. Educ. Soc. 2019, 40, e0189140. [CrossRef]
9. Martínez-González, M.B.; Robles-Haydar, C.A.; Alfaro-Alvarez, J. Concepto de desconexion moral y sus manifestaciones contemporaneas/Moral disengagement concept and its contemporary manifestations. Utopía Prax. Latinoam. 2020, 25, 349–362.
10. Kim, J.; Lee, B.; Farber, N.B. Where do they learn violence? The roles of three forms of violent socialization in childhood. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 2019, 107, 104494. [CrossRef]
11. Kim, J.; Kim, Y.K.; Farber, N.B. Multiple Forms of Early Violent Socialization and the Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence Among Chinese College Students. Violence Vict. 2019, 34, 474–491. [CrossRef]
12. Jiménez, J.S.F.G. Exposición a la violencia en adolescentes: Desensibilización, legitimación y naturalización. Diversitas 2018, 14, 55–67. [CrossRef]
13. Pino, M.; Montaño, S.; Agudelo, K.; Idárraga-Cabrera, C.; Fernández-Lucas, J.; Herrera-Mendoza, K. Emotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders. Physiol. Behav. 2019, 207, 73–75. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Duman, S.; Margolin, G. Parents’ Aggressive Influences and Children’s Aggressive Problem Solutions With Peers. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 2007, 36, 42–55. [CrossRef]
15. Goodman, M.L.; Hindman, A.; Keiser, P.H.; Gitari, S.; Porter, K.A.; Raimer, B.G. Neglect, Sexual Abuse, and Witnessing Intimate Partner Violence During Childhood Predicts Later Life Violent Attitudes Against Children Among Kenyan Women: Evidence of Intergenerational Risk Transmission From Cross-Sectional Data. J. Interpers. Violence 2020, 35, 623–645. [CrossRef]
16. Mebarak, M.R.; Annicchiarico, G.C.; Castillo, L.F.; Molinares, N.Q. Análisis de las pautas de crianza y los tipos de autoridad, y su relación con el surgimiento de conductas criminales: Una revisión teórica. Rev. Crim. 2016, 58, 61–70. Available online: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1794-31082016000300006&nrm=iso (accessed on 15 July 2020).
17. Finegood, E.D.; Chen, E.; Kish, J.; Vause, K.; Leigh, A.K.K.; Hoffer, L.; Mille, G.E. Community violence and cellular and cytokine indicators of inflammation in adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020, 115, 104628. [CrossRef]
18. Lee, H.; Kim, Y.; Terry, J. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on mental disorders in young adulthood: Latent classes and community violence exposure. Prev. Med. 2020, 134, 106039. [CrossRef]
19. Sierra, J.C.; Ortega, V.; Zubeidat, I. Ansiedad, angustia y estrés: Tres conceptos a diferenciar. Rev. Mal-Estar E Subj. 2021, 3, 10–59. Available online: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=27130102 (accessed on 27 February 2021).
20. Spielberger, C.D.; Gorsuch, R.L.; Lushene, R.E. STAI: Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo; TEA Ediciones: Madrid, Spain, 1999.
21. Corr, R.; Pelletier-Baldelli, A.; Glier, S.; Bizzell, J.; Campbell, A.; Belger, A. Neural mechanisms of acute stress and trait anxiety in adolescents. NeuroImage Clin. 2021, 29, 102543. [CrossRef]
22. Núñez, A.; Álvarez-García, D.; Pérez-Fuentes, M.-C. Anxiety and self-esteem in cyber-victimization profiles of adolescents. Comunicar 2021, 29, 47–59. [CrossRef]
23. Vega, A.; Cabello, R.; Megías-Robles, A.; Gómez-Leal, R.; Fernández-Berrocal, P. Emotional Intelligence and Aggressive Behaviors in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse 2021, 152483802199129. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. Liu, Y.; Yue, S.; Hu, X.; Zhu, J.; Wu, Z.; Wang, J.; Wu, Y. Associations between feelings/behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and depression/anxiety after lockdown in a sample of Chinese children and adolescents. J. Affect. Disord. 2021, 284, 98–103. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. Rodriguez, J.H.; Gregus, S.J.; Craig, J.T.; Pastrana, F.A.; Cavell, T.A. Anxiety Sensitivity and Children’s Risk for Both Internalizing Problems and Peer Victimization Experiences. Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev. 2020, 51, 174–186. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. Mercader-Yus, E.; Neipp-López, M.C.; Gómez-Méndez, P.; Vargas-Torcal, F.; Gelves-Ospina, M.; Puerta-Morales, L.; León-Jacobus, A.; Cantillo-Pacheco, K.; Mancera-Sarmiento, M. Ansiedad, autoestima e imagen corporal en niñas con diagnóstico de pubertad precoz. Rev. Colomb. Psiquiatr. 2018, 47, 229–236. [CrossRef]
27. McLean, C.P.; Anderson, E.R. Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2009, 29, 496–505. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. Storch, E.A.; Brassard, M.R.; Masia-Warner, C.L. The relationship of peer victimization to social anxiety and loneliness in adolescence. Child Study J. 2003, 33, 1–18.
29. Reyes, H.L.M.; Foshee, V.A.; Chen, M.S.; Ennett, S.T. Patterns of Adolescent Aggression and Victimization: Sex Differences and Correlates. J. Aggress. Maltreatment Trauma 2019, 28, 1130–1150. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30. Archer, J. Sex Differences in Aggression in Real-World Settings: A Meta-Analytic Review. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 2004, 8, 291–322. [CrossRef]
31. Slawinski, B.L.; Klump, K.L.; Burt, S.A. No sex differences in the origins of covariation between social and physical aggression. Psychol. Med. 2019, 49, 2515–2523. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. Lei, H.; Chiu, M.M.; Cui, Y.; Li, S.; Lu, M. Changes in aggression among mainland Chinese elementary, junior high, and senior high school students across years: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Aggress. Violent Behav. 2019, 48, 190–196. [CrossRef]
33. Allen, A.B.; Cazeau, S.; Grace, J.; Banos, A.S. Self-Compassionate Responses to an Imagined Sexual Assault. Violence Women 2020, 107780122090563. [CrossRef]
34. Martínez-González, R.; Robles-Haydar, M.B.; Amar-Amar, C.A.; Jabba-Molinares, J.J.; Ariza, D.P.; Abello-Llanos, J.G. Roleplaying game as a computer-based test to assess the resolution of conflicts in childhood. Interciencia 2019. Available online: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33960068012 (accessed on 23 September 2020).
35. Anderson, R.E.; Brouwer, A.M.; Wendorf, A.R.; Cahill, S.P. Women’s Behavioral Responses to the Threat of a Hypothetical Date Rape Stimulus: A Qualitative Analysis. Arch. Sex. Behav. 2016, 45, 793–805. [CrossRef]
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38. Bandura, A. Failures in Self-Regulation: Energy Depletion or Selective Disengagement? Psychol. Inq. 1996, 7, 20–24. [CrossRef]
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42. Henrich, C.C.; Blatt, S.J.; Kuperminc, G.P.; Zohar, A.; Leadbeater, B.J. Levels of Interpersonal Concerns and Social Functioning in Early Adolescent Boys and Girls. J. Pers. Assess. 2001, 76, 48–67. [CrossRef]
43. Rudolph, K.D.; Conley, C.S. The Socioemotional Costs and Benefits of Social-Evaluative Concerns: Do Girls Care Too Much? J. Pers. 2005, 73, 115–138. [CrossRef]
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45. Kawabata, Y.; Nakamura, M.S.; de Luna, M.J.F. A mediation model for relational aggression, victimization, attachment, and depressive symptoms in Guam: A gender-informed approach. J. Pac. Rim Psychol. 2020, 14, e8. [CrossRef]
46. Card, N.A.; Stucky, B.D.; Sawalani, G.M.; Little, T.D. Direct and Indirect Aggression During Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Differences, Intercorrelations, and Relations to Maladjustment. Child Dev. 2008, 79, 1185–1229. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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50. Lang, J. The limited importance of dehumanization in collective violence. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 2020, 35, 17–20. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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spelling Martínez-González, Marina BegoñaTurizo-Palencia, YamileArenas Rivera, Claudia PatriciaAcuña Rodriguez, Mónica PatriciaGómez-López, YefersonClemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier2021-05-12T18:54:50Z2021-05-12T18:54:50Z2021-04-032076-3425https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8258https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040458Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/We analyzed gender and anxiety differences in middle school students facing a physical peer aggression situation. The participants were 1147 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years (male: n = 479; female: n = 668) who watched a 12 s animation representing the situation and filled out a questionnaire to analyze the legitimation of violent behaviors and anxiety levels. We registered their decisions to solve the situation using a categorical scale that included assertive, avoidant, aggressive, submissive, and supportive behaviors. Gender was not associated with the adolescent’s behaviors in facing a simulated peer aggression situation. However, male teenagers tended to perceive adults as sanctioners and neutrals; those who used the diffusion of responsibility and dehumanization to justify their behavior also showed a higher state of anxiety. Female teenagers who expected legitimation from their peers, presented higher anxiety as well. Educational interventions may use these results, helping adolescents to understand that their acts have substantial implications in the lives of others. It is essential to develop group interventions that modify how adolescents manage their conflicts and change gender stereotypes that significantly impact health. We highlight the need for linking families in educational programs facing the challenges of transforming the legitimization of violence in parental practices.Martínez-González, Marina Begoña-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-5840-6383-600Turizo-Palencia, Yamile-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-1071-0239-600Arenas Rivera, Claudia Patricia-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-6004-2267-600Acuña Rodriguez, Mónica Patricia-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-7567-2069-600Gómez-López, YefersonClemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-2397-2801-600application/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Brain Scienceshttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/4/458BullyingMoral disengagementViolenceDisruptive behaviorPeer aggressionSocial rulesSocializationExternalizing symptomsGender, anxiety, and legitimation of violence in adolescents facing simulated physical aggression at schoolArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion1. Kelman, H.C. Reflections on the social and psychological processes of legitimization and delegitimization. In The Psychology of Legitimacy: Emerging Perspectives on Ideology, Justice, and Intergroup Relations; Jost, J.T., Major, B., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2001; pp. 54–73.2. Barreto, I.; Borja, H.; Serrano, Y.; López-López, W. La legitimación como proceso en la violencia política, medios de comunicación y construcción de culturas de paz. Univ. Psychol. 2009, 8, 737–748. Available online: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1657-92672009000300010&nrm=iso (accessed on 12 December 2020).3. Galtung, J. Cultural Violence. J. Peace Res. 1990, 27, 291–305. [CrossRef]4. Bandura, A. Moral Disengagement in the Perpetration of Inhumanities. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 1999, 3, 193–209. [CrossRef] [PubMed]5. Bandura, A. Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency. J. Moral Educ. 2002, 31, 101–119. [CrossRef]6. Fernández Villanueva, I. Justificación y Legitimación de la Violencia en la Infancia: Un Estudio Sobre la Legitimación Social de las Agresiones en los Conflictos Cotidianos Entre Menores. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Servicio de Publicaciones, Madrid, Spain, 2009.7. Martínez-González, M.B.; Amar, J.J. Quién es el malo del Paseo? 1st ed.; Editorial Universidad del Norte: Barranquilla, Colombia, 2016.8. Cardozo-Rusinque, A.A.; Martínez-González, M.B.; Peña-Leiva, A.A.D.L.; Avedaño-Villa, I.; Crissien-Borrero, T.J. Factores psicosociales asociados al conflicto entre menores en el contexto escolar. Educ. Soc. 2019, 40, e0189140. [CrossRef]9. Martínez-González, M.B.; Robles-Haydar, C.A.; Alfaro-Alvarez, J. Concepto de desconexion moral y sus manifestaciones contemporaneas/Moral disengagement concept and its contemporary manifestations. Utopía Prax. Latinoam. 2020, 25, 349–362.10. Kim, J.; Lee, B.; Farber, N.B. Where do they learn violence? The roles of three forms of violent socialization in childhood. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 2019, 107, 104494. [CrossRef]11. Kim, J.; Kim, Y.K.; Farber, N.B. Multiple Forms of Early Violent Socialization and the Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence Among Chinese College Students. Violence Vict. 2019, 34, 474–491. [CrossRef]12. Jiménez, J.S.F.G. Exposición a la violencia en adolescentes: Desensibilización, legitimación y naturalización. Diversitas 2018, 14, 55–67. [CrossRef]13. Pino, M.; Montaño, S.; Agudelo, K.; Idárraga-Cabrera, C.; Fernández-Lucas, J.; Herrera-Mendoza, K. Emotion recognition in young male offenders and non-offenders. Physiol. Behav. 2019, 207, 73–75. [CrossRef] [PubMed]14. Duman, S.; Margolin, G. Parents’ Aggressive Influences and Children’s Aggressive Problem Solutions With Peers. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 2007, 36, 42–55. [CrossRef]15. Goodman, M.L.; Hindman, A.; Keiser, P.H.; Gitari, S.; Porter, K.A.; Raimer, B.G. 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[CrossRef] [PubMed]PublicationORIGINALGender, anxiety, and legitimation of violence in adolescents facing simulated physical aggression at school.pdfGender, anxiety, and legitimation of violence in adolescents facing simulated physical aggression at school.pdfapplication/pdf814941https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/b58f4ac5-4faf-43bd-b3ad-55d75d4cd432/download5c861071761d6a74d21d1e246fc7f2abMD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8701https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/1f1efc25-1a1f-49c5-9f71-2747418d6a41/download42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708cMD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83196https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/6f92de25-0204-4e3e-9ba1-3dc7ca0d2f0a/downloade30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9badMD53THUMBNAILGender, anxiety, and legitimation of violence in adolescents facing simulated physical aggression at school.pdf.jpgGender, anxiety, and legitimation of violence in adolescents facing simulated physical aggression 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