Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium Channels

Pamphobeteus verdolaga is a recently described Theraphosidae spider from the Andean region of Colombia. Previous reports partially characterized its venom profile. In this study, we conducted a detailed analysis that includes reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rp-HPLC), calcium i...

Full description

Autores:
Vargas Muñoz, Leidy Johana
Vargas Muñoz, Leidy Johana
Estrada Gómez, Sebastián
Caldas Cardoso, Fernanda
Quintana Castillo, Juan Carlos
Saldarriaga Córdoba, Mónica María
Arenas Gómez, Claudia Marcela
Pineda, Sandy Steffany
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
Repositorio:
Repositorio UCC
Idioma:
OAI Identifier:
oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/15916
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/15916
Palabra clave:
theraphosidae
Pamphobeteus
Peptides
Disulfide-rich peptide (DRP)
Inhibitory cysteine knot (ICK)
Venomics
Transcriptome
Ion channels
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
id COOPER2_e089476e1779c5e1e108f1f90c184a28
oai_identifier_str oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/15916
network_acronym_str COOPER2
network_name_str Repositorio UCC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium Channels
title Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium Channels
spellingShingle Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium Channels
theraphosidae
Pamphobeteus
Peptides
Disulfide-rich peptide (DRP)
Inhibitory cysteine knot (ICK)
Venomics
Transcriptome
Ion channels
title_short Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium Channels
title_full Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium Channels
title_fullStr Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium Channels
title_full_unstemmed Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium Channels
title_sort Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium Channels
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Vargas Muñoz, Leidy Johana
Vargas Muñoz, Leidy Johana
Estrada Gómez, Sebastián
Caldas Cardoso, Fernanda
Quintana Castillo, Juan Carlos
Saldarriaga Córdoba, Mónica María
Arenas Gómez, Claudia Marcela
Pineda, Sandy Steffany
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Vargas Muñoz, Leidy Johana
Vargas Muñoz, Leidy Johana
Estrada Gómez, Sebastián
Caldas Cardoso, Fernanda
Quintana Castillo, Juan Carlos
Saldarriaga Córdoba, Mónica María
Arenas Gómez, Claudia Marcela
Pineda, Sandy Steffany
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv theraphosidae
Pamphobeteus
Peptides
Disulfide-rich peptide (DRP)
Inhibitory cysteine knot (ICK)
Venomics
Transcriptome
Ion channels
topic theraphosidae
Pamphobeteus
Peptides
Disulfide-rich peptide (DRP)
Inhibitory cysteine knot (ICK)
Venomics
Transcriptome
Ion channels
description Pamphobeteus verdolaga is a recently described Theraphosidae spider from the Andean region of Colombia. Previous reports partially characterized its venom profile. In this study, we conducted a detailed analysis that includes reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rp-HPLC), calcium influx assays, tandem mass spectrometry analysis (tMS/MS), and venom-gland transcriptome. rp-HPLC fractions of P. verdolaga venom showed activity on CaV2.2, CaV3.2, and NaV1.7 ion channels. Active fractions contained several peptides with molecular masses ranging from 3399.4 to 3839.6 Da. The tMS/MS analysis of active fraction displaying the strongest activity to inhibit calcium channels showed sequence fragments similar to one of the translated transcripts detected in the venom-gland transcriptome. The putative peptide of this translated transcript corresponded to a toxin, here named !-theraphositoxin-Pv3a, a potential ion channel modulator toxin that is, in addition, very similar to other theraphositoxins a ecting calcium channels (i.e., !-theraphotoxin-Asp1a). Additionally, using this holistic approach, we found that P. verdolaga venom is an important source of disulfide-rich proteins expressing at least eight superfamilies.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2019-08-27
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2020-01-15T15:16:33Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2020-01-15T15:16:33Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Artículo
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 2072-6651
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv 10.3390/toxins11090496
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/15916
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitation.spa.fl_str_mv Estrada-Gomez, S., Cardoso, F. C., Vargas-Muñoz, L. J., Quintana-Castillo, J. C., Arenas Gómez, C. M., Pineda, S. S. y Saldarriaga-Cordoba, M. M. (2019). Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium Channels. Toxins 2019, 11, 496. Recuperado de:
identifier_str_mv 2072-6651
10.3390/toxins11090496
Estrada-Gomez, S., Cardoso, F. C., Vargas-Muñoz, L. J., Quintana-Castillo, J. C., Arenas Gómez, C. M., Pineda, S. S. y Saldarriaga-Cordoba, M. M. (2019). Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium Channels. Toxins 2019, 11, 496. Recuperado de:
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/15916
dc.relation.isversionof.spa.fl_str_mv https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/9/496
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Toxins
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Escoubas, P.; Rash, L. Tarantulas: Eight-legged pharmacists and combinatorial chemists. Toxicon 2004, 43, 555–574. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
King, J.B.; Gross, J.; Lovly, C.M.; Piwnica-Worms, H.; Townsend, R.R. Identification of protein phosphorylation sites within ser/thr-rich cluster domains using site-directed mutagenesis and hybrid linear quadrupole ion trap fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 21, 3443–3451. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nicholson, G.M. Spider venom peptides. In Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides; Hastin, A., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2006.
Nicholson, G.M. Insect-selective spider toxins targeting voltage-gated sodium channels. Toxicon 2007, 49, 490–512. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Vassilevski, A.A.; Kozlov, S.A.; Grishin, E.V. Molecular diversity of spider venom. Biochemistry (Moscow) 2009, 74, 1505–1534. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Estrada, G.S.; Vargas, M.L.; Ramirez, A.; Quintana, C.J. Milking and partial characterization Pamphobeteus spp (aranae; theraphosidae) venom, from the colombian andean region. Toxicon 2012, 60, 231–232.
Rash, L.D.; Hodgson, W.C. Pharmacology and biochemistry of spider venoms. Toxicon 2002, 40, 225–254. [CrossRef]
King, G.F. Modulation of insect Ca(v) channels by peptidic spider toxins. Toxicon 2007, 49, 513–530. [CrossRef]
King, G.F.; Hardy, M.C. Spider-venom peptides: Structure, pharmacology, and potential for control of insect pests. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 2013, 58, 475–496. [
Pineda, S.S.; Undheim, E.A.; Rupasinghe, D.B.; Ikonomopoulou, M.P.; King, G.F. Spider venomics: Implications for drug discovery. Future Med. Chem. 2014, 6, 1699–1714.
Abreu, T.F.; Sumitomo, B.N.; Nishiyama, M.Y., Jr.; Oliveira, U.C.; Souza, G.H.; Kitano, E.S.; Zelanis, A.; Serrano, S.M.; Junqueira-de-Azevedo, I.; Silva, P.I., Jr.; et al. Peptidomics of Acanthoscurria gomesiana spider venom reveals new toxins with potential antimicrobial activity. J. Proteom. 2017, 151, 232–242. [
Chen, J.; Deng, M.; He, Q.; Meng, E.; Jiang, L.; Liao, Z.; Rong, M.; Liang, S. Molecular diversity and evolution of cystine knot toxins of the tarantula Chilobrachys jingzhao. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2008, 65, 2431–2444.
Chen, J.; Zhao, L.; Jiang, L.; Meng, E.; Zhang, Y.; Xiong, X.; Liang, S. Transcriptome analysis revealed novel possible venom components and cellular processes of the tarantula Chilobrachys jingzhao venom gland. Toxicon 2008, 52, 794–806.
Cheng, T.C.; Long, R.W.; Wu, Y.Q.; Guo, Y.B.; Liu, D.L.; Peng, L.; Li, D.Q.; Yang, D.W.; Xu, X.; Liu, F.X.; et al. Identification and characterization of toxins in the venom gland of the chinese bird spider, Haplopelma hainanum, by transcriptomic analysis. Insect Sci. 2016, 23, 487–499.
Cardoso, F.C.; Dekan, Z.; Rosengren, K.J.; Erickson, A.; Vetter, I.; Deuis, J.R.; Herzig, V.; Alewood, P.F.; King, G.F.; Lewis, R.J. Identification and characterization of protx-iii [u-trtx-tp1a], a new voltage-gated sodium channel inhibitor from venom of the tarantula Thrixopelma pruriens. Mol. Pharm. 2015, 88, 291–303.
Cardoso, F.C.; Dekan, Z.; Smith, J.J.; Deuis, J.R.; Vetter, I.; Herzig, V.; Alewood, P.F.; King, G.F.; Lewis, R.J. Modulatory features of the novel spider toxin -trtx-df1a isolated from the venom of the spider Davus fasciatus. Br. J. Pharm. 2017, 174, 2528–2544
Estrada-Gomez, S.; Gomez-Rave, L.; Vargas-Munoz, L.J.; van der Meijden, A. Characterizing the biological and biochemical profile of six di erent scorpion venoms from the buthidae and scorpionidae family. Toxicon 2017, 130, 104–115
Estrada-Gomez, S.; Vargas Munoz, L.J.; Quintana Castillo, J.C. Extraction and partial characterization of venom from the colombian spider Pamphobeteus a . Nigricolor (aranae:Theraphosidae). Toxicon 2013, 76, 301–309.
Cardoso, F.C.; Lewis, R.J. Sodium channels and pain: From toxins to therapies. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2018, 175, 2138–2157.
Xiong, X.F.; Poulsen, M.H.; Hussein, R.A.; Norager, N.G.; Stromgaard, K. Structure-activity relationship study of spider polyamine toxins as inhibitors of ionotropic glutamate receptors. ChemMedChem 2014, 9, 2661–2670.
WorldSpiderCatalog. World Spider Catalog. Bern, N.H.M., Ed.; 2019. Volume Version 20.0. Available online: http://wsc.nmbe.ch (accessed on 01 July 2019).
Pineda, S.S.; Chaumeil, P.A.; Kunert, A.; Kaas, Q.; Thang, M.W.C.; Le, L.; Nuhn, M.; Herzig, V.; Saez, N.J.; Cristofori-Armstrong, B.; et al. Arachnoserver 3.0: An online resource for automated discovery, analysis and annotation of spider toxins. Bioinformatics 2018, 34, 1074–1076.
Savel-Niemann, A.; Roth, D. Biochemical analysis of tarantula venom (Eurypelma californicum). Naturwissenschaften 1989, 76, 212–213.
Nason, D.M.; Phillips, D.; Saccomano, N.A.; Volkmann, R.A. Calcium Channel Blocking Polypeptides from Therpahosidae Aphonopelma. U.S. Patent WO1994010196 A, 11 May 1994.
Corzo, G.; Diego-Garcia, E.; Clement, H.; Peigneur, S.; Odell, G.; Tytgat, J.; Possani, L.D.; Alagon, A. An insecticidal peptide from the theraposid Brachypelma smithi spider venom reveals common molecular features among spider species from di erent genera. Peptides 2008, 29, 1901–1908.
Liang, S. An overview of peptide toxins from the venom of the chinese bird spider Selenocosmia huwena wang [=Ornithoctonus huwena (wang)]. Toxicon 2004, 43, 575–585.
Wilson, D.; Daly, N.L. Venomics: A mini-review. High. Throughput 2018, 7, 19.
Tang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Hu,W.; Xu, D.; Tao, H.; Yang, X.; Li, Y.; Jiang, L.; Liang, S. Molecular diversification of peptide toxins from the tarantula Haplopelma hainanum (Ornithoctonus hainana) venom based on transcriptomic, peptidomic, and genomic analyses. J. Proteome Res. 2010, 9, 2550–2564
Cifuentes,Y.; Estrada-Gomez, S.; Vargas Munoz, L.J.; Perafan, C. Description and molecular characterization of a new species of tarantula, Pamphobeteus verdolaga, from colombia (aranae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae). Zoologia 2016, 33
Escoubas, P.; Sollod, B.; King, G.F. Venom landscapes: Mining the complexity of spider venoms via a combined cdna and mass spectrometric approach. Toxicon 2006, 47, 650–663
Leao, R.M.; Cruz, J.S.; Diniz, C.R.; Cordeiro, M.N.; Beirao, P.S. Inhibition of neuronal high-voltage activated calcium channels by the omega-phoneutria nigriventer tx3-3 peptide toxin. Neuropharmacology 2000, 39, 1756–1767.
Vieira, L.B.; Kushmerick, C.; Hildebrand, M.E.; Garcia, E.; Stea, A.; Cordeiro, M.N.; Richardson, M.; Gomez, M.V.; Snutch, T.P. Inhibition of high voltage-activated calcium channels by spider toxin pntx3-6. J. Pharm. Exp. 2005, 314, 1370–1377
Dos Santos, R.G.; Van Renterghem, C.; Martin-Moutot, N.; Mansuelle, P.; Cordeiro, M.N.; Diniz, C.R.; Mori, Y.; De Lima, M.E.; Seagar, M. Phoneutria nigriventer omega-phonetoxin iia blocks the cav2 family of calcium channels and interacts with omega-conotoxin-binding sites. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 13856–13862.
Vieira, L.B.; Pimenta, A.M.; Richardson, M.; Bemquerer, M.P.; Reis, H.J.; Cruz, J.S.; Gomez, M.V.; Santoro, M.M.; Ferreira-de-Oliveira, R.; Figueiredo, S.G.; et al. Leftward shift in the voltage-dependence for Ca2+ currents activation induced by a new toxin from Phoneutria reidyi (aranae, Ctenidae) venom. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2007, 27, 129–146.
Newcomb, R.; Palma, A.; Fox, J.; Gaur, S.; Lau, K.; Chung, D.; Cong, R.; Bell, J.R.; Horne, B.; Nadasdi, L.; et al. Snx-325, a novel calcium antagonist from the spider Segestria florentina. Biochemistry 1995, 34, 8341–8347.
Ikonomopoulou, M.P.; Smith, J.J.; Herzig, V.; Pineda, S.S.; Dziemborowicz, S.; Er, S.Y.; Durek, T.; Gilchrist, J.; Alewood, P.F.; Nicholson, G.M.; et al. Isolation of two insecticidal toxins from venom of the australian theraphosid spider Coremiocnemis tropix. Toxicon O . J. Int. Soc. Toxinol. 2016, 123, 62–70.
Jiang, L.; Peng, L.; Chen, J.; Zhang, Y.; Xiong, X.; Liang, S. Molecular diversification based on analysis of expressed sequence tags from the venom glands of the chinese bird spider Ornithoctonus huwena. Toxicon 2008, 51, 1479–1489.
Lin, X.; Novotny, M.; Söderhäll, K.; Söderhäll, I. Ancient cytokines, the role of astakines as hematopoietic growth factors. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285, 28577–28586
Oukkache, N.; Chgoury, F.; Lalaoui, M.; Cano, A.A.; Ghalim, N. Comparison between two methods of scorpion venom milking in morocco. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis. 2013, 19, 5.
World Health Organization. Progress in the Characterization of Venoms and Standardization of Antivenoms; WHO O set Publication: Geneva, Switzerland, 1981; pp. 1–44.
Fernandez, J.; Gutierrez, J.M.; Angulo, Y.; Sanz, L.; Juarez, P.; Calvete, J.J.; Lomonte, B. Isolation of an acidic phospholipase a2 from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper of Costa Rica: Biochemical and toxicological characterization. Biochimie 2010, 92, 273–283.
Laemmli, U.K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage t4. Nature 1970, 227, 680–685.
Herzig, V.; Wood, D.L.A.; Newell, F.; Chaumeil, P.-A.; Kaas, Q.; Binford, G.J.; Nicholson, G.M.; Gorse, D.; King, G.F. Arachnoserver 2.0, an updated online resource for spider toxin sequences and structures. Nucl. Acids Res. 2011, 39, D653–D657.
Schmieder, R.; Edwards, R. Quality control and preprocessing of metagenomic datasets. Bioinformatics 2011, 27, 863–864
Haas, B.J.; Papanicolaou, A.; Yassour, M.; Grabherr, M.; Blood, P.D.; Bowden, J.; Couger, M.B.; Eccles, D.; Li, B.; Lieber, M.; et al. De novo transcript sequence reconstruction from rna-seq using the trinity platform for reference generation and analysis. Nat. Protoc. 2013, 8, 1494–1512.
Simao, F.A.; Waterhouse, R.M.; Ioannidis, P.; Kriventseva, E.V.; Zdobnov, E.M. Busco: Assessing genome assembly and annotation completeness with single-copy orthologs. Bioinformatics 2015, 31, 3210–3212
Langmead, B.; Salzberg, S.L. Fast gapped-read alignment with bowtie 2. Nat. Methods 2012, 9, 357–359.
Li, B.; Dewey, C.N. Rsem: Accurate transcript quantification from rna-seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinform. 2011, 12, 323.
Petersen, T.N.; Brunak, S.; von Heijne, G.; Nielsen, H. Signalp 4.1: Discriminating signal peptides from transmembrane regions. Nat. Methods 2011, 8, 785–786.
Goujon, M.; McWilliam, H.; Li, W.; Valentin, F.; Squizzato, S.; Paern, J.; Lopez, R. A new bioinformatics analysis tools framework at embl-ebi. Nucl. Acids Res. 2010, 38, W695–W699.
King, G.F.; Gentz, M.C.; Escoubas, P.; Nicholson, G.M. A rational nomenclature for naming peptide toxins from spiders and other venomous animals. Toxicon 2008, 52, 264–276.
Kearse, M.; Moir, R.; Wilson, A.; Stones-Havas, S.; Cheung, M.; Sturrock, S.; Buxton, S.; Cooper, A.; Markowitz, S.; Duran, C.; et al. Geneious basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 2012, 28, 1647–1649
Nicholas, K.B.; Nicholas, H.B.; Deerfield, D.W. Genedoc: Analysis and visualization of genetic variation. Embnew News 1997, 4, 14.
Ceroni, A.; Passerini, A.; Vullo, A.; Frasconi, P. DISULFIND: A Disulfide Bonding State and Cysteine Connectivity Prediction Server. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006, 34 (Suppl. S2), W177–W181
Sairaman, A.; Cardoso, F.C.; Bispat, A.; Lewis, R.J.; Duggan, P.J.; Tuck, K.L. Synthesis and evaluation of aminobenzothiazoles as blockers of n- and t-type calcium channels. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2018, 26, 3046–3059.
dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución – No comercial – Sin Derivar
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 21
dc.coverage.temporal.spa.fl_str_mv 11
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina, Medellín
dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv Medicina
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Medellín
institution Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/945efac0-4dbe-4214-8a6c-40fa5552150b/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/a7a6d929-2276-4742-a2f9-c0216ab99fb6/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/1aebc11a-9780-4a83-9657-8be4a825a247/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/db5ebf94-a2ef-4de4-9a3d-0d0d2081e425/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/aa38df3b-7130-415d-954f-014210d789ce/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/518d1dfc-945c-4fc1-9acf-779344c4a20f/download
https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/901126a7-490a-4592-9632-0130badf60b2/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 5681e258a877c9881c59e63c9af6f036
ebaeb23ae6c5990807825e24cc1975de
0300a07797108573d0fe7a1f16af0700
7b944e226d5d0489157ef8ef2531a9c1
3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45
b10a2b681513c41cc22859c4fa41c322
520aed5aa09e6fbc257d8d83c403246f
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bdigital@metabiblioteca.com
_version_ 1808789076760854528
spelling Vargas Muñoz, Leidy JohanaVargas Muñoz, Leidy JohanaEstrada Gómez, SebastiánCaldas Cardoso, FernandaQuintana Castillo, Juan CarlosSaldarriaga Córdoba, Mónica MaríaArenas Gómez, Claudia MarcelaPineda, Sandy Steffany112020-01-15T15:16:33Z2020-01-15T15:16:33Z2019-08-272072-665110.3390/toxins11090496https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/15916Estrada-Gomez, S., Cardoso, F. C., Vargas-Muñoz, L. J., Quintana-Castillo, J. C., Arenas Gómez, C. M., Pineda, S. S. y Saldarriaga-Cordoba, M. M. (2019). Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium Channels. Toxins 2019, 11, 496. Recuperado de:Pamphobeteus verdolaga is a recently described Theraphosidae spider from the Andean region of Colombia. Previous reports partially characterized its venom profile. In this study, we conducted a detailed analysis that includes reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rp-HPLC), calcium influx assays, tandem mass spectrometry analysis (tMS/MS), and venom-gland transcriptome. rp-HPLC fractions of P. verdolaga venom showed activity on CaV2.2, CaV3.2, and NaV1.7 ion channels. Active fractions contained several peptides with molecular masses ranging from 3399.4 to 3839.6 Da. The tMS/MS analysis of active fraction displaying the strongest activity to inhibit calcium channels showed sequence fragments similar to one of the translated transcripts detected in the venom-gland transcriptome. The putative peptide of this translated transcript corresponded to a toxin, here named !-theraphositoxin-Pv3a, a potential ion channel modulator toxin that is, in addition, very similar to other theraphositoxins a ecting calcium channels (i.e., !-theraphotoxin-Asp1a). Additionally, using this holistic approach, we found that P. verdolaga venom is an important source of disulfide-rich proteins expressing at least eight superfamilies.https://scienti.colciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000580023https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1332-5106https://scienti.colciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000011355leidy.vargasmu@campusucc.edu.cosebastian.estrada@udea.edu.cof.caldascardoso@imb.uq.edu.aujuan.quintana@campusucc.edu.comonysalda@gmail.comclaudia.arenas@udea.edu.cosandy.spineda@gmail.com21Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina, MedellínMedicinaMedellínhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/9/496ToxinsEscoubas, P.; Rash, L. Tarantulas: Eight-legged pharmacists and combinatorial chemists. Toxicon 2004, 43, 555–574. [CrossRef] [PubMed]King, J.B.; Gross, J.; Lovly, C.M.; Piwnica-Worms, H.; Townsend, R.R. Identification of protein phosphorylation sites within ser/thr-rich cluster domains using site-directed mutagenesis and hybrid linear quadrupole ion trap fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 21, 3443–3451. [CrossRef] [PubMed]Nicholson, G.M. Spider venom peptides. In Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides; Hastin, A., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2006.Nicholson, G.M. Insect-selective spider toxins targeting voltage-gated sodium channels. Toxicon 2007, 49, 490–512. [CrossRef] [PubMed]Vassilevski, A.A.; Kozlov, S.A.; Grishin, E.V. Molecular diversity of spider venom. Biochemistry (Moscow) 2009, 74, 1505–1534. [CrossRef] [PubMed]Estrada, G.S.; Vargas, M.L.; Ramirez, A.; Quintana, C.J. Milking and partial characterization Pamphobeteus spp (aranae; theraphosidae) venom, from the colombian andean region. Toxicon 2012, 60, 231–232.Rash, L.D.; Hodgson, W.C. Pharmacology and biochemistry of spider venoms. Toxicon 2002, 40, 225–254. [CrossRef]King, G.F. Modulation of insect Ca(v) channels by peptidic spider toxins. Toxicon 2007, 49, 513–530. [CrossRef]King, G.F.; Hardy, M.C. Spider-venom peptides: Structure, pharmacology, and potential for control of insect pests. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 2013, 58, 475–496. [Pineda, S.S.; Undheim, E.A.; Rupasinghe, D.B.; Ikonomopoulou, M.P.; King, G.F. Spider venomics: Implications for drug discovery. Future Med. Chem. 2014, 6, 1699–1714.Abreu, T.F.; Sumitomo, B.N.; Nishiyama, M.Y., Jr.; Oliveira, U.C.; Souza, G.H.; Kitano, E.S.; Zelanis, A.; Serrano, S.M.; Junqueira-de-Azevedo, I.; Silva, P.I., Jr.; et al. Peptidomics of Acanthoscurria gomesiana spider venom reveals new toxins with potential antimicrobial activity. J. Proteom. 2017, 151, 232–242. [Chen, J.; Deng, M.; He, Q.; Meng, E.; Jiang, L.; Liao, Z.; Rong, M.; Liang, S. Molecular diversity and evolution of cystine knot toxins of the tarantula Chilobrachys jingzhao. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2008, 65, 2431–2444.Chen, J.; Zhao, L.; Jiang, L.; Meng, E.; Zhang, Y.; Xiong, X.; Liang, S. Transcriptome analysis revealed novel possible venom components and cellular processes of the tarantula Chilobrachys jingzhao venom gland. Toxicon 2008, 52, 794–806.Cheng, T.C.; Long, R.W.; Wu, Y.Q.; Guo, Y.B.; Liu, D.L.; Peng, L.; Li, D.Q.; Yang, D.W.; Xu, X.; Liu, F.X.; et al. Identification and characterization of toxins in the venom gland of the chinese bird spider, Haplopelma hainanum, by transcriptomic analysis. Insect Sci. 2016, 23, 487–499.Cardoso, F.C.; Dekan, Z.; Rosengren, K.J.; Erickson, A.; Vetter, I.; Deuis, J.R.; Herzig, V.; Alewood, P.F.; King, G.F.; Lewis, R.J. Identification and characterization of protx-iii [u-trtx-tp1a], a new voltage-gated sodium channel inhibitor from venom of the tarantula Thrixopelma pruriens. Mol. Pharm. 2015, 88, 291–303.Cardoso, F.C.; Dekan, Z.; Smith, J.J.; Deuis, J.R.; Vetter, I.; Herzig, V.; Alewood, P.F.; King, G.F.; Lewis, R.J. Modulatory features of the novel spider toxin -trtx-df1a isolated from the venom of the spider Davus fasciatus. Br. J. Pharm. 2017, 174, 2528–2544Estrada-Gomez, S.; Gomez-Rave, L.; Vargas-Munoz, L.J.; van der Meijden, A. Characterizing the biological and biochemical profile of six di erent scorpion venoms from the buthidae and scorpionidae family. Toxicon 2017, 130, 104–115Estrada-Gomez, S.; Vargas Munoz, L.J.; Quintana Castillo, J.C. Extraction and partial characterization of venom from the colombian spider Pamphobeteus a . Nigricolor (aranae:Theraphosidae). Toxicon 2013, 76, 301–309.Cardoso, F.C.; Lewis, R.J. Sodium channels and pain: From toxins to therapies. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2018, 175, 2138–2157.Xiong, X.F.; Poulsen, M.H.; Hussein, R.A.; Norager, N.G.; Stromgaard, K. Structure-activity relationship study of spider polyamine toxins as inhibitors of ionotropic glutamate receptors. ChemMedChem 2014, 9, 2661–2670.WorldSpiderCatalog. World Spider Catalog. Bern, N.H.M., Ed.; 2019. Volume Version 20.0. Available online: http://wsc.nmbe.ch (accessed on 01 July 2019).Pineda, S.S.; Chaumeil, P.A.; Kunert, A.; Kaas, Q.; Thang, M.W.C.; Le, L.; Nuhn, M.; Herzig, V.; Saez, N.J.; Cristofori-Armstrong, B.; et al. Arachnoserver 3.0: An online resource for automated discovery, analysis and annotation of spider toxins. Bioinformatics 2018, 34, 1074–1076.Savel-Niemann, A.; Roth, D. Biochemical analysis of tarantula venom (Eurypelma californicum). Naturwissenschaften 1989, 76, 212–213.Nason, D.M.; Phillips, D.; Saccomano, N.A.; Volkmann, R.A. Calcium Channel Blocking Polypeptides from Therpahosidae Aphonopelma. U.S. Patent WO1994010196 A, 11 May 1994.Corzo, G.; Diego-Garcia, E.; Clement, H.; Peigneur, S.; Odell, G.; Tytgat, J.; Possani, L.D.; Alagon, A. An insecticidal peptide from the theraposid Brachypelma smithi spider venom reveals common molecular features among spider species from di erent genera. Peptides 2008, 29, 1901–1908.Liang, S. An overview of peptide toxins from the venom of the chinese bird spider Selenocosmia huwena wang [=Ornithoctonus huwena (wang)]. Toxicon 2004, 43, 575–585.Wilson, D.; Daly, N.L. Venomics: A mini-review. High. Throughput 2018, 7, 19.Tang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Hu,W.; Xu, D.; Tao, H.; Yang, X.; Li, Y.; Jiang, L.; Liang, S. Molecular diversification of peptide toxins from the tarantula Haplopelma hainanum (Ornithoctonus hainana) venom based on transcriptomic, peptidomic, and genomic analyses. J. Proteome Res. 2010, 9, 2550–2564Cifuentes,Y.; Estrada-Gomez, S.; Vargas Munoz, L.J.; Perafan, C. Description and molecular characterization of a new species of tarantula, Pamphobeteus verdolaga, from colombia (aranae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae). Zoologia 2016, 33Escoubas, P.; Sollod, B.; King, G.F. Venom landscapes: Mining the complexity of spider venoms via a combined cdna and mass spectrometric approach. Toxicon 2006, 47, 650–663Leao, R.M.; Cruz, J.S.; Diniz, C.R.; Cordeiro, M.N.; Beirao, P.S. Inhibition of neuronal high-voltage activated calcium channels by the omega-phoneutria nigriventer tx3-3 peptide toxin. Neuropharmacology 2000, 39, 1756–1767.Vieira, L.B.; Kushmerick, C.; Hildebrand, M.E.; Garcia, E.; Stea, A.; Cordeiro, M.N.; Richardson, M.; Gomez, M.V.; Snutch, T.P. Inhibition of high voltage-activated calcium channels by spider toxin pntx3-6. J. Pharm. Exp. 2005, 314, 1370–1377Dos Santos, R.G.; Van Renterghem, C.; Martin-Moutot, N.; Mansuelle, P.; Cordeiro, M.N.; Diniz, C.R.; Mori, Y.; De Lima, M.E.; Seagar, M. Phoneutria nigriventer omega-phonetoxin iia blocks the cav2 family of calcium channels and interacts with omega-conotoxin-binding sites. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 13856–13862.Vieira, L.B.; Pimenta, A.M.; Richardson, M.; Bemquerer, M.P.; Reis, H.J.; Cruz, J.S.; Gomez, M.V.; Santoro, M.M.; Ferreira-de-Oliveira, R.; Figueiredo, S.G.; et al. Leftward shift in the voltage-dependence for Ca2+ currents activation induced by a new toxin from Phoneutria reidyi (aranae, Ctenidae) venom. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2007, 27, 129–146.Newcomb, R.; Palma, A.; Fox, J.; Gaur, S.; Lau, K.; Chung, D.; Cong, R.; Bell, J.R.; Horne, B.; Nadasdi, L.; et al. Snx-325, a novel calcium antagonist from the spider Segestria florentina. Biochemistry 1995, 34, 8341–8347.Ikonomopoulou, M.P.; Smith, J.J.; Herzig, V.; Pineda, S.S.; Dziemborowicz, S.; Er, S.Y.; Durek, T.; Gilchrist, J.; Alewood, P.F.; Nicholson, G.M.; et al. Isolation of two insecticidal toxins from venom of the australian theraphosid spider Coremiocnemis tropix. Toxicon O . J. Int. Soc. Toxinol. 2016, 123, 62–70.Jiang, L.; Peng, L.; Chen, J.; Zhang, Y.; Xiong, X.; Liang, S. Molecular diversification based on analysis of expressed sequence tags from the venom glands of the chinese bird spider Ornithoctonus huwena. Toxicon 2008, 51, 1479–1489.Lin, X.; Novotny, M.; Söderhäll, K.; Söderhäll, I. Ancient cytokines, the role of astakines as hematopoietic growth factors. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285, 28577–28586Oukkache, N.; Chgoury, F.; Lalaoui, M.; Cano, A.A.; Ghalim, N. Comparison between two methods of scorpion venom milking in morocco. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis. 2013, 19, 5.World Health Organization. Progress in the Characterization of Venoms and Standardization of Antivenoms; WHO O set Publication: Geneva, Switzerland, 1981; pp. 1–44.Fernandez, J.; Gutierrez, J.M.; Angulo, Y.; Sanz, L.; Juarez, P.; Calvete, J.J.; Lomonte, B. Isolation of an acidic phospholipase a2 from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper of Costa Rica: Biochemical and toxicological characterization. Biochimie 2010, 92, 273–283.Laemmli, U.K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage t4. Nature 1970, 227, 680–685.Herzig, V.; Wood, D.L.A.; Newell, F.; Chaumeil, P.-A.; Kaas, Q.; Binford, G.J.; Nicholson, G.M.; Gorse, D.; King, G.F. Arachnoserver 2.0, an updated online resource for spider toxin sequences and structures. Nucl. Acids Res. 2011, 39, D653–D657.Schmieder, R.; Edwards, R. Quality control and preprocessing of metagenomic datasets. Bioinformatics 2011, 27, 863–864Haas, B.J.; Papanicolaou, A.; Yassour, M.; Grabherr, M.; Blood, P.D.; Bowden, J.; Couger, M.B.; Eccles, D.; Li, B.; Lieber, M.; et al. De novo transcript sequence reconstruction from rna-seq using the trinity platform for reference generation and analysis. Nat. Protoc. 2013, 8, 1494–1512.Simao, F.A.; Waterhouse, R.M.; Ioannidis, P.; Kriventseva, E.V.; Zdobnov, E.M. Busco: Assessing genome assembly and annotation completeness with single-copy orthologs. Bioinformatics 2015, 31, 3210–3212Langmead, B.; Salzberg, S.L. Fast gapped-read alignment with bowtie 2. Nat. Methods 2012, 9, 357–359.Li, B.; Dewey, C.N. Rsem: Accurate transcript quantification from rna-seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinform. 2011, 12, 323.Petersen, T.N.; Brunak, S.; von Heijne, G.; Nielsen, H. Signalp 4.1: Discriminating signal peptides from transmembrane regions. Nat. Methods 2011, 8, 785–786.Goujon, M.; McWilliam, H.; Li, W.; Valentin, F.; Squizzato, S.; Paern, J.; Lopez, R. A new bioinformatics analysis tools framework at embl-ebi. Nucl. Acids Res. 2010, 38, W695–W699.King, G.F.; Gentz, M.C.; Escoubas, P.; Nicholson, G.M. A rational nomenclature for naming peptide toxins from spiders and other venomous animals. Toxicon 2008, 52, 264–276.Kearse, M.; Moir, R.; Wilson, A.; Stones-Havas, S.; Cheung, M.; Sturrock, S.; Buxton, S.; Cooper, A.; Markowitz, S.; Duran, C.; et al. Geneious basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 2012, 28, 1647–1649Nicholas, K.B.; Nicholas, H.B.; Deerfield, D.W. Genedoc: Analysis and visualization of genetic variation. Embnew News 1997, 4, 14.Ceroni, A.; Passerini, A.; Vullo, A.; Frasconi, P. DISULFIND: A Disulfide Bonding State and Cysteine Connectivity Prediction Server. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006, 34 (Suppl. S2), W177–W181Sairaman, A.; Cardoso, F.C.; Bispat, A.; Lewis, R.J.; Duggan, P.J.; Tuck, K.L. Synthesis and evaluation of aminobenzothiazoles as blockers of n- and t-type calcium channels. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2018, 26, 3046–3059.theraphosidaePamphobeteusPeptidesDisulfide-rich peptide (DRP)Inhibitory cysteine knot (ICK)VenomicsTranscriptomeIon channelsVenomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium ChannelsArtículohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionAtribución – No comercial – Sin Derivarinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2PublicationTEXT2019_Estradaycolaboradores_Venomic_Transcriptomic_Bioactivity_Analyses.pdf.txt2019_Estradaycolaboradores_Venomic_Transcriptomic_Bioactivity_Analyses.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain91807https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/945efac0-4dbe-4214-8a6c-40fa5552150b/download5681e258a877c9881c59e63c9af6f036MD562020_Licencia de uso_ Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity.pdf.txt2020_Licencia de uso_ Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain5851https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/a7a6d929-2276-4742-a2f9-c0216ab99fb6/downloadebaeb23ae6c5990807825e24cc1975deMD57ORIGINAL2019_Estradaycolaboradores_Venomic_Transcriptomic_Bioactivity_Analyses.pdf2019_Estradaycolaboradores_Venomic_Transcriptomic_Bioactivity_Analyses.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf6592261https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/1aebc11a-9780-4a83-9657-8be4a825a247/download0300a07797108573d0fe7a1f16af0700MD532020_Licencia de uso_ Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity.pdf2020_Licencia de uso_ Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity.pdfLicencia de usoapplication/pdf555072https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/db5ebf94-a2ef-4de4-9a3d-0d0d2081e425/download7b944e226d5d0489157ef8ef2531a9c1MD54LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-84334https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/aa38df3b-7130-415d-954f-014210d789ce/download3bce4f7ab09dfc588f126e1e36e98a45MD55THUMBNAIL2019_Estradaycolaboradores_Venomic_Transcriptomic_Bioactivity_Analyses.pdf.jpg2019_Estradaycolaboradores_Venomic_Transcriptomic_Bioactivity_Analyses.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5523https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/518d1dfc-945c-4fc1-9acf-779344c4a20f/downloadb10a2b681513c41cc22859c4fa41c322MD582020_Licencia de uso_ Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity.pdf.jpg2020_Licencia de uso_ Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5140https://repository.ucc.edu.co/bitstreams/901126a7-490a-4592-9632-0130badf60b2/download520aed5aa09e6fbc257d8d83c403246fMD5920.500.12494/15916oai:repository.ucc.edu.co:20.500.12494/159162024-08-10 22:43:13.777restrictedhttps://repository.ucc.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad Cooperativa de Colombiabdigital@metabiblioteca.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