Las contradicciones de la independencia groenlandesa

En el presente artículo se analizan las relaciones de Groenlandia, en especial su capital Nuuk, con los diversos actores que intervienen en su posible independencia, desde comunidades indígenas, pasando por empresas transnacio­nales, los Estados y las potencias involucrados, hasta organizaciones int...

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Autores:
Bohórquez-Keeney, Alejandro
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2023
Institución:
Universidad Externado de Colombia
Repositorio:
Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/15175
Acceso en línea:
https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15175
https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n38.10
Palabra clave:
Greenland;
Nuuk,
independence,
complexity,
paradiplomacy
Groenlandia;
Nuuk;
independencia;
complejidad;
paradiplomacia.
Rights
openAccess
License
Alejandro Bohórquez-Keeney - 2023
id uexternad2_fe0ea214bf68226ae45983f1fd0e5e8f
oai_identifier_str oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/15175
network_acronym_str uexternad2
network_name_str Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Las contradicciones de la independencia groenlandesa
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv The contradictions of Greenlandic independence
title Las contradicciones de la independencia groenlandesa
spellingShingle Las contradicciones de la independencia groenlandesa
Greenland;
Nuuk,
independence,
complexity,
paradiplomacy
Groenlandia;
Nuuk;
independencia;
complejidad;
paradiplomacia.
title_short Las contradicciones de la independencia groenlandesa
title_full Las contradicciones de la independencia groenlandesa
title_fullStr Las contradicciones de la independencia groenlandesa
title_full_unstemmed Las contradicciones de la independencia groenlandesa
title_sort Las contradicciones de la independencia groenlandesa
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Bohórquez-Keeney, Alejandro
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Bohórquez-Keeney, Alejandro
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Greenland;
Nuuk,
independence,
complexity,
paradiplomacy
topic Greenland;
Nuuk,
independence,
complexity,
paradiplomacy
Groenlandia;
Nuuk;
independencia;
complejidad;
paradiplomacia.
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Groenlandia;
Nuuk;
independencia;
complejidad;
paradiplomacia.
description En el presente artículo se analizan las relaciones de Groenlandia, en especial su capital Nuuk, con los diversos actores que intervienen en su posible independencia, desde comunidades indígenas, pasando por empresas transnacio­nales, los Estados y las potencias involucrados, hasta organizaciones internacionales. Dichas relaciones se analizan desde la teoría de la complejidad propuesta por Rosenau, toman­do las distintas declaraciones de la variedad de actores mencionados, para así demostrar que el camino hacia la independencia groenlandesa es bastante incierto. Esta demostración se hará a partir de dos variables, una socioeconómica y otra política, para dar cuenta de la compleji­dad y las contradicciones de la independencia promovida desde Nuuk.
publishDate 2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2023-06-29T12:36:36Z
2024-06-05T20:04:56Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2023-06-29T12:36:36Z
2024-06-05T20:04:56Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2023-06-29
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.type.local.eng.fl_str_mv Journal article
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dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 1657-7558
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dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Núm. 38 , Año 2023 : Julio-Diciembre
dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv 193
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 38
dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv 181
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Oasis
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv AFP (2021). Uranium mining banned in Greenland. Global Times. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202111/1238626.shtml
Andersson, P., Zeuthen, J. W. y Kalvig, P. (2018). Chinese mining in Greenland: Arctic access or access to minerals? Arctic Yearbook, (1), 1-15.
Arctic Council (2011). Circumpolar Information Guide on Mining for Indigenous Peoples and Northern Communities. Arctic Council.
Arctic Council (2021). Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Arctic Mining: Progress Report. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna.
Bennet, M. (2022). The US is using a mine in Greenland to counter China. Cryopolitics. https:// www.cryopolitics.com/2022/06/20/us-mine-greenland-china/
Berry, D. A. (2016). The Monroe Doctrine and the governance of Greenland’s security. En D. A. Berry, N. Bowles y H. Jones (Eds.). Governing the North American Arctic: Sovereignty, Security, and Institutions (pp. 103-121). Springer.
Birkhold, M. (2019). Can Greenland win independence by selling melted ice? The world’s biggest island taps a resource it’s always had. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/den¬mark/2019-07-18/can-greenland-win-independence-selling-melted-ice
Breum, M. (2019). A rare poll hints at real differences between Danish and Greenlandic thinking on Greenland independence. Arctic Today. https:// www.arctictoday.com/a-rare-poll-hints-at-real-differences-between-danish-and-greenlandic-thinking-on-greenland-independence/
Charron, A. y Fergusson, J. (2020). Canada and defence against help: The wrong theory for the wrong country at the wrong time. En T. Juneau, P. La¬gassé y S. Vucetic (Eds.), Canadian Defence Policy in Theory and Practice (pp. 99-115). Palgrave Macmillan.
Conley, H. A. (2019). The Arctic spring: Washington is sleeping through changes at the top of the world. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/commons/2019-09-24/arctic-spring
EXIM (2022). The China and transformational exports program. Export Import Bank of the United States. https://www.exim.gov/about/special-initiatives/ ctep
Gad, U. P. (2022). Nuuk as a diplomatic scene. Danish Institute for International Studies. https://www. diis.dk/en/research/nuuk-as-a-diplomatic-scene
Gad, U. P., Graugaard, N. D., Holgersen, A., Jacobsen, M., Lave, N. y Schriver, N. (2021). Imagining China on Greenland’s road to independence. En China’s Arctic Engagement: Following the Polar Silk Road to Greenland and Russa-Selected Articles from the Arctic Yearbook (pp. 136-168). NAADSN.
Gravgaard, A. (2013). Greenland’s rare earths gold rush. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ articles/north-america/2013-10-28/greenlands-rare-earths-gold-rush
Greenland Minerals Ltd. (2022). Draft Exploitation Licence Decision and White Paper Review. https:// wcsecure.weblink.com.au/pdf/GGG/02545548. pdf
Gunter, C. (2015). The case for uranium mining in Greenland. Cornell International Law Journal, 48 (1), 423-450.
Inuit Circumpolar Council. (2010). Inuit Arctic Policy. https://secureservercdn.net/45.40.145.201/ hh3.0e7.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/ Inuit-Arctic-Policy.pdf
Inuit Circumpolar Council (2013). Global mercury treaty adopted, mentions vulnerability of Arctic ecosystems and indigenous communities. Press Releases. https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/ press-releases/global-mercury-treaty-adopted-mentions-vulnerability-of-arctic-ecosystems-and-indigenous-communities/
Inuit Circumpolar Council (2016). Creating equitable economic development for inuit. Press Releases. https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/press-releases/creating-equitable-economic-development-for-inuit/
Inuit Circumpolar Council (2017). Circumpolar Inuit forge path towards international business cooperation. Press Releases. https://www.inuitcir-cumpolar.com/press-releases/circumpolar-inuit-forge-path-towards-international-business-cooperation/
Inuit Circumpolar Council (2022). Circumpolar Inuit Declaration on Arctic Sovereignty. https://www. inuitcircumpolar.com/icc-international/circumpolar-inuit-declaration-on-arctic-sovereignty/
Jacobsen, M. y Gad, U. P. (2017). Setting the scene in Nuuk: introducing the cast of characters in Greenlandic foreign policy narratives. En K. S. Kristensen y J. Rahbek-Clemmensen (Eds.), Greenland and the International Politics of a Changing Arctic: Postcolonial Paradiplomacy between High and Low (pp. 11-27). Routledge.
Kang, D. (2022). Rare earths processor buys rights to mine in Greenland. AP News. https://apnews.com/ article/technology-canada-china-ffff79415fd7b-c13e02cf2348d86e689
Kingdom of Denmark (2009). Act on Greenland Self-Government. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/ natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/110442/137381 /F-520745313/DNK110442%20Eng.pdf
Liu, T. y Song, Y. (2020). Chinese paradiplomacy: A theoretical review. SAGE Open, 10 (1). https://doi. org/10.1177/2158244019899048
McGwin, K. (2022). Greenland wants a Nato envoy of its own. Polar Journal. https://polarjournal.ch/ en/2022/08/26/greenland-wants-a-nato-envoy-of-its-own/
NATO (2020). NATO begins cooperation with Danish Joint Arctic Command in Greenland. News. https://mc.nato.int/media-centre/news/2020/ nato-begins-cooperation-with-danish-joint-arctic-command-in-greenland
Neo Materials (2022). Hudson Resources and Neo Performance Materials Sign Agreement on the Sarfartoq Rare Earth Element Project In Greenland. https://www.neomaterials.com/hudson-resources-and-neo-performance-materials-sign-agreement-on-the-sarfartoq-rare-earth-element-project-in-greenland/
Olesen, M. R. (2017). Lightning rod: US, Greenlandic and Danish relations in the shadow of postcolonial reputations. En K. S. Kristensen y J. Rahbek-Clemmensen (Eds.), Greenland and the International Politics of a Changing Arctic: Postcolonial Paradiplomacy between High and Low Politics (pp. 70-82). Routledge.
Orano (2021). Government of Greenland awards two exploration permits to Orano. https://www.orano.group/en/news/news-group/2021/february/ government-of-greenland-awards-two-explora¬tion-permits-to-orano
Prunckun, H. (2010). Handbook of Scientific Methods of Inquiry for Intelligence Analysis. The Scarecrow Press Inc.
Schiavon, J. (2010). La diplomacia local de los gobiernos estatales en México (2000-2010). CIDE, 201 (1), 1-37.
Steinberg, P., Tasch, J. y Gerhardt, H. (2015). Contesting the Arctic: Politics and Imaginaries in the Circumpolar North. I.B. Tauris.
Rosenau, J. N. (1990). Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton University Press.
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China (2018). China’s Arctic Policy. https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_pa-per/2018/01/26/content_281476026660336. htm
US Department of State (2022). Joint Statement on Arctic Council Cooperation Following Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-on-arctic-council-cooperation-following-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/
Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D. y Sechrest, L. (1966). Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences. Rand MacNally & Company.
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Alejandro Bohórquez-Keeney - 2023
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spelling Bohórquez-Keeney, Alejandro2023-06-29T12:36:36Z2024-06-05T20:04:56Z2023-06-29T12:36:36Z2024-06-05T20:04:56Z2023-06-29En el presente artículo se analizan las relaciones de Groenlandia, en especial su capital Nuuk, con los diversos actores que intervienen en su posible independencia, desde comunidades indígenas, pasando por empresas transnacio­nales, los Estados y las potencias involucrados, hasta organizaciones internacionales. Dichas relaciones se analizan desde la teoría de la complejidad propuesta por Rosenau, toman­do las distintas declaraciones de la variedad de actores mencionados, para así demostrar que el camino hacia la independencia groenlandesa es bastante incierto. Esta demostración se hará a partir de dos variables, una socioeconómica y otra política, para dar cuenta de la compleji­dad y las contradicciones de la independencia promovida desde Nuuk.This article analyzes Greenland’s relations, and specially its capital city Nuuk, with the diverse actors that intervene in its possible indepen­dence: indigenous communities, transnatio­nal companies, the states and world powers involved, and international organizations. To achieve this, the article uses a perspective from complexity theory according to Rosenau, ta­king the different statements from the variety of mentioned actors, to demonstrate that the road to Greenlandic independence is a very uncertain one. This demonstration will be achieved using a socioeconomic variable and a political one to give proper account of the complexity and contradictions of the indepen­dence promoted by Nuuk.application/pdftext/htmltext/xml10.18601/16577558.n38.102346-21321657-7558https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15175https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n38.10spaFacultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionaleshttps://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/8869/14671https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/8869/14672https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/8869/14673Núm. 38 , Año 2023 : Julio-Diciembre19338181OasisAFP (2021). Uranium mining banned in Greenland. Global Times. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202111/1238626.shtmlAndersson, P., Zeuthen, J. W. y Kalvig, P. (2018). Chinese mining in Greenland: Arctic access or access to minerals? Arctic Yearbook, (1), 1-15.Arctic Council (2011). Circumpolar Information Guide on Mining for Indigenous Peoples and Northern Communities. Arctic Council.Arctic Council (2021). Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Arctic Mining: Progress Report. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna.Bennet, M. (2022). The US is using a mine in Greenland to counter China. Cryopolitics. https:// www.cryopolitics.com/2022/06/20/us-mine-greenland-china/Berry, D. A. (2016). The Monroe Doctrine and the governance of Greenland’s security. En D. A. Berry, N. Bowles y H. Jones (Eds.). Governing the North American Arctic: Sovereignty, Security, and Institutions (pp. 103-121). Springer.Birkhold, M. (2019). Can Greenland win independence by selling melted ice? The world’s biggest island taps a resource it’s always had. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/den¬mark/2019-07-18/can-greenland-win-independence-selling-melted-iceBreum, M. (2019). A rare poll hints at real differences between Danish and Greenlandic thinking on Greenland independence. Arctic Today. https:// www.arctictoday.com/a-rare-poll-hints-at-real-differences-between-danish-and-greenlandic-thinking-on-greenland-independence/Charron, A. y Fergusson, J. (2020). Canada and defence against help: The wrong theory for the wrong country at the wrong time. En T. Juneau, P. La¬gassé y S. Vucetic (Eds.), Canadian Defence Policy in Theory and Practice (pp. 99-115). Palgrave Macmillan.Conley, H. A. (2019). The Arctic spring: Washington is sleeping through changes at the top of the world. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/commons/2019-09-24/arctic-springEXIM (2022). The China and transformational exports program. Export Import Bank of the United States. https://www.exim.gov/about/special-initiatives/ ctepGad, U. P. (2022). Nuuk as a diplomatic scene. Danish Institute for International Studies. https://www. diis.dk/en/research/nuuk-as-a-diplomatic-sceneGad, U. P., Graugaard, N. D., Holgersen, A., Jacobsen, M., Lave, N. y Schriver, N. (2021). Imagining China on Greenland’s road to independence. En China’s Arctic Engagement: Following the Polar Silk Road to Greenland and Russa-Selected Articles from the Arctic Yearbook (pp. 136-168). NAADSN.Gravgaard, A. (2013). Greenland’s rare earths gold rush. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ articles/north-america/2013-10-28/greenlands-rare-earths-gold-rushGreenland Minerals Ltd. (2022). Draft Exploitation Licence Decision and White Paper Review. https:// wcsecure.weblink.com.au/pdf/GGG/02545548. pdfGunter, C. (2015). The case for uranium mining in Greenland. Cornell International Law Journal, 48 (1), 423-450.Inuit Circumpolar Council. (2010). Inuit Arctic Policy. https://secureservercdn.net/45.40.145.201/ hh3.0e7.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/ Inuit-Arctic-Policy.pdfInuit Circumpolar Council (2013). Global mercury treaty adopted, mentions vulnerability of Arctic ecosystems and indigenous communities. Press Releases. https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/ press-releases/global-mercury-treaty-adopted-mentions-vulnerability-of-arctic-ecosystems-and-indigenous-communities/Inuit Circumpolar Council (2016). Creating equitable economic development for inuit. Press Releases. https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/press-releases/creating-equitable-economic-development-for-inuit/Inuit Circumpolar Council (2017). Circumpolar Inuit forge path towards international business cooperation. Press Releases. https://www.inuitcir-cumpolar.com/press-releases/circumpolar-inuit-forge-path-towards-international-business-cooperation/Inuit Circumpolar Council (2022). Circumpolar Inuit Declaration on Arctic Sovereignty. https://www. inuitcircumpolar.com/icc-international/circumpolar-inuit-declaration-on-arctic-sovereignty/Jacobsen, M. y Gad, U. P. (2017). Setting the scene in Nuuk: introducing the cast of characters in Greenlandic foreign policy narratives. En K. S. Kristensen y J. Rahbek-Clemmensen (Eds.), Greenland and the International Politics of a Changing Arctic: Postcolonial Paradiplomacy between High and Low (pp. 11-27). Routledge.Kang, D. (2022). Rare earths processor buys rights to mine in Greenland. AP News. https://apnews.com/ article/technology-canada-china-ffff79415fd7b-c13e02cf2348d86e689Kingdom of Denmark (2009). Act on Greenland Self-Government. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/ natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/110442/137381 /F-520745313/DNK110442%20Eng.pdfLiu, T. y Song, Y. (2020). Chinese paradiplomacy: A theoretical review. SAGE Open, 10 (1). https://doi. org/10.1177/2158244019899048McGwin, K. (2022). Greenland wants a Nato envoy of its own. Polar Journal. https://polarjournal.ch/ en/2022/08/26/greenland-wants-a-nato-envoy-of-its-own/NATO (2020). NATO begins cooperation with Danish Joint Arctic Command in Greenland. News. https://mc.nato.int/media-centre/news/2020/ nato-begins-cooperation-with-danish-joint-arctic-command-in-greenlandNeo Materials (2022). Hudson Resources and Neo Performance Materials Sign Agreement on the Sarfartoq Rare Earth Element Project In Greenland. https://www.neomaterials.com/hudson-resources-and-neo-performance-materials-sign-agreement-on-the-sarfartoq-rare-earth-element-project-in-greenland/Olesen, M. R. (2017). Lightning rod: US, Greenlandic and Danish relations in the shadow of postcolonial reputations. En K. S. Kristensen y J. Rahbek-Clemmensen (Eds.), Greenland and the International Politics of a Changing Arctic: Postcolonial Paradiplomacy between High and Low Politics (pp. 70-82). Routledge.Orano (2021). Government of Greenland awards two exploration permits to Orano. https://www.orano.group/en/news/news-group/2021/february/ government-of-greenland-awards-two-explora¬tion-permits-to-oranoPrunckun, H. (2010). Handbook of Scientific Methods of Inquiry for Intelligence Analysis. The Scarecrow Press Inc.Schiavon, J. (2010). La diplomacia local de los gobiernos estatales en México (2000-2010). CIDE, 201 (1), 1-37.Steinberg, P., Tasch, J. y Gerhardt, H. (2015). Contesting the Arctic: Politics and Imaginaries in the Circumpolar North. I.B. Tauris.Rosenau, J. N. (1990). Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton University Press.The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China (2018). China’s Arctic Policy. https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_pa-per/2018/01/26/content_281476026660336. htmUS Department of State (2022). Joint Statement on Arctic Council Cooperation Following Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-on-arctic-council-cooperation-following-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D. y Sechrest, L. (1966). Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences. Rand MacNally & Company.Alejandro Bohórquez-Keeney - 2023info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/8869Greenland;Nuuk,independence,complexity,paradiplomacyGroenlandia;Nuuk;independencia;complejidad;paradiplomacia.Las contradicciones de la independencia groenlandesaThe contradictions of Greenlandic independenceArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationOREORE.xmltext/xml2519https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/bitstreams/8644d3f9-adb2-4b56-869a-d4086732508a/download2bca5815756248420c425b872341281eMD51001/15175oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/151752024-06-05 15:04:56.202http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0Alejandro Bohórquez-Keeney - 2023https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.coUniversidad Externado de Colombiametabiblioteca@metabiblioteca.org

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