La oportunidad en los delitos de violencia de género

La oportunidad es uno de los elementos necesarios para que una persona cometa un delito. La mayoría de los estudios criminológicos sobre la oportunidad se centran en delitos de robo, tráfico de estupefacientes o delincuencia callejera, y son muy escasos los que estudian este aspecto de la criminolog...

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Autores:
Santana Hernández, Juana Dolores
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Universidad Externado de Colombia
Repositorio:
Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
Idioma:
spa
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oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/8118
Acceso en línea:
https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/8118
https://doi.org/10.18601/01210483.v39n107.03
Palabra clave:
Criminology;
Opportunity to Commit Crime;
Gender Violence;
Opportunity and Treachery;
Types of Crimes;
Criminal Events
Criminología;
Oportunidad para cometer delito;
Violencia de género;
Oportunidad y alevosía;
Tipos de delitos;
Eventos delictivos
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openAccess
License
Juana Dolores Santana Hernández - 2019
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv La oportunidad en los delitos de violencia de género
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv The opportunity in crimes of violence against women
title La oportunidad en los delitos de violencia de género
spellingShingle La oportunidad en los delitos de violencia de género
Criminology;
Opportunity to Commit Crime;
Gender Violence;
Opportunity and Treachery;
Types of Crimes;
Criminal Events
Criminología;
Oportunidad para cometer delito;
Violencia de género;
Oportunidad y alevosía;
Tipos de delitos;
Eventos delictivos
title_short La oportunidad en los delitos de violencia de género
title_full La oportunidad en los delitos de violencia de género
title_fullStr La oportunidad en los delitos de violencia de género
title_full_unstemmed La oportunidad en los delitos de violencia de género
title_sort La oportunidad en los delitos de violencia de género
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Santana Hernández, Juana Dolores
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Santana Hernández, Juana Dolores
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Criminology;
Opportunity to Commit Crime;
Gender Violence;
Opportunity and Treachery;
Types of Crimes;
Criminal Events
topic Criminology;
Opportunity to Commit Crime;
Gender Violence;
Opportunity and Treachery;
Types of Crimes;
Criminal Events
Criminología;
Oportunidad para cometer delito;
Violencia de género;
Oportunidad y alevosía;
Tipos de delitos;
Eventos delictivos
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Criminología;
Oportunidad para cometer delito;
Violencia de género;
Oportunidad y alevosía;
Tipos de delitos;
Eventos delictivos
description La oportunidad es uno de los elementos necesarios para que una persona cometa un delito. La mayoría de los estudios criminológicos sobre la oportunidad se centran en delitos de robo, tráfico de estupefacientes o delincuencia callejera, y son muy escasos los que estudian este aspecto de la criminología en los delitos de violencia que se cometen contra la propia familia o pareja íntima. En este trabajo nos propusimos explorar las características de la oportunidad en los casos en los cuales se cometen delitos de violencia de género y familiar. Para ello analizamos las sentencias del Tribunal Supremo de España sobre esta materia, comprendidas entre los años 2008 y 2018. Los datos revelan que en este tipo de delitos la oportunidad reviste una serie de características que la diferencia de otros delitos al producirse en un contexto donde hay, o se espera que haya, un clima de confianza, afecto y reciprocidad. En estos delitos, los agresores no solo aprovechan la oportunidad, sino que, a menudo, la preparan de antemano. Actúan en unos escenarios ocultos a la mirada de otras personas y al control social, lo que hace que sea muy difícil la prevención por parte de la víctima y de la sociedad.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2019-12-03 08:41:03
2022-09-08T13:44:33Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-12-03 08:41:03
2022-09-08T13:44:33Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2019-12-03
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Akers, Ronald L & Jennings Wesley G. “Social learning theory”, en Alex R. Piquero. The handbook of criminological theory. UK, Wiley Blackwell, 2016, pp. 230-240.
Akers, Ronald L. “Self-Control as a general theory of crime”. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, vol.7, n.º 2 1991, pp. 201-211.
Auty, Katherine M, David P Farrington & Jeremy W Coid. “The intergenerational transmission of criminal offending: exploring gender-specific mechanisms”. The British Journal of Criminology, vol. 57, n.º 1, 2017, pp. 215-237.
Avakame, Edem F. “Intergenerational transmission of violence, sel-control, and conjugal violence: a comparative analysis of physical violence and psychological aggression”. Violence and victims, vol.13, n.º 3, 1998, pp. 301-316.
Bandura, Albert. “Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities”. Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 3, [Special Issue on Evil and Violence], 1999, pp. 193-209.
Bandura, Albert. Social Learning Theory. New York, General Learning Press. 1977.
Besemer, Sytske, et al. “A systematic review and meta-analysis of the intergenerational transmission of criminal behavior”. Aggression and violent behavior, vol. 37, n.º 1, 2017, pp. 161-178.
Black, David S.; Steve Sussman & Jennifer B. Unger. “A further look at the intergenerational transmission of violence: witnessing interparental violence in emerging adulthood”. Journal of interpersonal violence, vol. 25, n.º 6, 2009, pp. 1.022-1.042.
Clodfelter, Tammatha, et al. “Sexual harassment victimization during emerging adulthood: A test of routine”. Crime & delinquency, vol. 56, n.º 3, 2008, pp. 455-481.
Cortney A, Franklin, et al. “Assessing the effect of routine activity theory and self-control on property, personal, and sexual assault victimization”. Victimization, criminal justice and behavior, vol. 39, n.º 10, 2012, pp. 1296-1315.
Cortney A., Franklin; Leana Allen Bouffard & Travis C. Pratt. “Sexual assault on the college campus: fraternity affiliation, male peer support, and low self-control”. Criminal Justice and Behavior, vol. 39, n.º 11, 2012, pp. 1.457-1.480.
Day, Andrew & Erica Bowen. “Offending competency and coercive control in intimate partner violence”. Aggression and Violent Behavior, vol. 20, n.º 1, 2015, pp. 62-71.
Delisi, Matt & Michael G. Vaughn. “The Gottfredson–Hirschi critiques revisited. Reconciling self-control theory, criminal careers, and career criminals”. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, vol. 52, n.º 5, 2008, pp. 520-537.
Dichter, Melissa E. & Richard J. Gelles. “Women´s perceptions of safety and risk following police intervention for intimate partner violence”. Violence against women, vol. 18, n.º 1, 2012, pp. 44-63.
Doumas, Diana; Gayla Margolin & Richard S. John. “The intergenerational transmission of aggression across three generations”. Journal of family violence, vol. 9, n.º 29, 1994, pp. 157-175.
Edleson, Jefrey L. “Children´s witnessing of adult domestic violence”. Interpersonal violence, vol. 14, n.º 8, 1999, pp. 839-870.
Ehrensaft, Miriam K.; Patricia Cohen; Jocelyn Brown; Elizabeth Smailes; Henian Chen & Jeffrey G. Johnson. “Intergenerational transmission of partner violence: A 20-year prospective study”. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, vol. 71, n.º 3, 2003, pp. 741-753.
Felson, Marcus & Ronald V. Clarke. Opportunity makes the thief. Practical theory for crime prevention. Home Office. Londres: Police research series, paper 98, 1998.
García García-Cervigón, Josefina. “El papel de la víctima en la política criminal. Especial referencia al delito de lesiones”. Revista de Derecho Penal y Criminología, 2ª época, vol. 2 extraordinario, 2004, pp. 483-500.
Gottfredson, Michael R. & Travis Hirchi. A general theory of crime. Stanford, University Press, 1990.
Gottfredson, Michael R. “Una teoría del control explicativa del delito”. En Alfonso Serrano Maíllo. Curso experto universitario en criminología. Madrid: UNED, 2018, pp. 191-202.
Hamberger, L. Kevin; Sadie E. Larsen & Amy Lehrner. “Coercive control in intimate partner violence”. Aggression and Violent Behavior, vol. 37, n.º 1, 2017, pp. 1-11.
Hirschi, Travis & Michael Gottfredson. “Commentary: testing the general theory of crime”. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, vol. 30, n.º 1, 1993, pp. 47-54.
Islam, Towfiqua Mahfuza; Ismail Tareque Md; Andrew D. Tiedt & Nazrul Hoque. “The intergenerational transmission of intimate partner violence in Bangladesh”. Global Health Action, vol. 7, n.º 1, 2014, DOI: 10.3402/gha.v7.23591.
Kerley, Kent R.; Xiaohe Xu & Bangon Sirisunyaluck. “Self-control, intimate partner abuse, and intimate partner victimization: testing the general theory of crime in Thailand”. Deviant Behavior, vol. 29, n.º 6, 2008, pp. 503-532.
Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jennifer, Mark Hankla Colleen & Dostal Stormberg. “The relationship behavior networks of young adults: a test of the intergenerational transmission of violence hypothesis”. Journal of family violence, vol. 19, n.º 3, 2004, pp. 139-151.
Ley Orgánica 1/2004, de 28 de diciembre, de Medidas de Protección Integral contra la Violencia de Género. boe núm. 313, de 29/12/2004. Entrada en vigor: 28/01/2005. Departamento: Jefatura del Estado.
Mannon, James M. “Domestic and intimate violence: an application of routine activities theory”. Aggression and Violent Behavior, vol. 2, n.º 1, 1997, pp. 9-24.
Nicholson, Jason & George E Higg ins. “Social structure social learning theory: preventing crime and violence”. Preventing Crime and Violence, 2017, pp. 11-20.
Outlaw, Maureen. “Guardians against spousal violence? A case for considering motive”. Journal of family violence, vol. 30, 2014, pp. 1-2.
Parveen Azam, Ali; Dhingra, Katie & Mcgarry, Julie. “A literature review of intimate partner violence and its classifications”. Aggression and Violent Behavior, vol. 31, n.º 1, 2016, pp. 16-25.
Payne, Brian K.; Ruth A. Triplett & George E. Higg ins. “The relationship between self-control, witnessing domestic violence, and subsequent violence”. Deviant behavior, vol. 32, n.º 9, 2011, pp. 769-789.
Perela Larrosa, Marta. “Violencia de género: violencia psicológica”. Foro, Nueva época, n.º 11-12, 2010, pp. 353-376.
Pratt, Travis C. et al. “Self-control and victimization: a meta-analysis”. Criminology, vol. 52, n.º 1, 2014, pp. 87-116.
Sellers, Christine S. “Self-control and intimate violence: an examination of the scope and specification of the general theory of crime”. Criminology, vol. 37, n.º 2, 1999, pp. 375-404.
Serrano Maíllo, Alfonso. Introducción a la criminología. Madrid, Dykinson, 2009.
Stith, Sandra M.; Karen H. Rosen; Kimberly A. Middleton; Amy L. Busch; Kirsten Lundeberg & Russell P. Carlton. “The intergenerational transmission of spouse abuse: A Meta-Analysis”. Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 62, n.º 3, 2000, pp. 640-654.
Taralynne Brewer, Krista; John K. Cochran; Ráchael A. Powers & Christine S. Sellers. “Intimate partner violence and the capacity and desire for self-control”. Deviant behavior. 2018. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2018.1438066
Weijer, Steve Ga van de; Terence P. Thornberry; Catrien Cjh Bijleveld & Arjan Aj Blokland. “The effects of parental divorce on the intergenerational transmission of crime”. Societies, vol. 5, 2015, pp. 89-108.
Wick S., Elizabeth et al. “Patterns of cyber harassment and perpetration among college students in the United States”. International Journal of Ciber Criminology, vol. 11, n.º 1, 2017, pp. 24-38.
Wikström, Per-Olof H. & Kyle Treiber. “The role of self-control crime causation. Beyon Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime”. European Journal of Criminology, vol.4, n.º 2, 2007, pp. 237-264.
Wikström, Per-Olof H.; Richard P. Mann & Beth Hardie. “Young people’s differential ulnerability to criminogenic exposure. Bridging the gap between people and place oriented approaches in the study of crime causation”. European Journal of Criminology, vol.15, n.º 1, 2018, pp. 10-31.
Wilkinson, Deanna L. & Susan J. Hamerschlag. “Situational determinants in intimate partner violence”. Aggression and Violent Behavior, vol. 10, n.º 3, 2005, pp. 333-361.
Woollett, Nataly & Kirsten Thomson. “Understanding the intergenerational transmission of violence”. S. A. Medical Journal, vol. 106, n.º 11, 2016, pp. 1.068-1.070.
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Juana Dolores Santana Hernández - 2019
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spelling Santana Hernández, Juana Dolores4837580b-2546-4b97-ada3-fa641742bfab2019-12-03 08:41:032022-09-08T13:44:33Z2019-12-03 08:41:032022-09-08T13:44:33Z2019-12-03La oportunidad es uno de los elementos necesarios para que una persona cometa un delito. La mayoría de los estudios criminológicos sobre la oportunidad se centran en delitos de robo, tráfico de estupefacientes o delincuencia callejera, y son muy escasos los que estudian este aspecto de la criminología en los delitos de violencia que se cometen contra la propia familia o pareja íntima. En este trabajo nos propusimos explorar las características de la oportunidad en los casos en los cuales se cometen delitos de violencia de género y familiar. Para ello analizamos las sentencias del Tribunal Supremo de España sobre esta materia, comprendidas entre los años 2008 y 2018. Los datos revelan que en este tipo de delitos la oportunidad reviste una serie de características que la diferencia de otros delitos al producirse en un contexto donde hay, o se espera que haya, un clima de confianza, afecto y reciprocidad. En estos delitos, los agresores no solo aprovechan la oportunidad, sino que, a menudo, la preparan de antemano. Actúan en unos escenarios ocultos a la mirada de otras personas y al control social, lo que hace que sea muy difícil la prevención por parte de la víctima y de la sociedad.The opportunity is one of the necessary elements for a person to commit a crime. Most criminological studies on the opportunity focus on crimes of theft, drug trafficking or street crime, and there are very few who study this aspect of criminology in crimes of violence committed against one’s family or intimate partner. In this paper we set out to explore the characteristics of the opportunity in cases where crimes of gender and family violence are committed. For this we analyze the Supreme Court’s judgments on this matter between the years 2008 to 2018. The data reveal that in this type of crime the opportunity has a series of characteristics that differentiate it from other crimes when occurring in a context where there is, or It is expected that there will be a climate of trust, affection and reciprocity. In these crimes aggressors not only take advantage of the opportunity, but often prepare it in advance. They act in a scenario that is hidden from other people’s eyes and from social control, which makes prevention by the victim and society very difficult.  application/pdf10.18601/01210483.v39n107.032346-21080121-0483https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/8118https://doi.org/10.18601/01210483.v39n107.03spaInstituto de Ciencias Penales y Criminológicashttps://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derpen/article/download/6319/8240Núm. 107 , Año 2018751074339Derecho Penal y CriminologíaAkers, Ronald L & Jennings Wesley G. “Social learning theory”, en Alex R. Piquero. The handbook of criminological theory. UK, Wiley Blackwell, 2016, pp. 230-240.Akers, Ronald L. “Self-Control as a general theory of crime”. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, vol.7, n.º 2 1991, pp. 201-211.Auty, Katherine M, David P Farrington & Jeremy W Coid. “The intergenerational transmission of criminal offending: exploring gender-specific mechanisms”. The British Journal of Criminology, vol. 57, n.º 1, 2017, pp. 215-237.Avakame, Edem F. “Intergenerational transmission of violence, sel-control, and conjugal violence: a comparative analysis of physical violence and psychological aggression”. Violence and victims, vol.13, n.º 3, 1998, pp. 301-316.Bandura, Albert. “Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities”. Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 3, [Special Issue on Evil and Violence], 1999, pp. 193-209.Bandura, Albert. Social Learning Theory. New York, General Learning Press. 1977.Besemer, Sytske, et al. “A systematic review and meta-analysis of the intergenerational transmission of criminal behavior”. Aggression and violent behavior, vol. 37, n.º 1, 2017, pp. 161-178.Black, David S.; Steve Sussman & Jennifer B. Unger. “A further look at the intergenerational transmission of violence: witnessing interparental violence in emerging adulthood”. Journal of interpersonal violence, vol. 25, n.º 6, 2009, pp. 1.022-1.042.Clodfelter, Tammatha, et al. “Sexual harassment victimization during emerging adulthood: A test of routine”. Crime & delinquency, vol. 56, n.º 3, 2008, pp. 455-481.Cortney A, Franklin, et al. “Assessing the effect of routine activity theory and self-control on property, personal, and sexual assault victimization”. Victimization, criminal justice and behavior, vol. 39, n.º 10, 2012, pp. 1296-1315.Cortney A., Franklin; Leana Allen Bouffard & Travis C. Pratt. “Sexual assault on the college campus: fraternity affiliation, male peer support, and low self-control”. Criminal Justice and Behavior, vol. 39, n.º 11, 2012, pp. 1.457-1.480.Day, Andrew & Erica Bowen. “Offending competency and coercive control in intimate partner violence”. Aggression and Violent Behavior, vol. 20, n.º 1, 2015, pp. 62-71.Delisi, Matt & Michael G. Vaughn. “The Gottfredson–Hirschi critiques revisited. Reconciling self-control theory, criminal careers, and career criminals”. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, vol. 52, n.º 5, 2008, pp. 520-537.Dichter, Melissa E. & Richard J. Gelles. “Women´s perceptions of safety and risk following police intervention for intimate partner violence”. Violence against women, vol. 18, n.º 1, 2012, pp. 44-63.Doumas, Diana; Gayla Margolin & Richard S. John. “The intergenerational transmission of aggression across three generations”. Journal of family violence, vol. 9, n.º 29, 1994, pp. 157-175.Edleson, Jefrey L. “Children´s witnessing of adult domestic violence”. Interpersonal violence, vol. 14, n.º 8, 1999, pp. 839-870.Ehrensaft, Miriam K.; Patricia Cohen; Jocelyn Brown; Elizabeth Smailes; Henian Chen & Jeffrey G. Johnson. “Intergenerational transmission of partner violence: A 20-year prospective study”. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, vol. 71, n.º 3, 2003, pp. 741-753.Felson, Marcus & Ronald V. Clarke. Opportunity makes the thief. Practical theory for crime prevention. Home Office. Londres: Police research series, paper 98, 1998.García García-Cervigón, Josefina. “El papel de la víctima en la política criminal. Especial referencia al delito de lesiones”. Revista de Derecho Penal y Criminología, 2ª época, vol. 2 extraordinario, 2004, pp. 483-500.Gottfredson, Michael R. & Travis Hirchi. A general theory of crime. Stanford, University Press, 1990.Gottfredson, Michael R. “Una teoría del control explicativa del delito”. En Alfonso Serrano Maíllo. Curso experto universitario en criminología. Madrid: UNED, 2018, pp. 191-202.Hamberger, L. Kevin; Sadie E. Larsen & Amy Lehrner. “Coercive control in intimate partner violence”. Aggression and Violent Behavior, vol. 37, n.º 1, 2017, pp. 1-11.Hirschi, Travis & Michael Gottfredson. “Commentary: testing the general theory of crime”. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, vol. 30, n.º 1, 1993, pp. 47-54.Islam, Towfiqua Mahfuza; Ismail Tareque Md; Andrew D. Tiedt & Nazrul Hoque. “The intergenerational transmission of intimate partner violence in Bangladesh”. Global Health Action, vol. 7, n.º 1, 2014, DOI: 10.3402/gha.v7.23591.Kerley, Kent R.; Xiaohe Xu & Bangon Sirisunyaluck. “Self-control, intimate partner abuse, and intimate partner victimization: testing the general theory of crime in Thailand”. Deviant Behavior, vol. 29, n.º 6, 2008, pp. 503-532.Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jennifer, Mark Hankla Colleen & Dostal Stormberg. “The relationship behavior networks of young adults: a test of the intergenerational transmission of violence hypothesis”. Journal of family violence, vol. 19, n.º 3, 2004, pp. 139-151.Ley Orgánica 1/2004, de 28 de diciembre, de Medidas de Protección Integral contra la Violencia de Género. boe núm. 313, de 29/12/2004. Entrada en vigor: 28/01/2005. Departamento: Jefatura del Estado.Mannon, James M. “Domestic and intimate violence: an application of routine activities theory”. Aggression and Violent Behavior, vol. 2, n.º 1, 1997, pp. 9-24.Nicholson, Jason & George E Higg ins. “Social structure social learning theory: preventing crime and violence”. Preventing Crime and Violence, 2017, pp. 11-20.Outlaw, Maureen. “Guardians against spousal violence? A case for considering motive”. Journal of family violence, vol. 30, 2014, pp. 1-2.Parveen Azam, Ali; Dhingra, Katie & Mcgarry, Julie. “A literature review of intimate partner violence and its classifications”. Aggression and Violent Behavior, vol. 31, n.º 1, 2016, pp. 16-25.Payne, Brian K.; Ruth A. Triplett & George E. Higg ins. “The relationship between self-control, witnessing domestic violence, and subsequent violence”. Deviant behavior, vol. 32, n.º 9, 2011, pp. 769-789.Perela Larrosa, Marta. “Violencia de género: violencia psicológica”. Foro, Nueva época, n.º 11-12, 2010, pp. 353-376.Pratt, Travis C. et al. “Self-control and victimization: a meta-analysis”. Criminology, vol. 52, n.º 1, 2014, pp. 87-116.Sellers, Christine S. “Self-control and intimate violence: an examination of the scope and specification of the general theory of crime”. Criminology, vol. 37, n.º 2, 1999, pp. 375-404.Serrano Maíllo, Alfonso. Introducción a la criminología. Madrid, Dykinson, 2009.Stith, Sandra M.; Karen H. Rosen; Kimberly A. Middleton; Amy L. Busch; Kirsten Lundeberg & Russell P. Carlton. “The intergenerational transmission of spouse abuse: A Meta-Analysis”. Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 62, n.º 3, 2000, pp. 640-654.Taralynne Brewer, Krista; John K. Cochran; Ráchael A. Powers & Christine S. Sellers. “Intimate partner violence and the capacity and desire for self-control”. Deviant behavior. 2018. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2018.1438066Weijer, Steve Ga van de; Terence P. 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Medical Journal, vol. 106, n.º 11, 2016, pp. 1.068-1.070.Juana Dolores Santana Hernández - 2019info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derpen/article/view/6319Criminology;Opportunity to Commit Crime;Gender Violence;Opportunity and Treachery;Types of Crimes;Criminal EventsCriminología;Oportunidad para cometer delito;Violencia de género;Oportunidad y alevosía;Tipos de delitos;Eventos delictivosLa oportunidad en los delitos de violencia de géneroThe opportunity in crimes of violence against womenArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREFinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationOREORE.xmltext/xml2504https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/bitstreams/77009afa-abde-4658-947c-afe8bb42b510/download44d64c78fac1678991de97a60b5059aeMD51001/8118oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/81182023-08-14 15:24:48.391https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Juana Dolores Santana Hernández - 2019https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.coUniversidad Externado de Colombiametabiblioteca@metabiblioteca.org