Automation in Investment Advice. A European Perspective

El presente artículo investiga cómo se encuadra el asesoramiento de inversión automatizado (también llamado asesoramiento robótico) en el actual marco regulatorio europeo. Desde el punto de vista de un jurista europeo se describe y define el fenómeno, destacando sus beneficios y riesgos potenciales,...

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Autores:: Rinaldo, Carlotta

Tipo de recurso:: Article of journal

Fecha de publicación:: 2023

Institución:: Universidad Externado de Colombia

Repositorio:: Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia

Idioma:: spa

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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Automation in Investment Advice. A European Perspective
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv	Automation in Investment Advice. A European Perspective
title	Automation in Investment Advice. A European Perspective
spellingShingle	Automation in Investment Advice. A European Perspective robo-advice, investment advice, investment firms, automation, FinTech Robo-advice, asesoramiento financiero, empresas de servicios de inversión, automatización, FinTech
title_short	Automation in Investment Advice. A European Perspective
title_full	Automation in Investment Advice. A European Perspective
title_fullStr	Automation in Investment Advice. A European Perspective
title_full_unstemmed	Automation in Investment Advice. A European Perspective
title_sort	Automation in Investment Advice. A European Perspective
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Rinaldo, Carlotta
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv	Rinaldo, Carlotta
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv	robo-advice, investment advice, investment firms, automation, FinTech
topic	robo-advice, investment advice, investment firms, automation, FinTech Robo-advice, asesoramiento financiero, empresas de servicios de inversión, automatización, FinTech
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Robo-advice, asesoramiento financiero, empresas de servicios de inversión, automatización, FinTech
description	El presente artículo investiga cómo se encuadra el asesoramiento de inversión automatizado (también llamado asesoramiento robótico) en el actual marco regulatorio europeo. Desde el punto de vista de un jurista europeo se describe y define el fenómeno, destacando sus beneficios y riesgos potenciales, y delineando los principales modelos de negocio en el mercado. Analiza los retos que implica la aplicación del régimen Mifid II, especialmente en el ámbito de la protección de los inversores.
publishDate	2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2023-05-29T10:42:00Z 2024-06-07T08:47:48Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2023-05-29T10:42:00Z 2024-06-07T08:47:48Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2023-05-29
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Artículo de revista
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dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
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dc.type.local.eng.fl_str_mv	Journal article
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dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv	10.18601/01234366.45.11
dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv	2346-2442
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv	0123-4366
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identifier_str_mv	10.18601/01234366.45.11 2346-2442 0123-4366
url	https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15447 https://doi.org/10.18601/01234366.45.11
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language	spa
dc.relation.bitstream.none.fl_str_mv	https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derpri/article/download/8707/14368 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derpri/article/download/8707/14369 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derpri/article/download/8707/14370
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv	Núm. 45 , Año 2023 : Julio-Diciembre
dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv	340
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv	45
dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv	309
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv	Revista de Derecho Privado
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Abraham, F.; Schmukler, S.L. and Tessada, J., “Robo-Advisors: Investing through Machines” [online], in World Bank Research and Policy Briefs, 21, 2019, No. 134881, available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3360125 [last accessed: February 1st 2022]. Accettella, F., “Gestione di patrimoni e di oicr robotizzata”, in Cian, M. and Sandei, C. (eds.), Diritto del Fintech, Padova, Cedam, 2020, 329-351. Al Mureden, E., “Autonomous cars e responsabilità civile tra disciplina vigente e prospettive de iure condendo”, Contratto e impresa, vol. 35, n.° 3, 2019, 895- 924. Alpa, G., “Quale modello normativo europeo per l’intelligenza artificiale”, Contratto e impresa, vol. 37, n.° 4, 2021, 1003-1026. Angelici, C., “Note preliminari sulle operazioni di borsa”, Banca borsa tit. cred., vol. 70, n.° 6, part i, 2017, 715-745. Annunziata, F., “I processi di mercato automatizzati e il trading algoritmico”, in Cian., M. and Sandei, C., Diritto del Fintech, Padova, Cedam, 2020, 397-407. Annunziata, F., La disciplina del mercato mobiliare, 11th ed., Torino, Giappichelli, 2021. Baker, T. and Dellaert, B., “Regulating Robo Advice across the Financial Services Industry”, Iowa L. Rev., vol. 103, n.° 2, 2018, 713-750. Barber, A.R., “Redefining Fiduciary in the Robot Age: How the Department of Labor’s New Definition Will Encourage Robo-Investment Platforms and Remove the Human Element from Investment Advising”, Wake Forest J. Bus. & ntell. Prop. L., vol. 18, n.º 2, 2018, 316-339. Ben-Shahar, O. and Schneider, C.E., More than You Wanted to Know. The Failure of Mandated Disclosure, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2014. Biferali, G., “Big Data e valutazione del merito creditizio per l’accesso al peer to peer lending”, Dir. inf. informatica, vol. 34, n.° 3, 2018, 487-509. Black, B.S., “The Legal and Institutional Preconditions for Strong Securities Market”, ucla Law Review, vol. 48, 2001, 781-855. Bussani, M. and Palmer, V.V., “The Notion of Pure Economic Loss and its Setting”, in Bussani, M. and Palmer, V.V. (eds.), Pure Economic Loss in Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 3-24. Capriglione, F. (ed.), Liber amicorum Guido Alpa, Padova, Cedam, 2019. Caratelli, M. et al., Valore della consulenza finanziaria e robo advice nella percezione degli investitori, Quaderni FinTech Consob, n.° 6, 2019. Carney, C., “Robo-Advisers and the Suitability Requirement: How They Fit in the Regulatory Framework”, Colum. Bus. L. Rev., n.° 2, 2018, 586-616. Cian, M. and Sandei, C. (eds.), Diritto del Fintech, Padova, Cedam, 2020. Comandé, G., “Intelligenza artificiale e responsabilità tra liability e accountability”, in Analisi giur. econ., part i, 2019, 169-188. Corapi, E. and Lener, R. (eds.), I diversi settori del FinTech, Padova, Cedam, 2019. Darànyi, A., “§ 30 Anwendungsfragen der digitalen Kapitalanlage”, in Möslein, F. and Omlor, S. (eds.), FinTech Handbuch, 2nd ed., München, Beck, 2021, 759-791. De Mari, M., “La profilatura finanziaria algoritmica”, in Orizzonti dir. comm., 2021, 165 ff. De Santis, F., “L’applicazione della ‘know your customer rule’ e della ‘suitability rule’ nell’ambito del robo advisory”, in Corapi, E. and Lener, R. (eds.), I diversi settori del FinTech, Padova, Cedam, 2019, 161-181. Edwards, B.P., “The Rise of Automated Investment Advice: Can Robo-Advisers Rescue the Retail Market?”, in Chi.-Kent L. Rev., n.° 93, 2018, 97-111. Fein, M., finra’s Report on Robo-Advisors: Fiduciary Implications (April 1st, 2016) [online], available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2768295 [last accessed: February 7th 2022] Fein, M.L., “Robo-Advisors: A Closer Look” [online], June 30, 2015, available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2658701 [last accessed: 7th February 2022]. Fimmanò, D. and Falcone, G. (eds.), FinTech, Napoli, esi, 2019. Finocchiaro, G. “Intelligenza artificiale e responsabilità”, in Contratto e impresa, vol. 36, n.° 2, 2020, 713-731. Finocchiaro, G. and Falce, V. (eds.), Fintech: diritti, concorrenza, regole. Le operazioni di finanziamento tecnologico, Bologna, Zanichelli, 2019. Floridi, L., “Roman Law Offers a Better Guide to Robots Than Sci-fi”, [online], Financial Times, February 22nd, 2017, available at: https://www.ft.com/content/99d60326-f85d-11e6-bd4e-68d53499ed71 [last accessed: January 31st 2022]. Ghetti, R., “Robo-advice: automazione e determinismo nei servizi di investimento ad alto valore aggiunto”, Banca borsa tit. cred., part i, 2020, 540-572. Grischuk, P., “Robo-Advice - Automatisierte Anlageberatung in der Aufsichtspraxis”, [online], August 16th 2017, available at: https://www.bafin.de/SharedDocs/Veroeffentlichungen/DE/Fachartikel/2017/fa_bj_1708_RoboAdvice.html [last accessed: February 2nd 2022]. Hornuf, L. and Dorfleitner, G., “§ 2 Allgemeiner Marktüberblick”, in Möslein, F. and Omlor, S. (eds.), FinTech Handbuch, 2nd ed., München, Beck, 2021, 25-42. Iannarone, N.G., “Computer as Confidant: Digital Investment Advice and the Fiduciary Standard”, Chi.-Kent L. Rev., vol. 93, n.° 1, 2018, 141-163. Ji, M., “Are Robots Good Fiduciaries? Regulating Robo-Advisors under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940”, Colum. L. Rev., vol. 117, n.° 6, 2017, 1543-1583. Kane, L., “Here’s Were the Term ‘Robo-Advisor’ First Appeared” [online], September 5th, 2014, available at: https://www.businessinsider.in/heres-where-the-termrobo-advisor-first-appeared/articleshow/41810079.cms [last accessed: February 2nd 2022]. Kumpan, C., “Interessenwahrung durch Robo-Advisors”, in Möslein, F. and Omlor, S. (eds.), Fintech-Handbuch, 2nd ed., München, Beck, 2021, 720-758. Lener, R., “Intelligenza artificiale e interazione umana nel robo-advice”, Riv. trim. dir. econ., supplement to n.° 3, 2021, 101-113. Liace, G., “L’investitore irrazionale”, Banca borsa tit. cred., part i, n.° 6, 2020, 966-982. Lightbourne, J., “Algorithms & Fiduciaries: Existing and Proposed Regulatory Approaches to Artificially Intelligent Financial Planners”, Duke L.J., n.° 67, 2017, 651-679. Liace, G., “Robo-advisor e finanza comportamentale”, in Fimmanò, D. and Falcone, G. (eds.), FinTech, Napoli, esi, 2019, 195-202. Linardatos, D., “§ 1 Technische und rechtliche Grundlagen”, in Linardatos, D. (ed.), Rechtshandbuch Robo Advice. Automatisierte Finanz- und Versicherungsdienste, München, Beck, 2020,1-28. Linardatos, D. (ed.), Rechtshandbuch Robo Advice. Automatisierte Finanz- und Versicherungsdienste, München, Beck, 2020. Linciano, N.; Soccorso, P. et al., La digitalizzazione della consulenza in materia di investimenti finanziari, Quaderni FinTech Consob, n.° 3, 2019. Magliano, R., “Dall’iperonimo Fintech all’iponimo robo advisor”, in Corapi, E. and Lener, R. (eds.), I diversi settori del FinTech, Padova, Cedam, 2019, 183-202. Maggiolo, M., Servizi ed attività di investimento, in Cicu, A. and Messineo, F. (eds.), Trattato di diritto civile e commerciale, Milano, Giuffrè, 2012. Marino, G., “Robo advisor e consulenza finanziaria”, in Finocchiaro, G. and Falce, V. (eds.), Fintech: diritti, concorrenza, regole. Le operazioni di finanziamento tecnologico, Bologna, Zanichelli, 2019, 425-451. Mattassoglio, F., “La profilazione dell’investitore nell’era dei Big Data. I rischi dell’estremizzazione della regola del ‘know your customer’”, in Riv. trim. dir. econ., n.° 4, suppl. 1, 2016, 233-255. Maume, P., “Regulating Robo-Advisory”, Tex. Int’l L.J., vol. 55, n.° 1, 2019, 49-87. Maume, P., “Robo-Advisors. How do they Fit in the Existing EU Regulatory Framework, in Particular with Regard to Investor Protection?”, Study requested by the econ Committee, EU Parliament [online], available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/it/document/ipol_stu(2021)662928 [last accessed: February 5th 2022]. Mezzanotte, F.E., “An Examination into the Investor Protection Properties of Robo-Advisory Services in Switzerland”, Capital Markets Law Journal, vol. 15, n.° 4, 2020, 489-508. Morera, U., “Consulenza finanziaria e robo-advisor: profili cognitivi”, Dir. banca e merc. fin., n.° 2, 2019, 205-211. Möslein, F. and Lordt, A., “Rechtsfragen des Robo-Advice”, zip, vol. 38, n.° 17, 2017, 793-802. Möslein, F., “§ 3 Leitlinien für den Einsatz künstlicher Intelligenz”, in Linardatos, D. (ed.), Rechtshandbuch Robo Advice. Automatisierte Finanz- und Versicherungsdienste, München, Beck, 2020, 58-75. Möslein, F. and Omlor, S. (eds.), Fintech-Handbuch, 2nd ed., München, Beck, 2021. Oppenheim, R. and Lange-Hausstein, C., “Robo Advisor - Anforderungen an die digitale Kapitalanlage und Vermögensverwaltung”, WM, 2016, 1966-1973. Paracampo, M.T., “Robo-advisor, consulenza finanziaria e profili regolamentari”, Riv. trim. dir. econ., n.° 4, 2016, Suppl. 1, 256-284. Paracampo, M.T., “La consulenza finanziaria automatizzata”, in Paracampo, M.T. (ed.), FinTech. Introduzione ai profili giuridici di un mercato unico tecnologico dei servizi finanziari, Torino, Giappichelli, 2017, 127-146. Paracampo, M.T. (ed.), FinTech. Introduzione ai profili giuridici di un mercato unico tecnologico dei servizi finanziari, Torino, Giappichelli, 2017. Paracampo, M.T., “L’adeguatezza della consulenza finanziaria automatizzata nelle linee guida dell’esma tra algo-governance e nuovi poteri di supervisione”, Riv. dir. bancario, 2018, 535-555. Paracampo, M.T., “FinTech tra algoritmi, trasparenza e algo-governance”, Dir. Banca e merc. fin., vol. 33, 2019, 213-247. Perrone, A., Il diritto del mercato dei capitali, 3rd ed., Milano, Giuffrè, 2020. Rinaldo, C., s.v. “La consulenza finanziaria automatizzata”, Digesto delle discipline privatistiche – Sezione commerciale, xi aggiornamento, Torino, utet Giuridica, 2022, 53 ff. Romano, R., “Intelligenza artificiale, decisioni e responsabilità in ambito finanziario: snodi problematici”, in Finocchiaro, G. and Falce, V. (eds.), Fintech: diritti, concorrenza, regole. Le operazioni di finanziamento tecnologico, Bologna, Zanichelli, 2019, 317-327. Rossano, D., “Il robo-advice alla luce della normativa vigente”, in Capriglione, F. (ed.), Liber amicorum Guido Alpa, Padova, Cedam, 2019, 365-375. Rossano, D., “La consulenza finanziaria automatizzata e la tutela degli investitori”, in Fimmanò, D. and Falcone, G. (eds.), FinTech, Napoli, esi, 2019, 209-223. Sartori, F., “La consulenza finanziaria automatizzata: problematiche e prospettive”, Riv. trim. dir. econ., n.° 3, 2018, 253-269. Schena, C.; Tanda, A. et al., Lo sviluppo di FinTech. Opportunità e rischi per l’industria finanziaria nell’era digitale, Quaderni FinTech Consob, n.° 1, 2018. Seidt, A.L.; Zaharis, N. and Jarrett, C., “Paying Attention to that Man behind the Curtain: State Securities Regulator’s Early Conversations with Robo-Advisors”, U. Tol. L. Rev., n. º 50, 2018, 501-523. Sironi, P., FinTech Innovation. From Robo-Advisors to Goal Based Investing and Gamification, Chichester West Sussex (UK), John Wiley and Sons, 2016. Strzelczyk, B.E., “Rise of the Machines: The Legal Implications for Investor Protection with the Rise of Robo-Advisors”, De Paul Bus. & Comm. L.J., vol. 16, n.° 1, 2017, 54-85. Tampieri, M., “L’intelligenza artificiale: una nuova sfida anche per le automobili”, Contratto e impresa, vol. 36, n.º 2, 2020, 732-759. Teubner, G., “Digitale Rechtssubjekte? Zum privatrechtlichen Status autonomer Softwareagenten – Digital Personhood? The Status of Autonomous Software Agents in Private Law” [online], Ancilla Iuris, 2018, 35-78, available at: https://www.anci.ch/articles/Ancilla2018_Teubner_35.pdf [last accessed: February 2nd 2022]. van Boom, W.H., “Pure Economic Loss: A Comparative Perspective”, in van Boom, W.H.; Koziol. H. and Witting, C.A. (eds.), Pure Economic Loss, Wien-New York, Springer, 2004, 1-40. Wiener, N., The Human Use of Human Beings, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1950.
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv	Carlotta Rinaldo - 2023
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spelling	Rinaldo, Carlotta2023-05-29T10:42:00Z2024-06-07T08:47:48Z2023-05-29T10:42:00Z2024-06-07T08:47:48Z2023-05-29El presente artículo investiga cómo se encuadra el asesoramiento de inversión automatizado (también llamado asesoramiento robótico) en el actual marco regulatorio europeo. Desde el punto de vista de un jurista europeo se describe y define el fenómeno, destacando sus beneficios y riesgos potenciales, y delineando los principales modelos de negocio en el mercado. Analiza los retos que implica la aplicación del régimen Mifid II, especialmente en el ámbito de la protección de los inversores.This article investigates how automated investment advice (often called robo-advice) fits into the current European regulatory framework. It depicts and defines the phenomenon through the eyes of a European lawyer, both overviewing its potential benefits and risks, and outlining the main business models on the market. It analyses the challenges posed by the application of the Mifid ii regime, especially in terms of investor protection.application/pdftext/htmltext/xml10.18601/01234366.45.112346-24420123-4366https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15447https://doi.org/10.18601/01234366.45.11spaDepartamento de Derecho Civilhttps://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derpri/article/download/8707/14368https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derpri/article/download/8707/14369https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derpri/article/download/8707/14370Núm. 45 , Año 2023 : Julio-Diciembre34045309Revista de Derecho PrivadoAbraham, F.; Schmukler, S.L. and Tessada, J., “Robo-Advisors: Investing through Machines” [online], in World Bank Research and Policy Briefs, 21, 2019, No. 134881, available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3360125 [last accessed: February 1st 2022].Accettella, F., “Gestione di patrimoni e di oicr robotizzata”, in Cian, M. and Sandei, C. (eds.), Diritto del Fintech, Padova, Cedam, 2020, 329-351.Al Mureden, E., “Autonomous cars e responsabilità civile tra disciplina vigente e prospettive de iure condendo”, Contratto e impresa, vol. 35, n.° 3, 2019, 895- 924.Alpa, G., “Quale modello normativo europeo per l’intelligenza artificiale”, Contratto e impresa, vol. 37, n.° 4, 2021, 1003-1026.Angelici, C., “Note preliminari sulle operazioni di borsa”, Banca borsa tit. cred., vol. 70, n.° 6, part i, 2017, 715-745.Annunziata, F., “I processi di mercato automatizzati e il trading algoritmico”, in Cian., M. and Sandei, C., Diritto del Fintech, Padova, Cedam, 2020, 397-407.Annunziata, F., La disciplina del mercato mobiliare, 11th ed., Torino, Giappichelli, 2021.Baker, T. and Dellaert, B., “Regulating Robo Advice across the Financial Services Industry”, Iowa L. Rev., vol. 103, n.° 2, 2018, 713-750.Barber, A.R., “Redefining Fiduciary in the Robot Age: How the Department of Labor’s New Definition Will Encourage Robo-Investment Platforms and Remove the Human Element from Investment Advising”, Wake Forest J. Bus. & ntell. Prop. L., vol. 18, n.º 2, 2018, 316-339.Ben-Shahar, O. and Schneider, C.E., More than You Wanted to Know. The Failure of Mandated Disclosure, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2014.Biferali, G., “Big Data e valutazione del merito creditizio per l’accesso al peer to peer lending”, Dir. inf. informatica, vol. 34, n.° 3, 2018, 487-509.Black, B.S., “The Legal and Institutional Preconditions for Strong Securities Market”, ucla Law Review, vol. 48, 2001, 781-855.Bussani, M. and Palmer, V.V., “The Notion of Pure Economic Loss and its Setting”, in Bussani, M. and Palmer, V.V. (eds.), Pure Economic Loss in Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 3-24.Capriglione, F. (ed.), Liber amicorum Guido Alpa, Padova, Cedam, 2019.Caratelli, M. et al., Valore della consulenza finanziaria e robo advice nella percezione degli investitori, Quaderni FinTech Consob, n.° 6, 2019.Carney, C., “Robo-Advisers and the Suitability Requirement: How They Fit in the Regulatory Framework”, Colum. Bus. L. Rev., n.° 2, 2018, 586-616.Cian, M. and Sandei, C. (eds.), Diritto del Fintech, Padova, Cedam, 2020.Comandé, G., “Intelligenza artificiale e responsabilità tra liability e accountability”, in Analisi giur. econ., part i, 2019, 169-188.Corapi, E. and Lener, R. (eds.), I diversi settori del FinTech, Padova, Cedam, 2019.Darànyi, A., “§ 30 Anwendungsfragen der digitalen Kapitalanlage”, in Möslein, F. and Omlor, S. (eds.), FinTech Handbuch, 2nd ed., München, Beck, 2021, 759-791.De Mari, M., “La profilatura finanziaria algoritmica”, in Orizzonti dir. comm., 2021, 165 ff.De Santis, F., “L’applicazione della ‘know your customer rule’ e della ‘suitability rule’ nell’ambito del robo advisory”, in Corapi, E. and Lener, R. (eds.), I diversi settori del FinTech, Padova, Cedam, 2019, 161-181.Edwards, B.P., “The Rise of Automated Investment Advice: Can Robo-Advisers Rescue the Retail Market?”, in Chi.-Kent L. Rev., n.° 93, 2018, 97-111.Fein, M., finra’s Report on Robo-Advisors: Fiduciary Implications (April 1st, 2016) [online], available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2768295 [last accessed: February 7th 2022]Fein, M.L., “Robo-Advisors: A Closer Look” [online], June 30, 2015, available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2658701 [last accessed: 7th February 2022].Fimmanò, D. and Falcone, G. (eds.), FinTech, Napoli, esi, 2019.Finocchiaro, G. “Intelligenza artificiale e responsabilità”, in Contratto e impresa, vol. 36, n.° 2, 2020, 713-731.Finocchiaro, G. and Falce, V. (eds.), Fintech: diritti, concorrenza, regole. 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A European PerspectiveArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationOREORE.xmltext/xml2486https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/bitstreams/9d04a8d7-15e1-4298-8c2d-b45d05bc0ed8/download193defccf5c06ac8816dc5b629f846fbMD51001/15447oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/154472024-06-07 03:47:48.333http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0Carlotta Rinaldo - 2023https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.coUniversidad Externado de Colombiametabiblioteca@metabiblioteca.org

Automation in Investment Advice. A European Perspective

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