Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata

Las ciudades costeras de la India han jugado un papel fundamental en las relaciones internacionales a través de la cultura, el comercio y la conectividad desde el pasado lejano. En los tiempos modernos, las ciudades costeras como Mumbai (antes Bombay) en la costa arábiga y Kolkata (antes Calcuta) e...

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Autores:: Nayak, Lulubala

Tipo de recurso:: Article of journal

Fecha de publicación:: 2023

Institución:: Universidad Externado de Colombia

Repositorio:: Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia

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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv	Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
title	Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
spellingShingle	Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata New economic policy; coalition politics; federalism; commerce; culture; connectivity nueva política económica; política de coalición; federalismo; comercio; cultura; conectividad
title_short	Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
title_full	Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
title_fullStr	Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
title_full_unstemmed	Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
title_sort	Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Nayak, Lulubala
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv	Nayak, Lulubala
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv	New economic policy; coalition politics; federalism; commerce; culture; connectivity
topic	New economic policy; coalition politics; federalism; commerce; culture; connectivity nueva política económica; política de coalición; federalismo; comercio; cultura; conectividad
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	nueva política económica; política de coalición; federalismo; comercio; cultura; conectividad
description	Las ciudades costeras de la India han jugado un papel fundamental en las relaciones internacionales a través de la cultura, el comercio y la conectividad desde el pasado lejano. En los tiempos modernos, las ciudades costeras como Mumbai (antes Bombay) en la costa arábiga y Kolkata (antes Calcuta) en la bahía de Bengala han sido actores activos en los asuntos internacionales. Si bien Mumbai ha sido el centro del comercio internacional, Kolkata ha sido el punto de unión de la bonhomía cultural con Bangladesh y los países del sudeste asiático, que ganó más fuerza debido a los movimientos transfronterizos de tecnología, información, educación, comercio y finanzas, y herramientas artísticas reforzadas por la Nueva Política Económica que comenzó a principios de los años noventa. Los estados indios y las ciudades metropolitanas están mejorando su posición en los asuntos internacionales con ganancias tangibles. Mumbai se conoce como la capital financiera de la India y la sede de grandes casas comerciales y organizaciones financieras globales. Del mismo modo, Kolkata es conocida como la capital cultural de la India (Sri Aurobindo, Tagore, Shanti Niketan, arte y cultura popular bengalí, etc.) y un destino para turistas, artistas e investigadores extranjeros. Este artículo examina el crecimiento y el impacto de la diplomacia de las ciudades en la India a través del prisma del federalismo en la promoción de los intereses locales en la política internacional. Intenta evaluar el papel de las ciudades indias desde una perspectiva comparativa en la conducción de la diplomacia de la ciudad a partir de los aspectos económicos y culturales.
publishDate	2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2023-06-29T12:36:36Z 2024-06-05T20:04:53Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2023-06-29T12:36:36Z 2024-06-05T20:04:53Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2023-06-29
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Artículo de revista
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dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv	Núm. 38 , Año 2023 : Julio-Diciembre
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dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Acuto, M. (2013). World politics by other means? London, city diplomacy and the Olympics. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 8(3-4), 287-311. doi:doi:1 0.1163/1871191x-12341255 Acuto, M., Kosovac, A., & Hartley, K. (2021). City diplomacy: Another generational shift? Diplomatica: A Journal of Diplomacy and Society, 3(1), 137-146. doi:10.1163/25891774-03010007 Amoils, A. (2022, September 13). The 20 wealthiest cities in the world for 2022. New World Wealth. https://www.henleyglobal.com/publications/ henley-global-citizens-report/2022-q3/global-insights/20-wealthiest-cities-world-2022 Asthana, A., & Happymon, J. (2017). The growing power of states in India’s foreign policy. International Negotiation, 317-343. Basu, P., & Bhowmick, S. (2021, April 22). As India acts East, the role of West Bengal. Observer Research Foundation. file:///C:/Users/silun/OneDrive/ Desktop/PhD%20Viva/Thesis/1500116005_doc_thesis_document%20word%20file%20 %20final.pdf Bhowmick, S., & Basu, P. (2021, April 24). Reimagining Kolkata: Driving diplomacy and growth in the east. Observer Research Foundation. https://www. orfonline.org/expert-speak/reimagining-kolkata-driving-diplomacy-and-growth-in-the-east/ Birch, E. L. (2016, October n.d. No. 3 Vol. LIII). UN Chronicle. www.un.org. https://www.un.org/en/ chronicle/article/new-urban-agendas-road-map-planning-urban-spatial-development-tangible-manageable-and-measurable Bose, M. (2021, October 05). Mumbai women to fight climate change under new initiative. Deccan Herald. https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ west/mumbai-women-to-fight-climate-change-under-new-initiative-1037584.html Business Standard (2015, July 28). West Bengal and Britain sign 21 MoUs. Retrieved from Business Standard: https://www.business-standard.com/ amp/article/pti-stories/west-bengal-and-britain-sign-21-mous-15072800025_1.html Chatterji, R., & Saha, S. (2017). Para-diplomacy: Concept and the context. India Quarterly, 375-394. Chaudhury, J. (1993). Federalism & the siamese twins: diversity & entropy in India’s domestic and foreign policy. International Journal of Ethnic Tension &Nationalism, 48(03), 448-469. Choudhury, R. R. (2019, January 26). India to host global culinary competition for young chefs. Retrieved from The sunday guardian: https://sundayguardi-anlive.com/lifestyle/india-host-global-culinary-competition-young-chefs Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT). (2022, June n.d). Fact sheet on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow from April, 2000 to June, 2022. Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT). https:// dpiit.gov.in/sites/default/files/FDI_Factsheet_ June_2022.pdf Dhawan, R. K. (2019). Korea’s para-diplomacy with states in India: An analysis of the ‘Caravan Events’. Strategic Analysis, 1-13. Dutta, R. (2016, May 03). Biswa Bangla to present ‘Heritage arts and crafts of West Bengal’ exhibition in the UK. Asian Voice. https://www. asian-voice.com/Culture/Art/Biswa-Bangla-to-present-%27Heritage-Arts-and-Crafts-of-West- Bengal%27-exhibition-in Eyssallenne, J. G. (2022, June 14). Mumbai, where Indian ocean diasporas and cosmopolitanisms meet. daily. jstor.org. https://daily.jstor.org/mumbai-indian-ocean-diasporas-cosmpolitanisms-meet/ Get Bengal (2021, August 11). Season’s tallest Durga idol sets sail for USA. www.getbengal.com. https:// www.getbengal.com/details/seasons-tallest-durga-idol-sets-sail-for-usa Global Power City Index (2022). Global Power City Index Report 2021. Institute for Urban Strategies. Grandi, L. K. (2020). City diplomacy. Springer Nature. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60717-3 Hazarika, O. B. (2014). Evolving dynamics of federalism and foreign policy. Engagement of Indian states in external affairs. Indian Foreign Affairs Journal, 33-45. Hazra, A. (2020, April 27). Bengal: The pivot for Act East policy. The Geopolitics. https://thegeopolitics. com/bengal-the-pivot-for-act-east-policy/ Hindustan Times. (2022, March 06). BMC plans ‘sister city square’ to celebrate Mumbai’s bond with its 15 sister cities. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindu-stantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bmc-plans-sister-city-square-to-celebrate-mumbai-s-bond-with-its-15-sister-cities-101646579820018.html Kelley, J. R. (2010). The new diplomacy: Evolution of a revolution. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 21(2), 286-305. Kumar, K. (2018, May 24). Dead end for Mumbai’s International Finance Centre dream. The Economic Timeshttps://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ news/economy/infrastructure/dead-end-for-mumbais-international-finance-centre-dream/ articleshow/64297769.cms Leffel, B. (2018). Animus of the underling: Theorizing city diplomacy in a world society. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 13(4), 502-522. https://doi. org/10.1163/1871191X-13040025 Ma, R. (2014, February 05). Domestic politics and India’s foreign policy making in the Sino- Indian territorial dispute. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 07(01), 102-113. Maini, T. S. (2018). Increasing Role of Provinces in India’s Foreign Policy. In S. Ragi, S. Sodhi, & V. Pathak, Imagining India as a global power: pros¬pects and challenges. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. Malone. (2011). Soft power in Indian foreign policy. , Vol. Economic and Political Weekly, 46(36), 35-39 Mankikar, K. A. (2021, January 28). Paradiplomacy is key for Mumbai to realise full potential. Observer Research Foundation. https://www.orfonline.org/ expert-speak/paradiplomacy-key-mumbai-realise-full-otential/#:~:text=Paradiplomacy%20and%20leveraging%20links%20with%20 other%20cities%20is,was%20enriched%20t-hrough%20its%20links%20to%20the%20 world. Marchetti, R. (2021). City Diplomacy: From city-states to global cities. University of Michigan Press, 2021. Mishra, A. R. (2019, May 19). In the Delhi versus Mumbai battle for FDI, Delhi is winning. www.livemint. com. https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/ in-the-delhi-versus-mumbai-battle-for-fdi-delhi-is-winning-1559110775212.html Nandi, S. (2020, 30 November). Bengal surpasses Rajashthan, ranks 5th in foreign tourist arrivals. Milleniumpost. https://www.millenniumpost.in/ kolkata/bengal-surpasses-rajashthan-ranks-5th-in-foreign-tourist-arrivals-425163 Natarajan, A. (2019). Democratisation of foreign policy: India’s Experience with paradiplomacy. Law and Development Review, 1-22. Nicolson, H. G. (1953). The evolution of diplomatic method being the Chichele lectures delivered at the University of Oxford in November 1953. Oxford University Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/ ahr%2F61.1.88 Paquin, S. (2020). Paradiplomacy. In T. Balzacq, F. Charillon, & F. Ramel, Diplomacy: An Introduction to Theory and Practice (pp. 49-62). Switzerland. Rajashekara, H. (1994, April - June). Nehru and Indian federalism. The Indian Journal of Political Science, 55(2), 135-148. Robert, J., & Feilleux, L. (2017). Global governance diplomacy: The critical role of diplomacy in addressing global problems. Rawman & Littlefield. Shehadi, S. (2021, November 02). Mumbai shows its strength in diversity. Investment Monitor. https:// www.investmentmonitor.ai/analysis/mumbai-in-vestment-fdi-covid-automotive#:~:text=As%20 the%20capital%20of%20Maharashtra%2C%20 India%E2%80%99s%20third-largest%20 region,state%20for%20foreign%20direct%20in-vestment%20%28FDI%29%20across%20India. Shira, D., & Associates (2019, June 20). Special economic zones and warehousing clusters in Mumbai. India Briefing. https://www.india-briefing. com/news/special-economic-zones-warehousing-clusters-mumbai-18905.html/ Singh, N., & Srinivasan, T. (2006). Indian federalism, economic reform, and globalization. In W. Jes¬sica, & T. Srinivasan. Federalism and Economic Reform: International Perspectives (pp. 301-363). Cambridge University Press. The Economic Times (2017, August 27). External affairs ministry is now more people-oriented: Sushma Swaraj. The Economic Times. https://economic-times.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ external-affairs-ministry-is-now-more-people-oriented-sushma-swaraj/articleshow/60246595. cms The Economic Times (2021, January 15). At 18 million, India has the world’s largest diaspora population. www.economictimes.indiatimes.com: https:// economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/migrate/ at-18-million-india-has-the-worlds-largest-di¬aspora-population/articleshow/80290768.cms
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spelling	Nayak, Lulubala2023-06-29T12:36:36Z2024-06-05T20:04:53Z2023-06-29T12:36:36Z2024-06-05T20:04:53Z2023-06-29Las ciudades costeras de la India han jugado un papel fundamental en las relaciones internacionales a través de la cultura, el comercio y la conectividad desde el pasado lejano. En los tiempos modernos, las ciudades costeras como Mumbai (antes Bombay) en la costa arábiga y Kolkata (antes Calcuta) en la bahía de Bengala han sido actores activos en los asuntos internacionales. Si bien Mumbai ha sido el centro del comercio internacional, Kolkata ha sido el punto de unión de la bonhomía cultural con Bangladesh y los países del sudeste asiático, que ganó más fuerza debido a los movimientos transfronterizos de tecnología, información, educación, comercio y finanzas, y herramientas artísticas reforzadas por la Nueva Política Económica que comenzó a principios de los años noventa. Los estados indios y las ciudades metropolitanas están mejorando su posición en los asuntos internacionales con ganancias tangibles. Mumbai se conoce como la capital financiera de la India y la sede de grandes casas comerciales y organizaciones financieras globales. Del mismo modo, Kolkata es conocida como la capital cultural de la India (Sri Aurobindo, Tagore, Shanti Niketan, arte y cultura popular bengalí, etc.) y un destino para turistas, artistas e investigadores extranjeros. Este artículo examina el crecimiento y el impacto de la diplomacia de las ciudades en la India a través del prisma del federalismo en la promoción de los intereses locales en la política internacional. Intenta evaluar el papel de las ciudades indias desde una perspectiva comparativa en la conducción de la diplomacia de la ciudad a partir de los aspectos económicos y culturales.India’s coastal cities have been playing a pivotal role in international relations through culture, commerce, and connectivity since the hoary past. In modern times, coastal cities such as Mumbai (formerly Bombay) on the Arabian Coast and Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) on the Bay of Bengal have been active actors in international affairs. While Mumbai has been the hub of international trade and commerce, Kolkata has been the junction of cultural bonhomie with Bangladesh and Southeast Asian countries, which gained more traction due to cross-border movements of technology, information, education, trade and finance, and artistic tools bolstered by the New Economic Policy beginning in the early 1990s. Indian states and metropolitan cities are enhancing their positions in international affairs with tangible gains. Mumbai is referred to as India’s financial capital and the home to the headquarters of great global business houses and financial organisations. Similarly, Kolkata is known as the cultural capital of India (Sri Aurobindo, Tagore, Shanti Niketan, Bengali folk art and culture etc.) and a destination for foreign tourists, artists and curious researchers. This paper examines the growth and impact of city diplomacy in India through the prism of federalism in advancing local interests in international politics. It attempts to assess the role of Indian cities from a comparative perspective in the conduct of city diplomacy from economic and cultural aspects.application/pdftext/htmltext/xml10.18601/16577558.n38.072346-21321657-7558https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15172https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n38.07spaFacultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionaleshttps://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/8866/14662https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/8866/14663https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/8866/14664Núm. 38 , Año 2023 : Julio-Diciembre13638119OasisAcuto, M. (2013). World politics by other means? London, city diplomacy and the Olympics. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 8(3-4), 287-311. doi:doi:1 0.1163/1871191x-12341255Acuto, M., Kosovac, A., & Hartley, K. (2021). City diplomacy: Another generational shift? Diplomatica: A Journal of Diplomacy and Society, 3(1), 137-146. doi:10.1163/25891774-03010007Amoils, A. (2022, September 13). The 20 wealthiest cities in the world for 2022. New World Wealth. https://www.henleyglobal.com/publications/ henley-global-citizens-report/2022-q3/global-insights/20-wealthiest-cities-world-2022Asthana, A., & Happymon, J. (2017). The growing power of states in India’s foreign policy. International Negotiation, 317-343.Basu, P., & Bhowmick, S. (2021, April 22). As India acts East, the role of West Bengal. Observer Research Foundation. file:///C:/Users/silun/OneDrive/ Desktop/PhD%20Viva/Thesis/1500116005_doc_thesis_document%20word%20file%20 %20final.pdfBhowmick, S., & Basu, P. (2021, April 24). Reimagining Kolkata: Driving diplomacy and growth in the east. Observer Research Foundation. https://www. orfonline.org/expert-speak/reimagining-kolkata-driving-diplomacy-and-growth-in-the-east/Birch, E. L. (2016, October n.d. No. 3 Vol. LIII). UN Chronicle. www.un.org. https://www.un.org/en/ chronicle/article/new-urban-agendas-road-map-planning-urban-spatial-development-tangible-manageable-and-measurableBose, M. (2021, October 05). Mumbai women to fight climate change under new initiative. Deccan Herald. https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ west/mumbai-women-to-fight-climate-change-under-new-initiative-1037584.htmlBusiness Standard (2015, July 28). West Bengal and Britain sign 21 MoUs. Retrieved from Business Standard: https://www.business-standard.com/ amp/article/pti-stories/west-bengal-and-britain-sign-21-mous-15072800025_1.htmlChatterji, R., & Saha, S. (2017). Para-diplomacy: Concept and the context. India Quarterly, 375-394.Chaudhury, J. (1993). Federalism & the siamese twins: diversity & entropy in India’s domestic and foreign policy. International Journal of Ethnic Tension &Nationalism, 48(03), 448-469.Choudhury, R. R. (2019, January 26). India to host global culinary competition for young chefs. Retrieved from The sunday guardian: https://sundayguardi-anlive.com/lifestyle/india-host-global-culinary-competition-young-chefsDepartment for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT). (2022, June n.d). Fact sheet on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow from April, 2000 to June, 2022. Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT). https:// dpiit.gov.in/sites/default/files/FDI_Factsheet_ June_2022.pdfDhawan, R. K. (2019). Korea’s para-diplomacy with states in India: An analysis of the ‘Caravan Events’. Strategic Analysis, 1-13.Dutta, R. (2016, May 03). Biswa Bangla to present ‘Heritage arts and crafts of West Bengal’ exhibition in the UK. Asian Voice. https://www. asian-voice.com/Culture/Art/Biswa-Bangla-to-present-%27Heritage-Arts-and-Crafts-of-West- Bengal%27-exhibition-inEyssallenne, J. G. (2022, June 14). Mumbai, where Indian ocean diasporas and cosmopolitanisms meet. daily. jstor.org. https://daily.jstor.org/mumbai-indian-ocean-diasporas-cosmpolitanisms-meet/Get Bengal (2021, August 11). Season’s tallest Durga idol sets sail for USA. www.getbengal.com. https:// www.getbengal.com/details/seasons-tallest-durga-idol-sets-sail-for-usaGlobal Power City Index (2022). Global Power City Index Report 2021. Institute for Urban Strategies.Grandi, L. K. (2020). City diplomacy. Springer Nature. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60717-3Hazarika, O. B. (2014). Evolving dynamics of federalism and foreign policy. Engagement of Indian states in external affairs. Indian Foreign Affairs Journal, 33-45.Hazra, A. (2020, April 27). Bengal: The pivot for Act East policy. The Geopolitics. https://thegeopolitics. com/bengal-the-pivot-for-act-east-policy/Hindustan Times. (2022, March 06). BMC plans ‘sister city square’ to celebrate Mumbai’s bond with its 15 sister cities. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindu-stantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bmc-plans-sister-city-square-to-celebrate-mumbai-s-bond-with-its-15-sister-cities-101646579820018.htmlKelley, J. R. (2010). The new diplomacy: Evolution of a revolution. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 21(2), 286-305.Kumar, K. (2018, May 24). Dead end for Mumbai’s International Finance Centre dream. The Economic Timeshttps://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ news/economy/infrastructure/dead-end-for-mumbais-international-finance-centre-dream/ articleshow/64297769.cmsLeffel, B. (2018). Animus of the underling: Theorizing city diplomacy in a world society. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 13(4), 502-522. https://doi. org/10.1163/1871191X-13040025Ma, R. (2014, February 05). Domestic politics and India’s foreign policy making in the Sino- Indian territorial dispute. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 07(01), 102-113.Maini, T. S. (2018). Increasing Role of Provinces in India’s Foreign Policy. In S. Ragi, S. Sodhi, & V. 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The Economic Times. https://economic-times.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ external-affairs-ministry-is-now-more-people-oriented-sushma-swaraj/articleshow/60246595. cmsThe Economic Times (2021, January 15). At 18 million, India has the world’s largest diaspora population. www.economictimes.indiatimes.com: https:// economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/migrate/ at-18-million-india-has-the-worlds-largest-di¬aspora-population/articleshow/80290768.cmsLulubala Nayak - 2023info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/8866New economic policy;coalition politics;federalism;commerce;culture;connectivitynueva política económica;política de coalición;federalismo;comercio;cultura;conectividadEconomic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and KolkataEconomic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and KolkataArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationOREORE.xmltext/xml2616https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/bitstreams/55558e47-81dc-4944-8c67-0008c14ffed7/download949ce6f38d699d32580cdcc4514abaa8MD51001/15172oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/151722024-06-05 15:04:54.048http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0Lulubala Nayak - 2023https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.coUniversidad Externado de Colombiametabiblioteca@metabiblioteca.org

Economic and Soft Power Component of India’s City Diplomacy: With Special Reference to Mumbai and Kolkata

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