La diplomacia india y rusa de la vacuna en sus esferas de influencia en épocas de pandemia
Nuevas aristas emergen en las dinámicas de la política internacional, no solo a nivel global, sino en las distintas regiones del mundo, tras la aparición de la pandemia de la covid-19. Este artículo se propone caracterizar el uso de las vacunas como herramienta diplomática por parte de India y Rusia...
- Autores:
-
Arévalo Franco, Kelly Johana
Trejos Mateus, Francisco Daniel
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Universidad Externado de Colombia
- Repositorio:
- Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/8591
- Acceso en línea:
- https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/8591
https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n36.04
- Palabra clave:
- India;
Russia; Eurasia;
diplomacy;
vaccine
India;
Rusia;
Eurasia;
diplomacia;
vacuna
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Kelly Johana Arévalo Franco, Francisco Daniel Trejos Mateus - 2022
| id |
uexternad2_90975aad482d9899c2bcff3bbadc7330 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/8591 |
| network_acronym_str |
uexternad2 |
| network_name_str |
Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
La diplomacia india y rusa de la vacuna en sus esferas de influencia en épocas de pandemia |
| dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv |
Indian and Russian Vaccine Diplomacy in Their Spheres of Influence in Pandemic Times |
| title |
La diplomacia india y rusa de la vacuna en sus esferas de influencia en épocas de pandemia |
| spellingShingle |
La diplomacia india y rusa de la vacuna en sus esferas de influencia en épocas de pandemia India; Russia; Eurasia; diplomacy; vaccine India; Rusia; Eurasia; diplomacia; vacuna |
| title_short |
La diplomacia india y rusa de la vacuna en sus esferas de influencia en épocas de pandemia |
| title_full |
La diplomacia india y rusa de la vacuna en sus esferas de influencia en épocas de pandemia |
| title_fullStr |
La diplomacia india y rusa de la vacuna en sus esferas de influencia en épocas de pandemia |
| title_full_unstemmed |
La diplomacia india y rusa de la vacuna en sus esferas de influencia en épocas de pandemia |
| title_sort |
La diplomacia india y rusa de la vacuna en sus esferas de influencia en épocas de pandemia |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Arévalo Franco, Kelly Johana Trejos Mateus, Francisco Daniel |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Arévalo Franco, Kelly Johana Trejos Mateus, Francisco Daniel |
| dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv |
India; Russia; Eurasia; diplomacy; vaccine |
| topic |
India; Russia; Eurasia; diplomacy; vaccine India; Rusia; Eurasia; diplomacia; vacuna |
| dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
India; Rusia; Eurasia; diplomacia; vacuna |
| description |
Nuevas aristas emergen en las dinámicas de la política internacional, no solo a nivel global, sino en las distintas regiones del mundo, tras la aparición de la pandemia de la covid-19. Este artículo se propone caracterizar el uso de las vacunas como herramienta diplomática por parte de India y Rusia sobre sus regiones de influencia tradicional: el sur y el centro de Asia. La investigación hace uso del estudio de caso y se basa en el procesamiento e interpretación de fuentes primarias y secundarias, entre agosto de 2020 y noviembre de 2021. Rusia intensifica su presencia en Asia Central, donde su vacuna tiene mayor arraigo y aceptación, e India recobra su influencia en países vecinos como Nepal y Sri Lanka. Al tiempo que buscan mejorar su prestigio regional, sus acciones contrarrestan la creciente injerencia de China en estas dos regiones. Los beneficios de estas dos potencias medias asiáticas se concentran en un aumento de su prestigio internacional, oportunidades de comercio y contrapeso a China; además de que inciden en las decisiones de otros países, que se tambalean entre una política exterior alineada y multivectorial. |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-06-17 14:56:38 2022-09-08T13:50:41Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-06-17 14:56:38 2022-09-08T13:50:41Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-06-17 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
| dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.local.eng.fl_str_mv |
Journal article |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.18601/16577558.n36.04 |
| dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv |
2346-2132 |
| dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv |
1657-7558 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/8591 |
| dc.identifier.url.none.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n36.04 |
| identifier_str_mv |
10.18601/16577558.n36.04 2346-2132 1657-7558 |
| url |
https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/8591 https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n36.04 |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
spa |
| language |
spa |
| dc.relation.bitstream.none.fl_str_mv |
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/7893/12114 |
| dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv |
Núm. 36 , Año 2022 : Julio-Diciembre |
| dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv |
60 |
| dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv |
36 |
| dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv |
39 |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Oasis |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
24 KG. (2021, 21 de mayo). Вопрос запуска производства вакцины “Спутник V” в КР еще обсуждается (La cuestión del lanzamiento de la producción de la vacuna Sputnik V en la República Kirguisa todavía se está debatiendo). 24 KG. https://24.kg/vlast/194841_vopros_zapuska_proizvodstva_vaktsinyi_sputnik_V_vkresche_obsujdaetsya/ Abdullaeva, A. (2021a, 21 de julio). Паспорт вакцинации от COVID-19: что это за документ и зачем он нужен? (Pasaporte de vacunación COVID-19: ¿qué es este documento y por qué es necesario?). Central Asian Bureau for Analytical Reporting. https://cabar.asia/ru/pasport-vaktsinatsii-ot-covid-19-chto-eto-zadokument-i-zachem-on-nuzhen Abdulaeva, A. (2021b, 4 de marzo). Как «вакцинная дипломатия» повлияет на Кыргызстан? (¿Cómo afectará la “diplomacia de la vacuna” a Kirguistán?). Central Asian Bureau for Analytical Reporting. https://cabar.asia/ru/kak-vaktsinnayadiplomatiya-povliyaet-na-kyrgyzstan Avanesova, M. (2017). Возможности и лимиты мягкой силы Российской Федерации в Средней Азии (Oportunidades y límites del poder blando de la Federación de Rusia en Asia Central). Дискурс Пи (327), 129-134. doi:10.17506/dipi.2017.2829.34.129135 Basnyat, B. (2021, 9 de mayo). China's pandemic diplomacy. The Kathmandu Post. https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2021/05/09/china-spandemic-diplomacy Beaumont, P. y Harding, L. (2020, 11 de agosto). Russia approves Sputnik V Covid vaccine despite testing safety concerns. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/11/russiaapproves-coronavirus-vaccine-despite-testingsafety-concerns-vladimir-putin Bimal, S. (2021, 15 de julio). Time for India to Reinvigorate Vaccine Diplomacy in South Asia. The Wire. https://thewire.in/trade/time-for-indiato-reinvigorate-vaccine-diplomacy-in-south-asia Bose, S. (2021). The dynamics of vaccine diplomacy in India’s neighbourhood. Delhi. ORF. https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-dynamics-of-vaccinediplomacy-in-indias-neighbourhood/ Bridgebeijing (2021, 6 de septiembre). China COVID-19 vaccine tracker. Bridgebeijing. https://bridgebeijing.com/our-publications/our-publications-1/china-covid-19-vaccines-tracker/ CAA Network (2021, 23 de febrero). Россия и Китай в Центральной Азии: геополитика и вакцинная дипломатия. Дайджест (Rossiya i Kitay v Tsentral'noy Azii: geopolitika I vaktsinnaya diplomatiya). CAA Network. https://www.caa-network.org/archives/21472/rossiya-ikitaj-v-czentralnoj-azii-geopolitika-i-vakczinnaya-diplomatiya-dajdzhest Cabar.asia (2021, 9 de marzo). Vaccine diplomacy, regionalism and geopolitical influence in Central Asia. Cabar.asia. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FoLVXqrHeU Central Asia Barometer (2021, 2 de febrero). Where the Central Asians expect the aid coming from li order to handle the COVID-19 crisis? Central Asia Barometer. https://ca-barometer.org/en/news/where-the-central-asians-expect-the-aid-comingfrom-ii-order-to-handle-the-covid-19-crisis Connolly, R. (2018). Russia's Response to Sanctions. How Western Economic Statecraft is Reshaping Political Economy in Russia. Cambridge University Press. Connolly, W. (1993). The Terms of Political Discourse. Cambridge University Press. Cooper, D. A. (2011). Challenging contemporary notions of middle power influence: Implications of the proliferation security initiative for “Middle Power Theory’”. Foreign Policy Analysis 7(3), 317-336. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24909800 Copeland, D. (2016, 17 de octubre). No Military Solutions: Science, Technology, Diplomacy and the New Threat Set. Canadian Science Policy Center. https://sciencepolicy.ca/posts/no-military-solutions-science-technology-diplomacy-and-thenew-threat-set/ Demeshko, Y., Gabor, R., Grek, I. y Ho, K. (2021, 1 de septiembre). The U.S. and Russia could join forces to get people vaccinated. They did before. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/09/01/us-russia-could-joinforces-get-people-vaccinated-they-did-before/ Dhar, B. (2021). India’s vaccine diplomacy. Global Policy. https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/08/04/2021/indias-vaccine-diplomacy Ekey, M. (2021, 13 de febrero). “Вакцинная дипломатия” России, Узбекистан, опережающий Казахстан, и “экспорт грязного производства” из Китая (“Diplomacia de vacunas” de Rusia, Uzbekistán, por delante de Kazajstán, y “exportación de producción sucia” de China). Radio Azattik. https://rus.azattyq.org/a/media-review/31100917.html Fedoroff, N. (2009). Science diplomacy in the 21st century. Cell, 136(1), 9-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.12.030. Finnemore, M. y Sikkink, K. (1998). International norms dynamics and political change. International Organization, 4(52), 887-917. doi:10.1162/002081898550789 Frazier, M. W. (2021, 15 de abril). How India and China are using covid-19 “vaccine diplomacy” to compete globally. Scroll.in. https://scroll.in/article/992020/how-india-and-china-are-usingcovid-19-vaccine-diplomacy-to-compete-globally Gavi (2021, 6 de septiembre). Covax vaccine roll-out: Country updates. Gavi. https://www.gavi.org/covax-vaccine-roll-out Giri, A. (2021, 1 de mayo). As India battles the coronavirus crisis, China bids to assert influence in region. The Kathmandu Post. https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/05/01/as-india-battles-thecoronavirus-crisis-china-bids-to-assert-influencein-region Gnedina, E. (2015). ‘Multi-Vector’ foreign policies in Europe: Balancing, Bandwagoning or Bargaining? Europe-Asia Studies, 67(7), 1007-1029. doi:10.1080/09668136.2015.1066313 Graduate Institute Geneva (2021, 12 de mayo). Covid- 19 vaccine diplomacy. Graduate Institute Geneva. https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/vaccine-diplomacy Hang Nga, L. y Thy Thuong, N. (2021). India-China competition in South Asia under prime minister Narendra Modi’s administration. The Journal of Indian and Asian Studies, 2(1), 1-26. doi:10.1142/S2717541321500017 Hashimova, U. (2021, 25 de enero). Uzbekistan takes further steps toward Eurasian Economic Union. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/uzbekistan-takes-further-steps-toward-eurasianeconomic-union/ Hast, S. (2014). Spheres of Influence in International Relations. Ashgate Publishing Company. Hotez, P. (2014). "Vaccine Diplomacy": Historical perspectives and future directions. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(6), 1-7. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002808 Huijgh, E. (2016). Public Diplomacy. En C. Constantinou, P. Kerr y P. Sharp, The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy (pp. 437-450). SAGE. Ibragimova, K. (2021, 21 de junio). Tajikistan: COVID- 19 crisis escalates, forcing government to drop denials. Eurasianet. https://eurasianet.org/tajikistan-covid-19-crisis-escalates-forcinggovernment-to-drop-denials Isaza, C., Herrera, P. y Macías, A. (2018). Los métodos cualitativos para las políticas públicas y la administración pública. En N. Murillo y A. Rodríguez (Eds.), Manual de metodología y análisis de coyuntura (pp. 415-446). Universidad Externado de Colombia. Johns Hopkins University of Medicine (2021, 18 de agosto). Coronavirus Resource Center. Johns Hopkins University of Medicine. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html Khurshudyan, I. y Johnson, C. (2020, 11 de agosto). Russia unveils coronavirus vaccine ‘Sputnik V,’ claiming breakthrough in global race before final testing complete. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/russia-unveilscoronavirus-vaccine-claiming-victory-in-globalrace-before-final-testing-is-complete/2020/08/11/792f8a54-d813-11ea-a788-2ce86ce81129_story.html Kwatra, V. M. (2021, 28 de enero). Putting neighbours first. The Kathmandu Post. https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2021/01/28/putting-neighbours-first Leonard, M. (2002). Public diplomacy. Foreign Policy Center. Mamun, S. (2021, 11 de agosto). Vaccine diplomacy: Dependence on Sinopharm, Covax deepens. Dhaka Tribune. https://archive.dhakatribune.com/health/coronavirus/2021/08/11/vaccine-diplomacydependence-on-sinopharm-covax-deepens Marlow, I., Chaudary, A. y Lindberg, K. (2021, 26 de febrero). India beats China at its own game in vaccine diplomacy battle. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-25/india-beats-china-at-its-own-game-in-vaccinediplomacy-battle Ministry of External Affairs (8 de noviembre de 2021). Vaccine Supply. https://www.mea.gov.in/vaccinesupply.htm Modak, P. (2021). China’s Vaccine Diplomacy, the Health Silk Road and a Global Pledge. CPPR Issue Brief. Center for Public Policy Research. https://www.cppr.in/policy-briefs/chinas-vaccine-diplomacythe-health-silk-road-and-a-global-pledge Mohr, C. y Rosenplänter, A. (2021, 10 de marzo). Расчетливая беспечность (Calculando el descuido). IPG. https://www.ipg-journal.io/regiony/azija/raschetlivaja-bespechnost-1259/ Moinuddin, A. y Syfullah, M. (2020, 18 de diciembre). Neighbours seek new impetus in Summitry. Dhaka Courier. http://www.dhakacourier.com.bd/news/Reportage/Neighbours-seek-new-impetus-in-Summitry/3049 Nye, J. (2019). Soft power and public diplomacy revisited. En J. Melissen y J. Wang, Debating Public Diplomacy (pp. 7-20). Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004410824 OCDE (s. f.). The Russian Federation's Official Development Assistance (ODA). https://www.oecd.org/russia/russias-official-developmentassistance.htm Ordóñez-Matamoros, G., Roa González, M. y Centeno, J. (2021). Reflexiones en torno a la diplomacia científica: Estado del debate, experiencia internacional y perspectivas para Colombia. Oasis (34), 13-38. https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558. n34.03 Organski, A. (1968). World Politics. New York. Pandit, P. (2021, 27 de abril). Understanding the role of health in foreign policy: The Indian experience. ORF. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/understanding-the-role-of-health-in-foreignpolicy/ Peyrouse, S. (2016). Discussing China: Sinophilia and sinophobia in Central Asia. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 7(1), 14-23. doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2015.10.003 Peyrouse, S. (2020, 1 de mayo). Understanding Sinophobia in Central Asia. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/understanding-sinophobia-in-central-asia/ Putz, C. (2021, 5 de marzo). Vaccine diplomacy in Central Asia: Russia vs. China? The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/vaccine-diplomacyin-central-asia-russia-vs-china/. Radio Ozodi (2021, 13 de agosto). Россия направила Таджикистану 50 тысяч доз вакцины “Спутник V” (Rusia envió 50 mil dosis de la vacuna Sputnik V a Tayikistán). Radio Ozodi. https://rus.ozodi.org/a/31408864.html Riaz, A. (2021). Geopolitics of the pandemic: The Bangladesh scene. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/bangladesch/17894.pdf Robertson, J. (2017). Middle-power definitions: Confusion reigns supreme. Australian. Journal of International Affairs 71(4), 355-370. DOI:10.1080/10357718.2017.1293608 Roy, S. (2021, 14 de marzo). 71 countries, 58 million doses, India’s vaccine diplomacy gets Quad booster. The Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indias-covid-vaccine-diplomacyquad-summit-7227345/ Sanyal, A. (2020, 16 de marzo). "Avoid knee-jerk reactions": PM Modi suggests coronavirus fund for SAARC. NDTV. https://www.ndtv.com/indianews/pm-modi-on-video-call-with-saarc-leadersmust-combat-coronavirus-together-avoid-kneejerk-reactions-2195217 Sciorati, G. (2021). The hidden costs of China’s free vaccines to Kyrgyzstan. Italian Institute for International Political Studies. https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/hidden-costs-chinas-freevaccines-kyrgyzstan-30388 Sharma, J. y Varshney, S. (2019). Science diplomacy and cooperation in science and technology in India. Science Diplomacy Review, 11-22. Spies, Y. (2016). Middle Power Diplomacy. En C. Constantinou, P. Kerr y P. Sharp (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy. SAGE Publications. Statista (2021b, 26 de agosto). Number of doses of the covid-26 vaccine Sputnik V ordered from Russia or agreed to be produced abroad as of August 26, 2021, by country. Statista Statista (2021a, 27 de octubre). Number of the coronavirus (COVID-19) cases across Indian states and union territories as of February 28, 2022, by type. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1103458/india-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-cases-by-state/ Stronski, P. (2021, 15 de noviembre). What went wrong with Russia’s Sputnik V Vaccine rollout? Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/11/15/what-wentwrong-with-russia-s-sputnik-v-vaccine-rolloutpub-85783 Tewari, S. (2021, 21 de mayo). Sri Lanka: Covid increases China influence in India's backyard. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57167091 The Economist Intelligence Unit (2021). What next for vaccine diplomacy? The Economist. https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/what-next-for-vaccinediplomacy- download-success/ The Hindu (2021, 17 de agosto). COVID-19 vaccine: $11 billion global market opportunity for India, says report. The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/covid-19-vaccine-11-billion-global-market-opportunity-for-india-saysreport/article35951758.ece The World Bank (2021, 27 de october). World Bank Support for Country Access to COVID-19 Vaccines. The World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are/news/coronavirus-covid19/world-bank-support-for-country-access-to-covid-19-vaccines Timilsina, B. (2021, 11 de enero). Vaccine diplomacy and Nepal. The Kathmandu Post. https://kathmandupost. com/columns/2021/01/11/vaccinediplomacy- and-nepal TradeMap (2021). Producto: 300220 Vacunas para medicina humana. trademap.org. U.S. Department of State (2021). Uzbekistan COVID- 19 vaccine distribution. https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/uzbekistan/ Wishnick, E. (2021, 23 de febrero). China and Russia: Vaccine competitors or partners? The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/china-andrussia-vaccine-competitors-or-partners/ Yang, S. (2021). Rising-Power competition: The Covid- 19 vaccine diplomacy of China and India. The National Bureau of Asian Research. https://www.nbr.org/publication/rising-power-competitionthe-covid-19-vaccine-diplomacy-of-china-andindia/ Zeeshan, M. (2021, 1 de octubre). India still has an opportunity with vaccine diplomacy. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/india-stillhas-an-opportunity-with-vaccine-diplomacy/ |
| dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv |
Kelly Johana Arévalo Franco, Francisco Daniel Trejos Mateus - 2022 |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Kelly Johana Arévalo Franco, Francisco Daniel Trejos Mateus - 2022 http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales |
| dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/7893 |
| institution |
Universidad Externado de Colombia |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/bitstreams/bd38878d-9969-42c2-9b69-f9739e75478a/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
148256f0fc4eb682820248f46365adb9 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Externado de Colombia |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
metabiblioteca@metabiblioteca.org |
| _version_ |
1814100502966697984 |
| spelling |
Arévalo Franco, Kelly Johanavirtual::192-1Trejos Mateus, Francisco Danielvirtual::315-12022-06-17 14:56:382022-09-08T13:50:41Z2022-06-17 14:56:382022-09-08T13:50:41Z2022-06-17Nuevas aristas emergen en las dinámicas de la política internacional, no solo a nivel global, sino en las distintas regiones del mundo, tras la aparición de la pandemia de la covid-19. Este artículo se propone caracterizar el uso de las vacunas como herramienta diplomática por parte de India y Rusia sobre sus regiones de influencia tradicional: el sur y el centro de Asia. La investigación hace uso del estudio de caso y se basa en el procesamiento e interpretación de fuentes primarias y secundarias, entre agosto de 2020 y noviembre de 2021. Rusia intensifica su presencia en Asia Central, donde su vacuna tiene mayor arraigo y aceptación, e India recobra su influencia en países vecinos como Nepal y Sri Lanka. Al tiempo que buscan mejorar su prestigio regional, sus acciones contrarrestan la creciente injerencia de China en estas dos regiones. Los beneficios de estas dos potencias medias asiáticas se concentran en un aumento de su prestigio internacional, oportunidades de comercio y contrapeso a China; además de que inciden en las decisiones de otros países, que se tambalean entre una política exterior alineada y multivectorial.New aspects emerged in the dynamics of international politics, not only globally, but in different regions of the world, after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. This article aims to characterize the use of vaccines by India and Russia as a diplomatic tool over their regions of traditional influence: South and Central Asia. The research makes use of the case study methodology and is based on primary and secondary sources, between August 2020 and November 2021. Russia is intensifying its presence in Central Asia, where its vaccine has greater roots and acceptance, and India is regaining its influence in neighboring countries such as Nepal and Sri Lanka. While they seek to improve their regional prestige, their actions counteract China's growing interference in these two regions. The benefits of these two Asian middle powers are concentrated in an increase in their international prestige, trade opportunities, as counterweight to China; in addition to influencing the decisions of other countries, who waver between an aligned and multivector foreign policy.application/pdf10.18601/16577558.n36.042346-21321657-7558https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/8591https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n36.04spaFacultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionaleshttps://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/7893/12114Núm. 36 , Año 2022 : Julio-Diciembre603639Oasis24 KG. (2021, 21 de mayo). Вопрос запуска производства вакцины “Спутник V” в КР еще обсуждается (La cuestión del lanzamiento de la producción de la vacuna Sputnik V en la República Kirguisa todavía se está debatiendo). 24 KG. https://24.kg/vlast/194841_vopros_zapuska_proizvodstva_vaktsinyi_sputnik_V_vkresche_obsujdaetsya/Abdullaeva, A. (2021a, 21 de julio). Паспорт вакцинации от COVID-19: что это за документ и зачем он нужен? (Pasaporte de vacunación COVID-19: ¿qué es este documento y por qué es necesario?). Central Asian Bureau for Analytical Reporting. https://cabar.asia/ru/pasport-vaktsinatsii-ot-covid-19-chto-eto-zadokument-i-zachem-on-nuzhenAbdulaeva, A. (2021b, 4 de marzo). Как «вакцинная дипломатия» повлияет на Кыргызстан? (¿Cómo afectará la “diplomacia de la vacuna” a Kirguistán?). Central Asian Bureau for Analytical Reporting. https://cabar.asia/ru/kak-vaktsinnayadiplomatiya-povliyaet-na-kyrgyzstanAvanesova, M. (2017). Возможности и лимиты мягкой силы Российской Федерации в Средней Азии (Oportunidades y límites del poder blando de la Federación de Rusia en Asia Central). Дискурс Пи (327), 129-134. doi:10.17506/dipi.2017.2829.34.129135Basnyat, B. (2021, 9 de mayo). China's pandemic diplomacy. The Kathmandu Post. https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2021/05/09/china-spandemic-diplomacyBeaumont, P. y Harding, L. (2020, 11 de agosto). Russia approves Sputnik V Covid vaccine despite testing safety concerns. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/11/russiaapproves-coronavirus-vaccine-despite-testingsafety-concerns-vladimir-putinBimal, S. (2021, 15 de julio). Time for India to Reinvigorate Vaccine Diplomacy in South Asia. The Wire. https://thewire.in/trade/time-for-indiato-reinvigorate-vaccine-diplomacy-in-south-asiaBose, S. (2021). The dynamics of vaccine diplomacy in India’s neighbourhood. Delhi. ORF. https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-dynamics-of-vaccinediplomacy-in-indias-neighbourhood/Bridgebeijing (2021, 6 de septiembre). China COVID-19 vaccine tracker. Bridgebeijing. https://bridgebeijing.com/our-publications/our-publications-1/china-covid-19-vaccines-tracker/CAA Network (2021, 23 de febrero). Россия и Китай в Центральной Азии: геополитика и вакцинная дипломатия. Дайджест (Rossiya i Kitay v Tsentral'noy Azii: geopolitika I vaktsinnaya diplomatiya). CAA Network. https://www.caa-network.org/archives/21472/rossiya-ikitaj-v-czentralnoj-azii-geopolitika-i-vakczinnaya-diplomatiya-dajdzhestCabar.asia (2021, 9 de marzo). Vaccine diplomacy, regionalism and geopolitical influence in Central Asia. Cabar.asia. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FoLVXqrHeUCentral Asia Barometer (2021, 2 de febrero). Where the Central Asians expect the aid coming from li order to handle the COVID-19 crisis? Central Asia Barometer. https://ca-barometer.org/en/news/where-the-central-asians-expect-the-aid-comingfrom-ii-order-to-handle-the-covid-19-crisisConnolly, R. (2018). Russia's Response to Sanctions. How Western Economic Statecraft is Reshaping Political Economy in Russia. Cambridge University Press.Connolly, W. (1993). The Terms of Political Discourse. Cambridge University Press.Cooper, D. A. (2011). Challenging contemporary notions of middle power influence: Implications of the proliferation security initiative for “Middle Power Theory’”. Foreign Policy Analysis 7(3), 317-336. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24909800Copeland, D. (2016, 17 de octubre). No Military Solutions: Science, Technology, Diplomacy and the New Threat Set. Canadian Science Policy Center. https://sciencepolicy.ca/posts/no-military-solutions-science-technology-diplomacy-and-thenew-threat-set/Demeshko, Y., Gabor, R., Grek, I. y Ho, K. (2021, 1 de septiembre). The U.S. and Russia could join forces to get people vaccinated. They did before. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/09/01/us-russia-could-joinforces-get-people-vaccinated-they-did-before/Dhar, B. (2021). India’s vaccine diplomacy. Global Policy. https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/08/04/2021/indias-vaccine-diplomacyEkey, M. (2021, 13 de febrero). “Вакцинная дипломатия” России, Узбекистан, опережающий Казахстан, и “экспорт грязного производства” из Китая (“Diplomacia de vacunas” de Rusia, Uzbekistán, por delante de Kazajstán, y “exportación de producción sucia” de China). Radio Azattik. https://rus.azattyq.org/a/media-review/31100917.htmlFedoroff, N. (2009). Science diplomacy in the 21st century. Cell, 136(1), 9-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.12.030.Finnemore, M. y Sikkink, K. (1998). International norms dynamics and political change. International Organization, 4(52), 887-917. doi:10.1162/002081898550789Frazier, M. W. (2021, 15 de abril). How India and China are using covid-19 “vaccine diplomacy” to compete globally. Scroll.in. https://scroll.in/article/992020/how-india-and-china-are-usingcovid-19-vaccine-diplomacy-to-compete-globallyGavi (2021, 6 de septiembre). Covax vaccine roll-out: Country updates. Gavi. https://www.gavi.org/covax-vaccine-roll-outGiri, A. (2021, 1 de mayo). As India battles the coronavirus crisis, China bids to assert influence in region. The Kathmandu Post. https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/05/01/as-india-battles-thecoronavirus-crisis-china-bids-to-assert-influencein-regionGnedina, E. (2015). ‘Multi-Vector’ foreign policies in Europe: Balancing, Bandwagoning or Bargaining? Europe-Asia Studies, 67(7), 1007-1029. doi:10.1080/09668136.2015.1066313Graduate Institute Geneva (2021, 12 de mayo). Covid- 19 vaccine diplomacy. Graduate Institute Geneva. https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/vaccine-diplomacyHang Nga, L. y Thy Thuong, N. (2021). India-China competition in South Asia under prime minister Narendra Modi’s administration. The Journal of Indian and Asian Studies, 2(1), 1-26. doi:10.1142/S2717541321500017Hashimova, U. (2021, 25 de enero). Uzbekistan takes further steps toward Eurasian Economic Union. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/uzbekistan-takes-further-steps-toward-eurasianeconomic-union/Hast, S. (2014). Spheres of Influence in International Relations. Ashgate Publishing Company.Hotez, P. (2014). "Vaccine Diplomacy": Historical perspectives and future directions. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(6), 1-7. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002808Huijgh, E. (2016). Public Diplomacy. En C. Constantinou, P. Kerr y P. Sharp, The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy (pp. 437-450). SAGE.Ibragimova, K. (2021, 21 de junio). Tajikistan: COVID- 19 crisis escalates, forcing government to drop denials. Eurasianet. https://eurasianet.org/tajikistan-covid-19-crisis-escalates-forcinggovernment-to-drop-denialsIsaza, C., Herrera, P. y Macías, A. (2018). Los métodos cualitativos para las políticas públicas y la administración pública. En N. Murillo y A. Rodríguez (Eds.), Manual de metodología y análisis de coyuntura (pp. 415-446). Universidad Externado de Colombia.Johns Hopkins University of Medicine (2021, 18 de agosto). Coronavirus Resource Center. Johns Hopkins University of Medicine. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.htmlKhurshudyan, I. y Johnson, C. (2020, 11 de agosto). Russia unveils coronavirus vaccine ‘Sputnik V,’ claiming breakthrough in global race before final testing complete. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/russia-unveilscoronavirus-vaccine-claiming-victory-in-globalrace-before-final-testing-is-complete/2020/08/11/792f8a54-d813-11ea-a788-2ce86ce81129_story.htmlKwatra, V. M. (2021, 28 de enero). Putting neighbours first. The Kathmandu Post. https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2021/01/28/putting-neighbours-firstLeonard, M. (2002). Public diplomacy. Foreign Policy Center.Mamun, S. (2021, 11 de agosto). Vaccine diplomacy: Dependence on Sinopharm, Covax deepens. Dhaka Tribune. https://archive.dhakatribune.com/health/coronavirus/2021/08/11/vaccine-diplomacydependence-on-sinopharm-covax-deepensMarlow, I., Chaudary, A. y Lindberg, K. (2021, 26 de febrero). India beats China at its own game in vaccine diplomacy battle. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-25/india-beats-china-at-its-own-game-in-vaccinediplomacy-battleMinistry of External Affairs (8 de noviembre de 2021). Vaccine Supply. https://www.mea.gov.in/vaccinesupply.htmModak, P. (2021). China’s Vaccine Diplomacy, the Health Silk Road and a Global Pledge. CPPR Issue Brief. Center for Public Policy Research. https://www.cppr.in/policy-briefs/chinas-vaccine-diplomacythe-health-silk-road-and-a-global-pledgeMohr, C. y Rosenplänter, A. (2021, 10 de marzo). Расчетливая беспечность (Calculando el descuido). IPG. https://www.ipg-journal.io/regiony/azija/raschetlivaja-bespechnost-1259/Moinuddin, A. y Syfullah, M. (2020, 18 de diciembre). Neighbours seek new impetus in Summitry. Dhaka Courier. http://www.dhakacourier.com.bd/news/Reportage/Neighbours-seek-new-impetus-in-Summitry/3049Nye, J. (2019). Soft power and public diplomacy revisited. En J. Melissen y J. Wang, Debating Public Diplomacy (pp. 7-20). Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004410824OCDE (s. f.). The Russian Federation's Official Development Assistance (ODA). https://www.oecd.org/russia/russias-official-developmentassistance.htmOrdóñez-Matamoros, G., Roa González, M. y Centeno, J. (2021). Reflexiones en torno a la diplomacia científica: Estado del debate, experiencia internacional y perspectivas para Colombia. Oasis (34), 13-38. https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558. n34.03Organski, A. (1968). World Politics. New York. Pandit, P. (2021, 27 de abril). Understanding the role of health in foreign policy: The Indian experience. ORF. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/understanding-the-role-of-health-in-foreignpolicy/Peyrouse, S. (2016). Discussing China: Sinophilia and sinophobia in Central Asia. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 7(1), 14-23. doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2015.10.003Peyrouse, S. (2020, 1 de mayo). Understanding Sinophobia in Central Asia. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/understanding-sinophobia-in-central-asia/Putz, C. (2021, 5 de marzo). Vaccine diplomacy in Central Asia: Russia vs. China? The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/vaccine-diplomacyin-central-asia-russia-vs-china/.Radio Ozodi (2021, 13 de agosto). Россия направила Таджикистану 50 тысяч доз вакцины “Спутник V” (Rusia envió 50 mil dosis de la vacuna Sputnik V a Tayikistán). Radio Ozodi. https://rus.ozodi.org/a/31408864.htmlRiaz, A. (2021). Geopolitics of the pandemic: The Bangladesh scene. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/bangladesch/17894.pdfRobertson, J. (2017). Middle-power definitions: Confusion reigns supreme. Australian. Journal of International Affairs 71(4), 355-370. DOI:10.1080/10357718.2017.1293608Roy, S. (2021, 14 de marzo). 71 countries, 58 million doses, India’s vaccine diplomacy gets Quad booster. The Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indias-covid-vaccine-diplomacyquad-summit-7227345/Sanyal, A. (2020, 16 de marzo). "Avoid knee-jerk reactions": PM Modi suggests coronavirus fund for SAARC. NDTV. https://www.ndtv.com/indianews/pm-modi-on-video-call-with-saarc-leadersmust-combat-coronavirus-together-avoid-kneejerk-reactions-2195217Sciorati, G. (2021). The hidden costs of China’s free vaccines to Kyrgyzstan. Italian Institute for International Political Studies. https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/hidden-costs-chinas-freevaccines-kyrgyzstan-30388Sharma, J. y Varshney, S. (2019). Science diplomacy and cooperation in science and technology in India. Science Diplomacy Review, 11-22.Spies, Y. (2016). Middle Power Diplomacy. En C. Constantinou, P. Kerr y P. Sharp (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy. SAGE Publications.Statista (2021b, 26 de agosto). Number of doses of the covid-26 vaccine Sputnik V ordered from Russia or agreed to be produced abroad as of August 26, 2021, by country. StatistaStatista (2021a, 27 de octubre). Number of the coronavirus (COVID-19) cases across Indian states and union territories as of February 28, 2022, by type. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1103458/india-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-cases-by-state/Stronski, P. (2021, 15 de noviembre). What went wrong with Russia’s Sputnik V Vaccine rollout? Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/11/15/what-wentwrong-with-russia-s-sputnik-v-vaccine-rolloutpub-85783Tewari, S. (2021, 21 de mayo). Sri Lanka: Covid increases China influence in India's backyard. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57167091The Economist Intelligence Unit (2021). What next for vaccine diplomacy? The Economist. https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/what-next-for-vaccinediplomacy- download-success/The Hindu (2021, 17 de agosto). COVID-19 vaccine: $11 billion global market opportunity for India, says report. The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/covid-19-vaccine-11-billion-global-market-opportunity-for-india-saysreport/article35951758.eceThe World Bank (2021, 27 de october). World Bank Support for Country Access to COVID-19 Vaccines. The World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are/news/coronavirus-covid19/world-bank-support-for-country-access-to-covid-19-vaccinesTimilsina, B. (2021, 11 de enero). Vaccine diplomacy and Nepal. The Kathmandu Post. https://kathmandupost. com/columns/2021/01/11/vaccinediplomacy- and-nepalTradeMap (2021). Producto: 300220 Vacunas para medicina humana. trademap.org.U.S. Department of State (2021). Uzbekistan COVID- 19 vaccine distribution. https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/uzbekistan/Wishnick, E. (2021, 23 de febrero). China and Russia: Vaccine competitors or partners? The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/china-andrussia-vaccine-competitors-or-partners/Yang, S. (2021). Rising-Power competition: The Covid- 19 vaccine diplomacy of China and India. The National Bureau of Asian Research. https://www.nbr.org/publication/rising-power-competitionthe-covid-19-vaccine-diplomacy-of-china-andindia/Zeeshan, M. (2021, 1 de octubre). India still has an opportunity with vaccine diplomacy. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/india-stillhas-an-opportunity-with-vaccine-diplomacy/Kelly Johana Arévalo Franco, Francisco Daniel Trejos Mateus - 2022info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/7893India;Russia; Eurasia;diplomacy;vaccineIndia;Rusia;Eurasia;diplomacia;vacunaLa diplomacia india y rusa de la vacuna en sus esferas de influencia en épocas de pandemiaIndian and Russian Vaccine Diplomacy in Their Spheres of Influence in Pandemic TimesArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationArévalo Francovirtual::192-1Trejos Mateusvirtual::315-1Kelly Johanavirtual::192-1Francisco Danielvirtual::315-1https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=es&user=3HlQ7q8AAAAJvirtual::192-1https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=TCwefnwAAAAJ&hl=esvirtual::315-10000-0003-0124-0623virtual::192-10000-0002-8119-8762virtual::315-187533150-06b0-408f-98c7-bfa533c9c95fvirtual::192-14cecbb66-a358-40b6-933b-fd622ef463cfvirtual::315-187533150-06b0-408f-98c7-bfa533c9c95fvirtual::192-14cecbb66-a358-40b6-933b-fd622ef463cfvirtual::315-1OREORE.xmltext/xml2650https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/bitstreams/bd38878d-9969-42c2-9b69-f9739e75478a/download148256f0fc4eb682820248f46365adb9MD51001/8591oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/85912022-10-06 16:34:50.266http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0Kelly Johana Arévalo Franco, Francisco Daniel Trejos Mateus - 2022https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.coUniversidad Externado de Colombiametabiblioteca@metabiblioteca.org |