Canadá y la crisis de Venezuela

En los últimos años, Canadá ha salido de su zona de confort en los asuntos hemisféricos para hablar y actuar enérgicamente, como lo expresó la ministra de relaciones exteriores, Chrystia Freeland, en solidaridad con “el pueblo de Venezuela y su deseo de restaurar la democracia y los derechos humanos...

Full description

Autores:
Grenier, Yvon
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Universidad Externado de Colombia
Repositorio:
Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/8505
Acceso en línea:
https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/8505
https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n30.04
Palabra clave:
Canada;
Venezuela;
foreign policy;
democracy;
human rights
Canadá;
Venezuela;
política exterior;
democracia;
derechos humanos
Rights
openAccess
License
Yvon Grenier - 2019
id uexternad2_8e3786ee42764b98f2a987558e6ab02f
oai_identifier_str oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/8505
network_acronym_str uexternad2
network_name_str Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Canadá y la crisis de Venezuela
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv Canada and the Venezuela crisis
title Canadá y la crisis de Venezuela
spellingShingle Canadá y la crisis de Venezuela
Canada;
Venezuela;
foreign policy;
democracy;
human rights
Canadá;
Venezuela;
política exterior;
democracia;
derechos humanos
title_short Canadá y la crisis de Venezuela
title_full Canadá y la crisis de Venezuela
title_fullStr Canadá y la crisis de Venezuela
title_full_unstemmed Canadá y la crisis de Venezuela
title_sort Canadá y la crisis de Venezuela
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Grenier, Yvon
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Grenier, Yvon
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Canada;
Venezuela;
foreign policy;
democracy;
human rights
topic Canada;
Venezuela;
foreign policy;
democracy;
human rights
Canadá;
Venezuela;
política exterior;
democracia;
derechos humanos
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Canadá;
Venezuela;
política exterior;
democracia;
derechos humanos
description En los últimos años, Canadá ha salido de su zona de confort en los asuntos hemisféricos para hablar y actuar enérgicamente, como lo expresó la ministra de relaciones exteriores, Chrystia Freeland, en solidaridad con “el pueblo de Venezuela y su deseo de restaurar la democracia y los derechos humanos en Vene­zuela”. Con sus socios del Grupo de Lima, Ca­nadá impuso sanciones al régimen de Maduro, reconoció a Juan Guaidó como presidente interino y convocó a elecciones libres y justas lo antes posible. El artículo identifica posibles factores que explican la política de Canadá. La propuesta principal es que la crisis de Venezue­la presenta una combinación extraordinaria de factores nacionales e internacionales que hacen que la participación en un impulso multilate­ral y diplomático para el restablecimiento de la democracia sea una opción ambiciosa pero, sensata para Canadá. El artículo también pre­senta las críticas a esta política y analiza el tema de los derechos humanos y la promoción de la democracia en el contexto más amplio de la política exterior canadiense.
publishDate 2019
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2022-09-08T13:48:52Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-06-26 10:32:22
2022-09-08T13:48:52Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2019-06-26
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Avalos, L. and S. Spronk. (11/02/2019). A Short Guide for Canadian Anti-Imperialists on the Current Crisis in Venezuela. SP The Bullet.
Ballingall, A. (24/02/2019). Jagmeet Singh questions Canada’s recognition of Venezuelan opposition leader. The Star (Toronto).
Canadian Trade Commissioner. (22/10/2018). Venezue¬la. Retrieved: https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/venezuela/index.aspx?lang=eng
Cárdenas, J. R. (07/02/2018). Elephants in the Room: Cuba is Making the Crisis in Venezuela Worse. Foreign Policy.
Chapnick, A. (2016). Stephen Harper’s Israel Policy. In A. Chapnick and C. J. Kukucha (eds.), The Har¬per Era in Canadian Foreign Policy, Parliament, Politics, and Canada’s Global Posture. UBC Press, pp.105-120.
CIC. (22/02/ 2019). Ben Rowswell speaks on Venezue¬la to the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, Feb. 21st 2019. Canadian International Council. Retrieved: https://thecic.org/en/cic-president-ben-rowswell-speaks-to-senate-committee-on-foreign-affairs-and-international-trade/
Clément, D. (2016). Human Rights in Canada: A History. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Laurier Studies in Political Philosophy.
Corrales, J. and M. Penfold. (2015). Dragon in the Tro¬pics, Venezuela and the Legacy of Hugo Chávez. Second edition. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Daudelin, J. (2007). Canada and the Americas: A time for modesty. Behind the Headlines (Canadian Institute for International Affairs and the Centre for International Governance Innovation) 64, no. 3 (May).
Dickson, J. (03/02/2019). Canada says it opposes mi¬litary intervention in Venezuela as Lima Group meets. The Globe and Mail (Toronto). Retrieved: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-canada-says-it-opposes-military-intervention-in-venezuela-as-lima/
Dyer, E. (03/03/2019). Trudeau Government Reluctant to Call Out Havana for Repressing Venezuelans. CBC News. Retrieved: https://www.cbc.ca/news/ world/venezuela-canada-cuba-1.5040857.
Gagnon, L. (18/02/2019). L’ingérence au Vénézuela. La Presse.
Gomez, S.; T. Ward and B. Wood. (26/03/2014). Canada Must Call for Dialogue amid Venezuelan Unrest. The Hill Times.
Gordon, Daphne. (23/12/2017). Venezuela moves to revoke Canadian diplomat’s status, accuses him of meddling, cbc News. Retrieved: https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/venezuela-canadian-diplomat-craig-kowalik-persona-non-grata-1.4463958
Government of Canada. (13/08/2013a). Trade data online. Retrieved: http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/tdo-dcd.nsf/eng/Home
Government of Canada. (2013b). Inspection of the Embassy of Canada, Lima, Peru including the Embassy of Canada (Program Office) in La Paz, Bolivia. 24/01-01/02/2013. Retrieved: https:// www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/publications/inspection/2013/lima.aspx?lang=eng.
Government of Canada. (13/06/2017). Canada’s ap¬proach to advancing human rights. Date mo¬dified. Retrieved: https://international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_deve¬loppement/human_rights-droits_homme/advan¬cing_rights-promouvoir_droits.aspx?lang=eng
Government of Canada. (2018a). Statistical Report on International Assistance 2016-2017. Date Modified: 27/07/2018. Retrieved: https://www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/publications/odaaa-lrmado/sria-rsai-2016-17-b2.aspx?lang=eng
Government of Canada. (2018b). Canada and Latin America and the Caribbean. Retrieved: https:// international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_ relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/index.aspx?lang=eng
Government of Canada. (2018c). Government Response to the July 2017 Report of the Standing Commit¬tee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade: The Deepening Crisis in Venezuela: Canadian and Regional Stakes. Ottawa, Minister of Foreign Affairs, March.
Government of Canada. (2019a). Canada and the Ve¬nezuela Crisis. Date modified: 29 March 2019. https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/ issues_development-enjeux_developpement/response_conflict-reponse_conflits/crisis-crises/venezuela.aspx?lang=eng
Government of Canada. (10/01/2019b). Canada rejects the Maduro regime’s illegitimate mandate I Vene¬zuela. Global Affairs Canada. Retrieved: https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2019/01/canada-rejects-the-maduro-regimes-illegitimate-mandate-in-venezuela.html
Grenier, Y. (21/06/2018). Cuba, sí, Venezuela, No? A double standard in foreign policy. OpenCanada.org.
Howard-Hassmann, R. E. (2018). In Defense of Universal Human Rights. Polity. ICC. (n/d). Venezuela. Preliminary examination. Retrie¬ved: https://www.icc-cpi.int/venezuela
Kalvapalie, R. (16/01/2019). Trudeau slams Venezuelan ‘dictator’ Maduro, sidesteps question on Brazil’s president. Global News. Retrieved: https://glo-balnews.ca/news/4851670/trudeau-venezuela-maduro-brazil-bolsonaro/
Kilpatrick, S. (11/05/2018). Chavez’s death brings hope of a better future for Venezuela: PM Harper. The Globe and Mail.
Kirk, J. and S. Kimber. (05/02/2019). Canada’s leaders¬hip on Venezuela is misguided, misdirected - and a mistake. The Globe and Mail.
Legler, T. (2012). Wishful Thinking, Democracy promo¬tion in the Americas under Harper. International Journal (Summer): 583-602
Lightfoot, S. (2018). A Promise Too Far? The Justin Trudeau Government and Indigenous Rights. In N. Hillmer and P. Lagassé (eds.), Justin Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy. Toronto, ON: Pal¬grave Macmilan, Canada Among Nations series, pp. 165-185.
Lui, A. (2012). Why Canada Cares: Human Rights and Foreign Policy in Theory and Practice. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Mace, G. and J.-P. Thérien. (2012). Canada and the Americas: making a difference? International Journal, 67, No. 3, pp. 569–582.
Mazereeuw, P. (14/05/2014a). Canada’s diplomatic dog¬house. The Hill Times (Ottawa).
Mazereeuw, P. (05/03/2014b). Canada dispatches digi¬tal diplomacy devotee to Caracas. The Hill Times (Ottawa).
McQuaig, L. (13/02/2019). Canada helps tee-up U.S. invasion of Venezuela, The Star (Toronto).
Morgan, G. (23/05/2018). Canadian oil flows into U.S. Gulf Coast market as Venezuela continues ‘death spiral’, Financial Post.
Naím, M. and F. Toro. (2018). Venezuela’s Suicide, Les¬sons from a Failed State. Foreign Affairs (Novem¬ber/December). Retrieved: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/south-america/2018-10-15/venezuelas-suicide
Navia, P. (06/03/2019). The Problem with Defending Democracy in Venezuela, but not Cuba. Americas Quarterly.
Nossal, K. R.; S. Roussel and S. Paquin. (2015). The Politics of Canadian Foreign Policy. (4th edition). McGill-Queen’s University Press.
OAS. (29/05/2018). Report of the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States and the Panel of Independent International Experts on the Possible Commission of Crimes against Humanity in Venezuela. Panel of Independent International Experts (Santiago Canton, Irwin Cotler, Manuel Ventura Robles), Organization of American States. Washington, D.C.
Pareja, F. A. (2018). Mecanismos alternativos de diá¬logo y negociación en el conflicto político de Venezuela (2002-2018). Pensamiento Propio, 47 (Jan-June), 37-67.
Polga-Hecimovich, J.; I. Sagarzazu and R. Sánchez Urri¬barrí. (2017). Venezuelan Overview. Lasa Forum 18, No. 1 (Winter): 35-39.
Rojas, R.; V. C. Bobes, A Chaguaceda (eds.) (2017). El cambio constitucional en Cuba: actores, instituciones y leyes de un proceso político. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Shane, K. (03/03/2015a). Canada not confirming each other’s ambassadors, The Hill Times (Ottawa).
Shane, K. (02/06/2015b). Months later, Canada, Vene¬zuela accept each other’s ambassadors, The Hill Times (Ottawa).
Statistics Canada. (2016). 2016 Census. Retrieved https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recense¬ment/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic+origin&TABID=1
Taylor, S. (27/02/2019) Canada is carrying an hypo¬critical torch in stand against Maduro. The Hill Times (Ottawa).
The Canadian Press. (20/02/2019) Amnesty docu¬ments Venezuelan rights violations since start of democracy protests. The Star (Toronto). Re¬trieved: https://www.thestar.com/news/cana¬da/2019/02/20/amnesty-documents-venezue-lan-rights-violations-since-start-of-democracy-protests.html
Toro, F. (25/02/2019). With U.S. military action, Vene¬zuela could become the Libya of the Caribbean, The Washington Post.
Transparencia Venezuela. (n/d). Website: https://transpa-rencia.org.ve/project/quienes-somos/
UNHCR. (2019). Asylum applications by Vene¬zuelans soar to over 400,000. 08/03/2019. Retrieved: https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2019/3/5c826efe2e9/asylum-applications-venezuelans-soar-400000.html
Woods, A. (18/07/2007). PM takes rare shot at U.S. The Toronto Star.
Zimonic, P. (06/02/2019). NDP insists it’s united on Venezuela despite Singh’s refusal to describe Guaido as interim president. Retrieved https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/venezuela-maduro-guaido-singh-1.5008880
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spelling Grenier, Yvon04ccc021-a253-4ba3-9081-aca904f504323002019-06-26 10:32:222022-09-08T13:48:52Z2019-06-26 10:32:222022-09-08T13:48:52Z2019-06-26En los últimos años, Canadá ha salido de su zona de confort en los asuntos hemisféricos para hablar y actuar enérgicamente, como lo expresó la ministra de relaciones exteriores, Chrystia Freeland, en solidaridad con “el pueblo de Venezuela y su deseo de restaurar la democracia y los derechos humanos en Vene­zuela”. Con sus socios del Grupo de Lima, Ca­nadá impuso sanciones al régimen de Maduro, reconoció a Juan Guaidó como presidente interino y convocó a elecciones libres y justas lo antes posible. El artículo identifica posibles factores que explican la política de Canadá. La propuesta principal es que la crisis de Venezue­la presenta una combinación extraordinaria de factores nacionales e internacionales que hacen que la participación en un impulso multilate­ral y diplomático para el restablecimiento de la democracia sea una opción ambiciosa pero, sensata para Canadá. El artículo también pre­senta las críticas a esta política y analiza el tema de los derechos humanos y la promoción de la democracia en el contexto más amplio de la política exterior canadiense.Over the past few years, Canada has stepped out of its comfort zone in hemispheric af­fairs, to speak and act forcefully, as Minister of Foreign Affairs Chrystia Freeland put it, in solidarity with “the people of Venezuela and their desire to restore democracy and human rights in Venezuela.” With its partners of the Lima Group, Canada imposed sanctions on the Maduro regime, recognized Juan Guaidó as interim president, and called for free and fair elections as soon as possible. The article identi­fies possible factors explaining Canada’s policy. The main proposition is that the Venezuela crisis features an extraordinary combination of domestic and international factors that make participation to a multilateral and diplomatic push for restoration of democracy an ambi­tious but judicious option for Canada. The article also presents the criticism to this policy, and discusses the issue of human rights and democracy promotion in the broader context of Canadian foreign policy.application/pdftext/htmlapplication/xml10.18601/16577558.n30.042346-21321657-7558https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/8505https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n30.04spaFacultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionaleshttps://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/6083/7801https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/6083/7972https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/6083/8543Núm. 30 , Año 2019 : Julio-Diciembre753055OasisAvalos, L. and S. Spronk. (11/02/2019). A Short Guide for Canadian Anti-Imperialists on the Current Crisis in Venezuela. SP The Bullet.Ballingall, A. (24/02/2019). Jagmeet Singh questions Canada’s recognition of Venezuelan opposition leader. The Star (Toronto).Canadian Trade Commissioner. (22/10/2018). Venezue¬la. Retrieved: https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/venezuela/index.aspx?lang=engCárdenas, J. R. (07/02/2018). Elephants in the Room: Cuba is Making the Crisis in Venezuela Worse. Foreign Policy.Chapnick, A. (2016). Stephen Harper’s Israel Policy. In A. Chapnick and C. J. Kukucha (eds.), The Har¬per Era in Canadian Foreign Policy, Parliament, Politics, and Canada’s Global Posture. UBC Press, pp.105-120.CIC. (22/02/ 2019). Ben Rowswell speaks on Venezue¬la to the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, Feb. 21st 2019. Canadian International Council. Retrieved: https://thecic.org/en/cic-president-ben-rowswell-speaks-to-senate-committee-on-foreign-affairs-and-international-trade/Clément, D. (2016). Human Rights in Canada: A History. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Laurier Studies in Political Philosophy.Corrales, J. and M. Penfold. (2015). Dragon in the Tro¬pics, Venezuela and the Legacy of Hugo Chávez. Second edition. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.Daudelin, J. (2007). Canada and the Americas: A time for modesty. Behind the Headlines (Canadian Institute for International Affairs and the Centre for International Governance Innovation) 64, no. 3 (May).Dickson, J. (03/02/2019). Canada says it opposes mi¬litary intervention in Venezuela as Lima Group meets. The Globe and Mail (Toronto). Retrieved: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-canada-says-it-opposes-military-intervention-in-venezuela-as-lima/Dyer, E. (03/03/2019). Trudeau Government Reluctant to Call Out Havana for Repressing Venezuelans. CBC News. Retrieved: https://www.cbc.ca/news/ world/venezuela-canada-cuba-1.5040857.Gagnon, L. (18/02/2019). L’ingérence au Vénézuela. La Presse.Gomez, S.; T. Ward and B. Wood. (26/03/2014). Canada Must Call for Dialogue amid Venezuelan Unrest. The Hill Times.Gordon, Daphne. (23/12/2017). Venezuela moves to revoke Canadian diplomat’s status, accuses him of meddling, cbc News. Retrieved: https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/venezuela-canadian-diplomat-craig-kowalik-persona-non-grata-1.4463958Government of Canada. (13/08/2013a). Trade data online. Retrieved: http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/tdo-dcd.nsf/eng/HomeGovernment of Canada. (2013b). Inspection of the Embassy of Canada, Lima, Peru including the Embassy of Canada (Program Office) in La Paz, Bolivia. 24/01-01/02/2013. Retrieved: https:// www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/publications/inspection/2013/lima.aspx?lang=eng.Government of Canada. (13/06/2017). Canada’s ap¬proach to advancing human rights. Date mo¬dified. Retrieved: https://international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_deve¬loppement/human_rights-droits_homme/advan¬cing_rights-promouvoir_droits.aspx?lang=engGovernment of Canada. (2018a). Statistical Report on International Assistance 2016-2017. Date Modified: 27/07/2018. Retrieved: https://www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/publications/odaaa-lrmado/sria-rsai-2016-17-b2.aspx?lang=engGovernment of Canada. (2018b). Canada and Latin America and the Caribbean. Retrieved: https:// international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_ relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/index.aspx?lang=engGovernment of Canada. (2018c). Government Response to the July 2017 Report of the Standing Commit¬tee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade: The Deepening Crisis in Venezuela: Canadian and Regional Stakes. Ottawa, Minister of Foreign Affairs, March.Government of Canada. (2019a). Canada and the Ve¬nezuela Crisis. Date modified: 29 March 2019. https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/ issues_development-enjeux_developpement/response_conflict-reponse_conflits/crisis-crises/venezuela.aspx?lang=engGovernment of Canada. (10/01/2019b). Canada rejects the Maduro regime’s illegitimate mandate I Vene¬zuela. Global Affairs Canada. Retrieved: https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2019/01/canada-rejects-the-maduro-regimes-illegitimate-mandate-in-venezuela.htmlGrenier, Y. (21/06/2018). Cuba, sí, Venezuela, No? A double standard in foreign policy. OpenCanada.org.Howard-Hassmann, R. E. (2018). In Defense of Universal Human Rights. Polity. ICC. (n/d). Venezuela. Preliminary examination. Retrie¬ved: https://www.icc-cpi.int/venezuelaKalvapalie, R. (16/01/2019). Trudeau slams Venezuelan ‘dictator’ Maduro, sidesteps question on Brazil’s president. Global News. Retrieved: https://glo-balnews.ca/news/4851670/trudeau-venezuela-maduro-brazil-bolsonaro/Kilpatrick, S. (11/05/2018). Chavez’s death brings hope of a better future for Venezuela: PM Harper. The Globe and Mail.Kirk, J. and S. Kimber. (05/02/2019). Canada’s leaders¬hip on Venezuela is misguided, misdirected - and a mistake. The Globe and Mail.Legler, T. (2012). Wishful Thinking, Democracy promo¬tion in the Americas under Harper. International Journal (Summer): 583-602Lightfoot, S. (2018). A Promise Too Far? The Justin Trudeau Government and Indigenous Rights. In N. Hillmer and P. Lagassé (eds.), Justin Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy. Toronto, ON: Pal¬grave Macmilan, Canada Among Nations series, pp. 165-185.Lui, A. (2012). Why Canada Cares: Human Rights and Foreign Policy in Theory and Practice. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Mace, G. and J.-P. Thérien. (2012). Canada and the Americas: making a difference? International Journal, 67, No. 3, pp. 569–582.Mazereeuw, P. (14/05/2014a). Canada’s diplomatic dog¬house. The Hill Times (Ottawa).Mazereeuw, P. (05/03/2014b). Canada dispatches digi¬tal diplomacy devotee to Caracas. The Hill Times (Ottawa).McQuaig, L. (13/02/2019). Canada helps tee-up U.S. invasion of Venezuela, The Star (Toronto).Morgan, G. (23/05/2018). Canadian oil flows into U.S. Gulf Coast market as Venezuela continues ‘death spiral’, Financial Post.Naím, M. and F. Toro. 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Retrieved https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/venezuela-maduro-guaido-singh-1.5008880Yvon Grenier - 2019info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/6083Canada;Venezuela;foreign policy;democracy;human rightsCanadá;Venezuela;política exterior;democracia;derechos humanosCanadá y la crisis de VenezuelaCanada and the Venezuela crisisArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREFinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationOREORE.xmltext/xml2465https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/bitstreams/a29be89d-b10b-4819-944d-dbbd268cd3e3/download16e7f96afab4e95f627075d433367064MD51001/8505oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/85052023-08-14 15:03:08.554https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Yvon Grenier - 2019https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.coUniversidad Externado de Colombiametabiblioteca@metabiblioteca.org

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