Tightrope Balancing in a Time of Rising Great Power Competition: An Assessment of Sri Lanka’s Relations with India and China

El resurgimiento económico de China augura la posibilidad de una recalibración en el equilibrio de poder global. Muchos sostienen que este proceso ya está en marcha en el este de Asia, específicamente en relación con el mar de China Meridional. En otras partes del mundo, la creciente huella de China...

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Autores:
De Silva, Shakthi
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2022
Institución:
Universidad Externado de Colombia
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Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
Idioma:
spa
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oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/15154
Acceso en línea:
https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15154
https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n37.05
Palabra clave:
Sri Lanka;
Foreign Policy;
Small States;
India;
China;
South Asia
Sri Lanka;
política exterior;
pequeños Estados;
India;
China;
Asia del sur
Rights
openAccess
License
Shakthi De SilvaII - 2022
id uexternad2_73fd35f241b08721eba95c74882e8917
oai_identifier_str oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/15154
network_acronym_str uexternad2
network_name_str Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Tightrope Balancing in a Time of Rising Great Power Competition: An Assessment of Sri Lanka’s Relations with India and China
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv Tightrope Balancing in a Time of Rising Great Power Competition: An Assessment of Sri Lanka’s Relations with India and China
title Tightrope Balancing in a Time of Rising Great Power Competition: An Assessment of Sri Lanka’s Relations with India and China
spellingShingle Tightrope Balancing in a Time of Rising Great Power Competition: An Assessment of Sri Lanka’s Relations with India and China
Sri Lanka;
Foreign Policy;
Small States;
India;
China;
South Asia
Sri Lanka;
política exterior;
pequeños Estados;
India;
China;
Asia del sur
title_short Tightrope Balancing in a Time of Rising Great Power Competition: An Assessment of Sri Lanka’s Relations with India and China
title_full Tightrope Balancing in a Time of Rising Great Power Competition: An Assessment of Sri Lanka’s Relations with India and China
title_fullStr Tightrope Balancing in a Time of Rising Great Power Competition: An Assessment of Sri Lanka’s Relations with India and China
title_full_unstemmed Tightrope Balancing in a Time of Rising Great Power Competition: An Assessment of Sri Lanka’s Relations with India and China
title_sort Tightrope Balancing in a Time of Rising Great Power Competition: An Assessment of Sri Lanka’s Relations with India and China
dc.creator.fl_str_mv De Silva, Shakthi
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv De Silva, Shakthi
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Sri Lanka;
Foreign Policy;
Small States;
India;
China;
South Asia
topic Sri Lanka;
Foreign Policy;
Small States;
India;
China;
South Asia
Sri Lanka;
política exterior;
pequeños Estados;
India;
China;
Asia del sur
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Sri Lanka;
política exterior;
pequeños Estados;
India;
China;
Asia del sur
description El resurgimiento económico de China augura la posibilidad de una recalibración en el equilibrio de poder global. Muchos sostienen que este proceso ya está en marcha en el este de Asia, específicamente en relación con el mar de China Meridional. En otras partes del mundo, la creciente huella de China se puede observar a través de proyectos de infraestructura, bajo la iniciativa de la franja y la ruta de Beijing. ¿Aprovecha China su poder económico para satisfacer sus intereses al obligar a las naciones más pequeñas a aceptar condiciones y acuerdos que no son de su interés? Este artículo examina si la evidencia es visible a través de un estudio de caso de Sri Lanka. La ubicación geográfica de la isla, justo sobre las vías de comunicación marítimas del océano Índico, continúa atrayendo la atención de los poderes regionales y extrarregionales. Las limitaciones de tamaño de Sri Lanka y el bajo ritmo de desarrollo económico también otorgan un margen de maniobra a India (la hegemonía regional) y China para utilizar los lazos bilaterales para sus intereses. ¿Hay evidencia que sugiera que China ha utilizado la infraestructura portuaria para satisfacer sus intereses nacionales a expensas de Sri Lanka? ¿O Sri Lanka ha logrado trazar una fina línea entre las dos potencias asiáticas: el vecino hegemón, India, y la gran potencia emergente, China? ¿La verdad se encuentra en algún punto intermedio? Este artículo profundiza en estas preguntas al examinar los enfoques y las posturas que Sri Lanka ha adoptado hacia ambas naciones, particularmente durante el gobierno del presidente Gotabaya Rajapakse desde 2019 hasta fines de 2021. Al hacerlo, pretende dar luces sobre cómo Sri Lanka ha manejado los lazos bilaterales con ambas potencias asiáticas, así como el grado de competencia sino-india visible dentro de la infraestructura portuaria de la isla. Concluye que las decisiones tomadas con respecto a los proyectos de infraestructura portuaria representan un panorama mixto. Un hallazgo clave es la capacidad de los grupos de interés nacionales para dar forma a la política exterior de Sri Lanka durante este periodo, lo que ha afectado significativamente los lazos de la isla con otros aliados regionales como Japón.
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2024-06-05T20:04:40Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-12-05T00:00:00Z
2024-06-05T20:04:40Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2022-12-05
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Núm. 37 , Año 2023 : Enero-Junio
dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv 68
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dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Abeyagoonasekera, A. (2021, February 21). Bandwagoning with China: Geopolitics of a container terminal in Sri Lanka. ORF. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/bandwagoning-china-geopoliticscontainer-terminal-srilanka/
American Enterprise Institute (2022). China Global Investment Tracker https://www.aei.org/chinaglobal-investment-tracker/
Aneez, S. (2022, April 25) China sad that Sri Lanka went to IMF and defaulted: envoy. Economy Next. https://economynext.com/china-sad-that-srilanka-went-to-imf-and-defaulted-envoy-93468/
Attanayake, C. (2021 November 09). India’s Answer to China’s Ports in Sri Lanka. The interpreter https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/india-sanswer-china-s-ports-sri-lanka
Balachandran, P. (2022 Jan 13). China enters Colombo Port East Terminal Project by the backdoor. Eurasia Review. https://www.eurasiareview.com/13012022-china-enters-colombo-port-eastterminal-project-by-the-backdoor-analysis/
BBC (2017 January 07). Sri Lanka protest over Chinese investment turns ugly. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38541673
Bhasin, A. & Hyles, C. (2001). India-Sri Lanka relations and Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict documents 1947-2000 Volume 1. India Research Press.
Business Standard (2021 September 21). Adani Seals deal to develop Western Container Terminal at Colombo Port https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-grp-seals-deal-todevelop-western-container-terminal-at-colomboport-121093001398_1.html
China Merchants Port Holdings Company Limited, Potential discloseable transaction concession agreement in relation to Hambantota Port, Sri Lanka. http://www.cmport.com.hk/UpFiles/bpic/2017-07/20170725061311456.pdf
Colombage, J. (2020 August 26). Sri Lanka will adopt India first approach: Foreign Secretary Jayanath Colombage. Business Standard. https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/srilanka-will-adopt-india-first-approach-foreign-secy-jayanath-colombage-120082600992_1.html
Davis, A. E., & Balls, J. N. (2019). The Indian Ocean Region in the 21st Century: Geopolitical, economic, and environmental ties. Australia India Institute, University of Melbourne.
De Silva, S. (2018a). Trapped between the Dragon and South Asia’s big brother: The case of Sri Lanka’s “balanced” foreign policy. Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences, 41 (2), pp. 69-81. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/sljss.v41i2.7695
De Silva, S. (2018b). Cosmetic Plastering: No bona fide unity in Sri Lanka’s Unity Government? Counter Currents. https://countercurrents.org/2018/02/cosmetic-plastering-no-bona-fide-unity-srilankas-unity-government/
De Silva, S. (2019). Sri Lanka – China Relations: A brief overview. Diplomacy and World Affairs, 1 (1), pp. 140-151.
De Silva, S. (2020). Making sense of the Haze. University of Colombo Review, 1 (1), pp. 94-100.
De Silva, S. (2022 May 12a). The technopolitics of dissent in Sri Lanka. Australian Institute of International Affairs. https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/the-technopolitics-ofdissent-in-sri-lanka/
De Silva, S. (2022, February 12b). Sri Lanka’s fertilizer sellout to China. East Asia Forum https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2022/02/12/sri-lankas-fertiliser-sell-out-to-china/
Fairbank, J. (1969). China’s Foreign Policy in Historical Perspective. Foreign Affairs 47 (3). https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/1969-04-01/chinas-foreign-policy-historical-perspective
Ghosh, R. (2020, August 13). As far as strategic security considerations go, Sri Lanka has an ‘India First’ Approach, Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/talkingturkey/as-far-asstrategic-security-considerations-go-sri-lankahas-an-india-first-approach/
Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge University.
Global Firepower (2022) Global Firepower Index. https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.php
Hambantota International Port Group (n.a). China Merchants Ports Holdings Company Limited. http://www.hipg.lk/index.php/2-uncategorised/17-public-private-partnership
Health Promotion Bureau (n.a). Covid 19 Situation Report. https://www.hpb.health.gov.lk/en
Huang, M. C. (2018). A New Game Started? China’s ‘Overseas Strategic Pivots’ in the Indian Ocean Region. China Report, 54 (3), pp. 267-284.
Khurana, G. S. (2008). China’s ‘String of Pearls’ in the Indian Ocean and Its Security Implications. Strategic Analysis, 32 (1) pp. 1-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/09700160801886314
Kuruwita, R. (2022, May 25). Indian assistance to Sri Lanka: Lifeline or chokehold. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/indian-assistance-to-sri-lanka-lifeline-or-chokehold/
Majueran, M. (2021). Then and now: Hambantota International Port. DailyFT. https://www.ft.lk/columns/Then-and-now-Hambantota-International-Port/4-721196
Ministry of Mass Media (2021a, January 29). President receives first batch of covid vaccines at Airport https://www.media.gov.lk/media-gallery/latestnews/2726-president-receives-first-batch-ofcovid-vaccines-at-airport
Ministry of Mass Media (2021b, July 27). China has donated another consignment of 1.6 million doses of Sinopharm. https://media.gov.lk/media-gallery/latest-news/2818-china-has-donated-anotherconsignment-of-1-6-million-doses-of-the-sinopharm
Moramudali, U. (2020 January 1). The Hambantota Port Deal: Myths and Realities. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/the-hambantotaport-deal-myths-and-realities/
NDTV (2022, May 27). Crisis – Hit Sri Lanka Prime Minister says grateful for India’s support. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ranil-wickremesinghe-grateful-says-sri-lankas-prime-minister-onindias-support-3016402
Ogden, C. (2022). The Double-Edged Sword: Reviewing India-China Relations. India Quarterly. 1-19
Presidential Secretariat (2022 May). President Xi applauds Sri Lanka’s successful fight against Covid-19. https://www.president.gov.lk/president-xi-applauds-sri-lankas-successful-fight-against-covid-19/
Shivshankar M. (2016). TN Leaders knew Prabhakaran would kill them to rule Eelam: Menon. Daily Mirror. https://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/TN-leaders-knew-Prabhakaran-would-kill-themto-rule-Eelam-Menon/108-120552
Shrivastava, N. (2022, May 19). India seeks to win public trust in crisis hit Sri Lanka. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61490635
Sri Lanka Parliament (2021, May 27). Colombo Port City Economic Commission Act 11 of 2021. https://www.parliament.lk/uploads/acts/gbills/english/6218.pdf
Sunday Times (2014 October 19). Beijing’s nuclear subs coming again, India concerned. https://www.sundaytimes.lk/141019/news/beijings-nuclear-subscoming-again-india-concerned-123254.html
The Indian Express (2021 November 24). Colombo Ports Controversial eastern container terminal. https://indianexpress.com/article/world/chinese-firm-contract-to-develop-colombo-portterminal-7639883/
The Maritime Executive (2021, May 25). China bags another lucrative Port Deal in Sri Lanka. https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/china-bagsanother-lucrative-port-deal-in-sri-lanka
Wang J. (2012) ‘Xijin’, Zhongguo diyuan zhanlue de zai pingheng. [‘Westward march’: China’s geostrategic rebalance]. Huanqiu shibao. http://opinion.huanqiu.com/opinion_world/2012-10/3193760.html
Wickremasinghe, R. (2019, April 08). Hambantota Port not in Chinese Hands: Lanka PM. Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/hambantota-port-not-in-chinese-hands-lanka-pm/articleshow/68771286.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr
Wijedasa, N. (2022, April 22). Cancelled light rail project: Lanka rejects claims for billions as compensation. Sunday Times. https://www.sundaytimes.lk/220424/news/cancelled-light-rail-projectlanka- rejects-claims-for-billions-as-compensation-480897.html
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spelling De Silva, Shakthi2022-12-05T00:00:00Z2024-06-05T20:04:40Z2022-12-05T00:00:00Z2024-06-05T20:04:40Z2022-12-05El resurgimiento económico de China augura la posibilidad de una recalibración en el equilibrio de poder global. Muchos sostienen que este proceso ya está en marcha en el este de Asia, específicamente en relación con el mar de China Meridional. En otras partes del mundo, la creciente huella de China se puede observar a través de proyectos de infraestructura, bajo la iniciativa de la franja y la ruta de Beijing. ¿Aprovecha China su poder económico para satisfacer sus intereses al obligar a las naciones más pequeñas a aceptar condiciones y acuerdos que no son de su interés? Este artículo examina si la evidencia es visible a través de un estudio de caso de Sri Lanka. La ubicación geográfica de la isla, justo sobre las vías de comunicación marítimas del océano Índico, continúa atrayendo la atención de los poderes regionales y extrarregionales. Las limitaciones de tamaño de Sri Lanka y el bajo ritmo de desarrollo económico también otorgan un margen de maniobra a India (la hegemonía regional) y China para utilizar los lazos bilaterales para sus intereses. ¿Hay evidencia que sugiera que China ha utilizado la infraestructura portuaria para satisfacer sus intereses nacionales a expensas de Sri Lanka? ¿O Sri Lanka ha logrado trazar una fina línea entre las dos potencias asiáticas: el vecino hegemón, India, y la gran potencia emergente, China? ¿La verdad se encuentra en algún punto intermedio? Este artículo profundiza en estas preguntas al examinar los enfoques y las posturas que Sri Lanka ha adoptado hacia ambas naciones, particularmente durante el gobierno del presidente Gotabaya Rajapakse desde 2019 hasta fines de 2021. Al hacerlo, pretende dar luces sobre cómo Sri Lanka ha manejado los lazos bilaterales con ambas potencias asiáticas, así como el grado de competencia sino-india visible dentro de la infraestructura portuaria de la isla. Concluye que las decisiones tomadas con respecto a los proyectos de infraestructura portuaria representan un panorama mixto. Un hallazgo clave es la capacidad de los grupos de interés nacionales para dar forma a la política exterior de Sri Lanka durante este periodo, lo que ha afectado significativamente los lazos de la isla con otros aliados regionales como Japón.China’s economic resurgence augurs the possibility of a recalibration in the global balance of power. Many contend that this process is already underway in East Asia – specifically in relation to the South China Sea. In other parts of the world, China’s growing footprint is discernible through infrastructure projects, under Beijing’s Belt and Road initiative. Does China leverage its economic power to realise its interests by forcing smaller nations to accept conditions and agreements which are not in the latter’s interests? This paper examines whether evidence to this effect is visible through a case study of Sri Lanka. The island’s geographic location – astride the Indian Ocean Sea Lanes of Communication – continues to draw the attention of regional and extra-regional powers. Sri Lanka’s constraints in size and poor pace of economic development also grants leeway for India (the regional hegemon) and China to leverage bilateral ties in their interest. Is there evidence to suggest that China has utilised port infrastructure to realise its national interests at the expense of Sri Lanka? Or, has Sri Lanka managed to thread a fine line between the two Asian powers: the neighbouring regional hegemon – India; and the resurgent great power – China? Does the truth lie somewhere in between? This article delves into these questions by examining the approaches and stances which Sri Lanka has adopted towards both nations, particularly during President Gotabaya Rajapakse’s government, from 2019 leading up to the end of 2021. By doing so, it aims to shed light on how Sri Lanka handled bilateral ties with both Asian powers as well as the degree of Sino-Indian competition visible within the island’s port infrastructure landscape. It concludes that the decisions reached with regard to port infrastructure projects represent a mixed picture. A key finding is the ability of domestic interest groups to shape Sri Lanka’s foreign policy during this period, which has significantly dented the island’s ties with other regional allies such as Japan.application/pdftext/htmltext/xml10.18601/16577558.n37.052346-21321657-7558https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15154https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n37.05spaFacultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionaleshttps://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/8418/13592https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/8418/13593https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/8418/13594Núm. 37 , Año 2023 : Enero-Junio683747OasisAbeyagoonasekera, A. (2021, February 21). Bandwagoning with China: Geopolitics of a container terminal in Sri Lanka. ORF. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/bandwagoning-china-geopoliticscontainer-terminal-srilanka/American Enterprise Institute (2022). China Global Investment Tracker https://www.aei.org/chinaglobal-investment-tracker/Aneez, S. (2022, April 25) China sad that Sri Lanka went to IMF and defaulted: envoy. Economy Next. https://economynext.com/china-sad-that-srilanka-went-to-imf-and-defaulted-envoy-93468/Attanayake, C. (2021 November 09). India’s Answer to China’s Ports in Sri Lanka. The interpreter https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/india-sanswer-china-s-ports-sri-lankaBalachandran, P. (2022 Jan 13). China enters Colombo Port East Terminal Project by the backdoor. Eurasia Review. https://www.eurasiareview.com/13012022-china-enters-colombo-port-eastterminal-project-by-the-backdoor-analysis/BBC (2017 January 07). Sri Lanka protest over Chinese investment turns ugly. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38541673Bhasin, A. & Hyles, C. (2001). India-Sri Lanka relations and Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict documents 1947-2000 Volume 1. India Research Press.Business Standard (2021 September 21). Adani Seals deal to develop Western Container Terminal at Colombo Port https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-grp-seals-deal-todevelop-western-container-terminal-at-colomboport-121093001398_1.htmlChina Merchants Port Holdings Company Limited, Potential discloseable transaction concession agreement in relation to Hambantota Port, Sri Lanka. http://www.cmport.com.hk/UpFiles/bpic/2017-07/20170725061311456.pdfColombage, J. (2020 August 26). Sri Lanka will adopt India first approach: Foreign Secretary Jayanath Colombage. Business Standard. https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/srilanka-will-adopt-india-first-approach-foreign-secy-jayanath-colombage-120082600992_1.htmlDavis, A. E., & Balls, J. N. (2019). The Indian Ocean Region in the 21st Century: Geopolitical, economic, and environmental ties. Australia India Institute, University of Melbourne.De Silva, S. (2018a). Trapped between the Dragon and South Asia’s big brother: The case of Sri Lanka’s “balanced” foreign policy. Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences, 41 (2), pp. 69-81. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/sljss.v41i2.7695De Silva, S. (2018b). Cosmetic Plastering: No bona fide unity in Sri Lanka’s Unity Government? Counter Currents. https://countercurrents.org/2018/02/cosmetic-plastering-no-bona-fide-unity-srilankas-unity-government/De Silva, S. (2019). Sri Lanka – China Relations: A brief overview. Diplomacy and World Affairs, 1 (1), pp. 140-151.De Silva, S. (2020). Making sense of the Haze. University of Colombo Review, 1 (1), pp. 94-100.De Silva, S. (2022 May 12a). The technopolitics of dissent in Sri Lanka. Australian Institute of International Affairs. https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/the-technopolitics-ofdissent-in-sri-lanka/De Silva, S. (2022, February 12b). Sri Lanka’s fertilizer sellout to China. East Asia Forum https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2022/02/12/sri-lankas-fertiliser-sell-out-to-china/Fairbank, J. (1969). China’s Foreign Policy in Historical Perspective. Foreign Affairs 47 (3). https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/1969-04-01/chinas-foreign-policy-historical-perspectiveGhosh, R. (2020, August 13). As far as strategic security considerations go, Sri Lanka has an ‘India First’ Approach, Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/talkingturkey/as-far-asstrategic-security-considerations-go-sri-lankahas-an-india-first-approach/Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge University.Global Firepower (2022) Global Firepower Index. https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.phpHambantota International Port Group (n.a). China Merchants Ports Holdings Company Limited. http://www.hipg.lk/index.php/2-uncategorised/17-public-private-partnershipHealth Promotion Bureau (n.a). 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Sunday Times. https://www.sundaytimes.lk/220424/news/cancelled-light-rail-projectlanka- rejects-claims-for-billions-as-compensation-480897.htmlShakthi De SilvaII - 2022info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/8418Sri Lanka;Foreign Policy;Small States;India;China;South AsiaSri Lanka;política exterior;pequeños Estados;India;China;Asia del surTightrope Balancing in a Time of Rising Great Power Competition: An Assessment of Sri Lanka’s Relations with India and ChinaTightrope Balancing in a Time of Rising Great Power Competition: An Assessment of Sri Lanka’s Relations with India and ChinaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationOREORE.xmltext/xml2659https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/bitstreams/d1969d6a-15b7-463f-a19b-b139648a52b5/download3961144b618691d5aa828c9063cbae17MD51001/15154oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/151542024-06-05 15:04:41.087http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0Shakthi De SilvaII - 2022https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.coUniversidad Externado de Colombiametabiblioteca@metabiblioteca.org

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