El sistema federal de contratación de los Estados Unidos: una introducción

Este artículo proporciona una introducción al derecho de la contratación estatal de los Estados Unidos, especialmente el derecho federal, que está más desarrollado que el derecho de los estados o el derecho local, y que tiene lecciones que pueden ser útiles para otros sistemas. El artículo se divide...

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Autores:
R. Yukins, Christopher
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Universidad Externado de Colombia
Repositorio:
Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/25885
Acceso en línea:
https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/25885
https://doi.org/10.18601/21452946.n27.02
Palabra clave:
Public Procurement,
Public Procurement in the United States,
Cost-Reimbursement Contracts,
Negotiated Proposals,
Competitive Negotiations,
Access to Procurement Markets
contratación estatal,
contratación estatal en los Estados Unidos,
contratos por reembolso de costos,
propuestas con negociación,
negociaciones competitivas,
acceso al mercado de contratación
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openAccess
License
ChristopherX R. Yukins - 2021
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network_acronym_str uexternad2
network_name_str Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv El sistema federal de contratación de los Estados Unidos: una introducción
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv The U.S. Federal Procurement System: An Introduction
title El sistema federal de contratación de los Estados Unidos: una introducción
spellingShingle El sistema federal de contratación de los Estados Unidos: una introducción
Public Procurement,
Public Procurement in the United States,
Cost-Reimbursement Contracts,
Negotiated Proposals,
Competitive Negotiations,
Access to Procurement Markets
contratación estatal,
contratación estatal en los Estados Unidos,
contratos por reembolso de costos,
propuestas con negociación,
negociaciones competitivas,
acceso al mercado de contratación
title_short El sistema federal de contratación de los Estados Unidos: una introducción
title_full El sistema federal de contratación de los Estados Unidos: una introducción
title_fullStr El sistema federal de contratación de los Estados Unidos: una introducción
title_full_unstemmed El sistema federal de contratación de los Estados Unidos: una introducción
title_sort El sistema federal de contratación de los Estados Unidos: una introducción
dc.creator.fl_str_mv R. Yukins, Christopher
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv R. Yukins, Christopher
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Public Procurement,
Public Procurement in the United States,
Cost-Reimbursement Contracts,
Negotiated Proposals,
Competitive Negotiations,
Access to Procurement Markets
topic Public Procurement,
Public Procurement in the United States,
Cost-Reimbursement Contracts,
Negotiated Proposals,
Competitive Negotiations,
Access to Procurement Markets
contratación estatal,
contratación estatal en los Estados Unidos,
contratos por reembolso de costos,
propuestas con negociación,
negociaciones competitivas,
acceso al mercado de contratación
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv contratación estatal,
contratación estatal en los Estados Unidos,
contratos por reembolso de costos,
propuestas con negociación,
negociaciones competitivas,
acceso al mercado de contratación
description Este artículo proporciona una introducción al derecho de la contratación estatal de los Estados Unidos, especialmente el derecho federal, que está más desarrollado que el derecho de los estados o el derecho local, y que tiene lecciones que pueden ser útiles para otros sistemas. El artículo se divide en siete partes y su análisis abarca la historia, que ha dotado al sistema de sus características actuales; el acceso al mercado y las potenciales barreras de entrada; los principales métodos de contratación en el sistema federal; los principales tipos de contratos; el sistema de protestas para los oferentes agraviados; y los mecanismos de protección anticorrupción del sistema estadounidense. Todos estos elementos actúan como piezas de un engranaje que, sin ser perfecto, ha evolucionado a lo largo de los años para llegar a ser un régimen de contratación estatal que es, a la vez, complejo y maduro.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-01-01
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
2025-04-09T18:02:37Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
2025-04-09T18:02:37Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.type.local.eng.fl_str_mv Journal article
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https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/Deradm/article/download/7577/12471
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Núm. 27 , Año 2022 : Enero-Junio
dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv 43
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 27
dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv 9
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Albano, Gian Luigi y Caroline Nicholas. The Law and Economics of Framework Agreements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
American Bar Association. Model Code for State and Local Governments. Nueva York: ABA, 2000.
Arrowsmith, Sue. “Government Procurement in the WTO”. Kluwer Law Int’l, 2003.
Arrowsmith, Sue. The Law of Public and Utilities Procurement: Regulation in the EU and UK 1271-72, 3.ª ed. Sweet & Maxwell/Thomson Reuters, 2014.
Boese, John T. Civil False Claims and Qui Tam Actions, 4.ª ed. Filadelfia: Wolters Kluwer, 2010.
Cibinic Jr., John, Ralph Nash Jr. y Christopher Yukins. Formation of Government Contracts, 4.ª ed. Washington: George Washington University, 2011.
Cibinic, Jr., John, Ralph Nash Jr. y James F. NAGLE . Administration of Government Contracts, 4.ª ed. Washington: George Washington University, 2006.
Conway, Danielle. State and Local Government Procurement. Nueva York: American Bar Association, 2012.
Daniel, Caroline, y Demetri Sevastopulo. “Inside the ‘iron triangle’: armed with e-mails, John McCain battles the US defense establishment”. Financial Times, Jan. 28, 2005.
Dirección General de Mercado Interior y Servicios. Directive 2009/81/ EC on the award of contracts in the fields of defense and security — Guidance Note: Security of Supply (discussing concept). Bruselas: Agencia Europea de Defensa, 2009. Disponible en línea: https://www.eda.europa.eu/docs/documents/guide-sos_en.pdf.
Edwards, Vernon J. Competitive Processes in Government Contracting: The FAR Part 15 Process Model and Process Inefficiency, 2003. Disponible en línea: http://www.wifcon.com/anal/analcomproc.htm.
Gavon Copeland, Melissa. Guide to State Procurement: A 50-State Primer on Purchasing Laws, Processes, and Procedures, 2.ª ed. Nueva York: aba, 2016.
Gordon, Daniel I. “Bid Protests: ‘The Costs Are Real, but the Benefits Outweigh Them’”. 42 Pub. Cont. L.J., 2013.
Green, Allen B. International Government Contract Law. Washington: West, 2016.
Ivory, Danielle. “‘Reverse Auctions’ Draw Scrutiny”, NY Times, Apr. 6, 2014. Disponible en línea: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/07/business/reverseauctions-draw-scrutiny.html.
Lee Coy, Curtis. The Competition in Contracting Act of 1984. Monterrey: Navy Postgraduate School, 1986.
Mack, Clifton E. Federal Procurement: A Manual for the Information of Federal Purchasing Officers viii, Washington: Procurement Division, U.S. Department of Treasury, 1943.
Manuel, Kate M., Alissa M. Dolan, Brandon J. Murrill, Rodney R. Perry y Stephen P. Mulligan. “Domestic Content Restrictions: The Buy American Act and Complementary Provisions of Federal Law”. Cong. Res. Serv., sept.2016, 2016. Disponible en línea: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43354.pdf.
Manuel, Kate. “Competition in Federal Contracting: An Overview of the Legal Requirements”. Cong. Res. Serv. 2011, 2011. Disponible en línea: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40516.pdf.
Mckay Weitzel Jr., James. “gao Bid Protest Procedures under the Competition in Contracting Act: Constitutional Implications After Buckley and Chadha”. 34 Cath. U. L. Rev. 485, 1985.
Nagle, James F. History of Government Contracting, 2.ª ed. Washington: The George Washington University, 1999.
oecd. Public Procurement Review and Remedies Systems in the European Union, SIGMA Papers, n.º. 41, París: oecd Publishing, 2007. Disponible en línea: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kml60q9vklt-en.
Puskar, Erik. The Benefits of U.S.-European Security Standardization. Gaithersburg: NIST, 2012. Disponible en línea: http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.7861.
Sanchez Graells, Albert. Public Procurement and the EU Competition Rules, 2.ª ed. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2015.
Schaengold, Michael J., Michael Guiffré y Elizabeth M. Gill. “Choice of Forum for Federal Government Contract Bid Protests”, 18 Fed. Circuit B.J. 243, 2009. Disponible en línea: http://cfcbar.org/upload/2009-Choice-of-Forumfor-FederalGovernment-Contract-Bid-rotests.pdf.
Schooner, Steven. “Desiderata: Objectives for a System of Government Contract Law”. 11 Pub. Proc. L. Rev. 103, 2002. Disponible en línea: http://ssrn.com/abstract=304620.
Schwartz, Moshe y Kate M. Manuel. “gao Bid Protests: Trends and Analysis”. Cong. Res. Serv. July 21, 2015. Disponible en línea: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40227.pdf.
Solomson, Matthew H., Chad E. Miller y Wesley A. Demor. Fiscal Matters: An Introduction to Federal Fiscal Law & Principles. Thomson Ruters, 2010.
Tillipman, Jessica. Gifts, Hospitality and the Government Contractor,14-7 Briefing Pap. 1, Washington: Thomson Reuters/West, 2014.
Trepte, Peter. Regulating Procurement. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
U.S. Acc ountability Office. The Antideficiency Act. Disponible en línea: http://www.gao.gov/legal/anti-deficiency-act/about.
U.S. Department of Justice. Press Release: Justice Department Recovers Over $4.7 Billion From False Claims Act Cases in Fiscal Year 2016, 2016.
U.S. Department of Justice. The False Claims Act: A Primer. Disponible en línea: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/civil/legacy/2011/04/22/CFRAUDS_FCA_Primer.pdf.
U.S. General Services Administration. GSA Acquisition Rule Captures Transactional Data, Drives Savings and Eliminates Burdensome Reporting. Disponible en línea: https://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/137210.
U.S. Government Accountability Office. “Federal Subcontracting: Linking Small Business Subcontractors to Prime Contracts Is Not Feasible Using Current Systems”, Report GAO-15-116 (Dec. 2014), 2014. Disponible en línea: http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/667410.pdf.
U.S. Government Accountability Office. “Reverse Auctions: Guidance Is Needed to Maximize Competition and Achieve Cost Savings”, Report No. GAO-14-108, Dec. 9-2013, 2013. Disponible en línea: www.gao.gov/products/GAO-14-108.
U.S. Government Accountability Office. Bid Protests at gao: A Descriptive Guide 8, 9.ª ed., 2009.
Uncitral. Guide to Enactment of the Uncitral Model Law on Public Procurement, 2012.
Uncitral. Model Law on Public Procurement, 2011. Disponible en línea: http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/procurem/ml-procurement-2011/2011-Model-Law-on-Public-Procurement-e.pdf.
Unión Europea, Directiva 2014/24/EU.
Vacketta, Carl L., y Susan H. Pope. “Commercial Item Contracts: When Is A Government Contract Term or Condition Consistent with ‘Standard’ or ‘Customary’ Commercial Practice?”. 27 Pub. Cont. L.J., 1998.
Whiteford, David A. “Negotiated Procurements: Squandering the Benefit of the Bargain”. Pub. Cont. L.J. 509, 2003.
Wittie, Patricia. “Origins and History of Competition Requirements in Federal Government Contracting: There’s Nothing New Under the Sun”. Report of the Comm. on Governmental Affairs to Accompany S. 2127, S. Rep. No. 97-665 at 3, Washington: Committee on Governmental Affairs, 1982, pp.1-4. Disponible en línea: www.reedsmith.com.
Woodward, Aaron. “The Perverse Effect of the Multiple Award Schedules’ Price Reductions Clause”. 41 Pub. Cont. L.J., 2012.
Yukins, Christohper R. “International Procurement Developments in 2016 — Part I: The Trump Administration’s Policy Options in International Procurement”, Gov’t Con. Year in Rev. Br. 3, 2017.
Yukins, Christopher R., y Steven L. Schooner. “Incrementalism: Eroding the Impediments to a Global Public Procurement Market”. 38 Geo. J. Int’l, 2007.
Zhang, Xinglin. “Constructing a System of Challenge Procedures to Comply with the Agreement on Government Procurement”. En Sue Arrowsmith y Robert Anderson (Eds.), The wto Regime on Government Procurement: Challenge and Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv ChristopherX R. Yukins - 2021
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spelling R. Yukins, Christopher2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2025-04-09T18:02:37Z2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2025-04-09T18:02:37Z2021-01-01Este artículo proporciona una introducción al derecho de la contratación estatal de los Estados Unidos, especialmente el derecho federal, que está más desarrollado que el derecho de los estados o el derecho local, y que tiene lecciones que pueden ser útiles para otros sistemas. El artículo se divide en siete partes y su análisis abarca la historia, que ha dotado al sistema de sus características actuales; el acceso al mercado y las potenciales barreras de entrada; los principales métodos de contratación en el sistema federal; los principales tipos de contratos; el sistema de protestas para los oferentes agraviados; y los mecanismos de protección anticorrupción del sistema estadounidense. Todos estos elementos actúan como piezas de un engranaje que, sin ser perfecto, ha evolucionado a lo largo de los años para llegar a ser un régimen de contratación estatal que es, a la vez, complejo y maduro.This article provides a modest introduction to U.S. procurement law, especially federal procurement law, which generally is more extensively developed than state or local procurement law, and suggests possible lessons learned that may be useful for other systems. This article is divided in seven parts and its analysis encompasses the history, which has endowed the system with its current characteristics, market access and potential entry barriers, the main procurement methods in the federal system, the principal types of contracts, the bid protests system for aggrieved bidders, and the anticorruption mechanisms of the US system. All these elements act as pieces of an apparatus that, without being perfect, has evolved over the years to become a public procurement regime that is both complex and mature.application/pdftext/htmltext/xml10.18601/21452946.n27.022145-2946https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/25885https://doi.org/10.18601/21452946.n27.02spaUniversidad Externado de Colombiahttps://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/Deradm/article/download/7577/12469https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/Deradm/article/download/7577/12470https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/Deradm/article/download/7577/12471Núm. 27 , Año 2022 : Enero-Junio43279Revista Digital de Derecho AdministrativoAlbano, Gian Luigi y Caroline Nicholas. The Law and Economics of Framework Agreements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.American Bar Association. Model Code for State and Local Governments. Nueva York: ABA, 2000.Arrowsmith, Sue. “Government Procurement in the WTO”. Kluwer Law Int’l, 2003.Arrowsmith, Sue. The Law of Public and Utilities Procurement: Regulation in the EU and UK 1271-72, 3.ª ed. Sweet & Maxwell/Thomson Reuters, 2014.Boese, John T. Civil False Claims and Qui Tam Actions, 4.ª ed. Filadelfia: Wolters Kluwer, 2010.Cibinic Jr., John, Ralph Nash Jr. y Christopher Yukins. Formation of Government Contracts, 4.ª ed. Washington: George Washington University, 2011.Cibinic, Jr., John, Ralph Nash Jr. y James F. NAGLE . Administration of Government Contracts, 4.ª ed. Washington: George Washington University, 2006.Conway, Danielle. State and Local Government Procurement. Nueva York: American Bar Association, 2012.Daniel, Caroline, y Demetri Sevastopulo. “Inside the ‘iron triangle’: armed with e-mails, John McCain battles the US defense establishment”. Financial Times, Jan. 28, 2005.Dirección General de Mercado Interior y Servicios. Directive 2009/81/ EC on the award of contracts in the fields of defense and security — Guidance Note: Security of Supply (discussing concept). Bruselas: Agencia Europea de Defensa, 2009. Disponible en línea: https://www.eda.europa.eu/docs/documents/guide-sos_en.pdf.Edwards, Vernon J. Competitive Processes in Government Contracting: The FAR Part 15 Process Model and Process Inefficiency, 2003. Disponible en línea: http://www.wifcon.com/anal/analcomproc.htm.Gavon Copeland, Melissa. Guide to State Procurement: A 50-State Primer on Purchasing Laws, Processes, and Procedures, 2.ª ed. Nueva York: aba, 2016.Gordon, Daniel I. “Bid Protests: ‘The Costs Are Real, but the Benefits Outweigh Them’”. 42 Pub. Cont. L.J., 2013.Green, Allen B. International Government Contract Law. Washington: West, 2016.Ivory, Danielle. “‘Reverse Auctions’ Draw Scrutiny”, NY Times, Apr. 6, 2014. Disponible en línea: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/07/business/reverseauctions-draw-scrutiny.html.Lee Coy, Curtis. The Competition in Contracting Act of 1984. Monterrey: Navy Postgraduate School, 1986.Mack, Clifton E. Federal Procurement: A Manual for the Information of Federal Purchasing Officers viii, Washington: Procurement Division, U.S. Department of Treasury, 1943.Manuel, Kate M., Alissa M. Dolan, Brandon J. Murrill, Rodney R. Perry y Stephen P. Mulligan. “Domestic Content Restrictions: The Buy American Act and Complementary Provisions of Federal Law”. Cong. Res. Serv., sept.2016, 2016. Disponible en línea: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43354.pdf.Manuel, Kate. “Competition in Federal Contracting: An Overview of the Legal Requirements”. Cong. Res. Serv. 2011, 2011. Disponible en línea: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40516.pdf.Mckay Weitzel Jr., James. “gao Bid Protest Procedures under the Competition in Contracting Act: Constitutional Implications After Buckley and Chadha”. 34 Cath. U. L. Rev. 485, 1985.Nagle, James F. History of Government Contracting, 2.ª ed. Washington: The George Washington University, 1999.oecd. Public Procurement Review and Remedies Systems in the European Union, SIGMA Papers, n.º. 41, París: oecd Publishing, 2007. Disponible en línea: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kml60q9vklt-en.Puskar, Erik. The Benefits of U.S.-European Security Standardization. Gaithersburg: NIST, 2012. Disponible en línea: http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.7861.Sanchez Graells, Albert. Public Procurement and the EU Competition Rules, 2.ª ed. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2015.Schaengold, Michael J., Michael Guiffré y Elizabeth M. Gill. “Choice of Forum for Federal Government Contract Bid Protests”, 18 Fed. Circuit B.J. 243, 2009. Disponible en línea: http://cfcbar.org/upload/2009-Choice-of-Forumfor-FederalGovernment-Contract-Bid-rotests.pdf.Schooner, Steven. “Desiderata: Objectives for a System of Government Contract Law”. 11 Pub. Proc. L. Rev. 103, 2002. Disponible en línea: http://ssrn.com/abstract=304620.Schwartz, Moshe y Kate M. Manuel. “gao Bid Protests: Trends and Analysis”. Cong. Res. Serv. July 21, 2015. Disponible en línea: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40227.pdf.Solomson, Matthew H., Chad E. Miller y Wesley A. Demor. Fiscal Matters: An Introduction to Federal Fiscal Law & Principles. Thomson Ruters, 2010.Tillipman, Jessica. Gifts, Hospitality and the Government Contractor,14-7 Briefing Pap. 1, Washington: Thomson Reuters/West, 2014.Trepte, Peter. Regulating Procurement. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.U.S. Acc ountability Office. The Antideficiency Act. Disponible en línea: http://www.gao.gov/legal/anti-deficiency-act/about.U.S. Department of Justice. Press Release: Justice Department Recovers Over $4.7 Billion From False Claims Act Cases in Fiscal Year 2016, 2016.U.S. Department of Justice. The False Claims Act: A Primer. Disponible en línea: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/civil/legacy/2011/04/22/CFRAUDS_FCA_Primer.pdf.U.S. General Services Administration. GSA Acquisition Rule Captures Transactional Data, Drives Savings and Eliminates Burdensome Reporting. Disponible en línea: https://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/137210.U.S. Government Accountability Office. “Federal Subcontracting: Linking Small Business Subcontractors to Prime Contracts Is Not Feasible Using Current Systems”, Report GAO-15-116 (Dec. 2014), 2014. Disponible en línea: http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/667410.pdf.U.S. Government Accountability Office. “Reverse Auctions: Guidance Is Needed to Maximize Competition and Achieve Cost Savings”, Report No. GAO-14-108, Dec. 9-2013, 2013. Disponible en línea: www.gao.gov/products/GAO-14-108.U.S. Government Accountability Office. Bid Protests at gao: A Descriptive Guide 8, 9.ª ed., 2009.Uncitral. Guide to Enactment of the Uncitral Model Law on Public Procurement, 2012.Uncitral. Model Law on Public Procurement, 2011. Disponible en línea: http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/procurem/ml-procurement-2011/2011-Model-Law-on-Public-Procurement-e.pdf.Unión Europea, Directiva 2014/24/EU.Vacketta, Carl L., y Susan H. Pope. “Commercial Item Contracts: When Is A Government Contract Term or Condition Consistent with ‘Standard’ or ‘Customary’ Commercial Practice?”. 27 Pub. Cont. L.J., 1998.Whiteford, David A. “Negotiated Procurements: Squandering the Benefit of the Bargain”. Pub. Cont. L.J. 509, 2003.Wittie, Patricia. “Origins and History of Competition Requirements in Federal Government Contracting: There’s Nothing New Under the Sun”. Report of the Comm. on Governmental Affairs to Accompany S. 2127, S. Rep. No. 97-665 at 3, Washington: Committee on Governmental Affairs, 1982, pp.1-4. Disponible en línea: www.reedsmith.com.Woodward, Aaron. “The Perverse Effect of the Multiple Award Schedules’ Price Reductions Clause”. 41 Pub. Cont. L.J., 2012.Yukins, Christohper R. “International Procurement Developments in 2016 — Part I: The Trump Administration’s Policy Options in International Procurement”, Gov’t Con. Year in Rev. Br. 3, 2017.Yukins, Christopher R., y Steven L. Schooner. “Incrementalism: Eroding the Impediments to a Global Public Procurement Market”. 38 Geo. J. Int’l, 2007.Zhang, Xinglin. “Constructing a System of Challenge Procedures to Comply with the Agreement on Government Procurement”. En Sue Arrowsmith y Robert Anderson (Eds.), The wto Regime on Government Procurement: Challenge and Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.ChristopherX R. Yukins - 2021info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/Deradm/article/view/7577Public Procurement,Public Procurement in the United States,Cost-Reimbursement Contracts,Negotiated Proposals,Competitive Negotiations,Access to Procurement Marketscontratación estatal,contratación estatal en los Estados Unidos,contratos por reembolso de costos,propuestas con negociación,negociaciones competitivas,acceso al mercado de contrataciónEl sistema federal de contratación de los Estados Unidos: una introducciónThe U.S. Federal Procurement System: An IntroductionArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREFinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationOREORE.xmltext/xml2539https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/bitstreams/6d2d9a03-70e4-48f0-a8bc-5a2e6085e297/download749c81e6e8d82a9e7c2fdf26011618beMD51001/25885oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/258852025-04-09 13:02:37.484http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0ChristopherX R. Yukins - 2021https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.coUniversidad Externado de Colombiametabiblioteca@metabiblioteca.org

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