La política de seguridad marítima del Estado chino y la zona gris en las disputas territoriales del mar de China Meridional: un enfoque geopolítico desde el realismo neoclásico

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre la política de seguridad marítima de China y las disputas territoriales en la zona gris en el mar de China Meridional. El estudio examina esta relación a través de la estrategia y los medios de la política de seguridad marítima china con e...

Full description

Autores:
Vidal Pérez, Esteban
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2024
Institución:
Universidad Externado de Colombia
Repositorio:
Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/15678
Acceso en línea:
https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15678
https://doi.org/10.18601/16578651.n35.02
Palabra clave:
Geopolitics;
perception;
Unclos;
hegemonic regional power;
great power
geopolítica;
percepción;
Unclos;
potencia regional hegemónica;
gran potencia
Rights
openAccess
License
Esteban Vidal Pérez - 2024
id uexternad2_5a400b605a48e02e27cc2c7a043b3689
oai_identifier_str oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/15678
network_acronym_str uexternad2
network_name_str Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv La política de seguridad marítima del Estado chino y la zona gris en las disputas territoriales del mar de China Meridional: un enfoque geopolítico desde el realismo neoclásico
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv The maritime security policy of the Chinese state and the gray zone in the territorial disputes in the South China Sea: A geopolitical approach from neoclassical realism
title La política de seguridad marítima del Estado chino y la zona gris en las disputas territoriales del mar de China Meridional: un enfoque geopolítico desde el realismo neoclásico
spellingShingle La política de seguridad marítima del Estado chino y la zona gris en las disputas territoriales del mar de China Meridional: un enfoque geopolítico desde el realismo neoclásico
Geopolitics;
perception;
Unclos;
hegemonic regional power;
great power
geopolítica;
percepción;
Unclos;
potencia regional hegemónica;
gran potencia
title_short La política de seguridad marítima del Estado chino y la zona gris en las disputas territoriales del mar de China Meridional: un enfoque geopolítico desde el realismo neoclásico
title_full La política de seguridad marítima del Estado chino y la zona gris en las disputas territoriales del mar de China Meridional: un enfoque geopolítico desde el realismo neoclásico
title_fullStr La política de seguridad marítima del Estado chino y la zona gris en las disputas territoriales del mar de China Meridional: un enfoque geopolítico desde el realismo neoclásico
title_full_unstemmed La política de seguridad marítima del Estado chino y la zona gris en las disputas territoriales del mar de China Meridional: un enfoque geopolítico desde el realismo neoclásico
title_sort La política de seguridad marítima del Estado chino y la zona gris en las disputas territoriales del mar de China Meridional: un enfoque geopolítico desde el realismo neoclásico
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Vidal Pérez, Esteban
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Vidal Pérez, Esteban
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Geopolitics;
perception;
Unclos;
hegemonic regional power;
great power
topic Geopolitics;
perception;
Unclos;
hegemonic regional power;
great power
geopolítica;
percepción;
Unclos;
potencia regional hegemónica;
gran potencia
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv geopolítica;
percepción;
Unclos;
potencia regional hegemónica;
gran potencia
description Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre la política de seguridad marítima de China y las disputas territoriales en la zona gris en el mar de China Meridional. El estudio examina esta relación a través de la estrategia y los medios de la política de seguridad marítima china con el objetivo de aclarar los factores que influyeron en esta para llevar sus disputas territoriales a la zona gris. El artículo argumenta que las rivalidades entre los países de la región, fomentadas por la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar, operaron como presión externa sobre China. Además, los factores geopolíticos y la percepción de la élite gobernante china han contribuido a considerar la Un Clos una amenaza para los intereses marítimos de China en el mar de China Meridional. En consecuencia, la política de seguridad marítima china busca cambiar el statu quo en la región para convertir a China en una potencia regional hegemónica con su esfera de influencia, al tiempo que evita una guerra abierta con sus vecinos y Estados Unidos.
publishDate 2024
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-06-20T12:54:40Z
2024-06-21T07:45:19Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-06-20T12:54:40Z
2024-06-21T07:45:19Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2024-06-20
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.local.eng.fl_str_mv Journal article
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.18601/16578651.n35.02
dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv 2346-2159
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 1657-8651
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15678
dc.identifier.url.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.18601/16578651.n35.02
identifier_str_mv 10.18601/16578651.n35.02
2346-2159
1657-8651
url https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15678
https://doi.org/10.18601/16578651.n35.02
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.bitstream.none.fl_str_mv https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/opera/article/download/9558/16009
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Núm. 35 , Año 2024 : Julio-Diciembre
dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv 36
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 35
dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv 7
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Opera
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Allison, G. T. (2017). Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Almäng, J. (2019). War, vagueness, and hybrid war. Defence Studies, 19(2), 189-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2019.1597631
Baqués, J. (2017). Hacia una definición del concepto de “Gray Zone” (GZ) (Documento de Investigación 2/2017). Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos. https://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_investig/2017/DIEEEINV02-2017_Concepto_GaryZone_JosepBaques.pdf
Baqués, J. (2021). De las guerras hibridas a la zona gris: la metamorfosis de los conflictos en el siglo XXI. UNED.
Barno, D. y Bensahel, N. (19 de mayo de 2015). Fighting and winning in the “Gray Zone”. War in the Rocks. https://warontherocks.com/2015/05/fighting-and-winning-in-the-gray-zone/
Belo, D. y Carment, D. (diciembre 2019). Grey-Zone Conflict: Implications for Conflict Management. Canadian Global Affairs Institute. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/cdfai/pages/4327/attachments/original/1576008389/Grey-Zone_Conflict_Implications_for_Conflict_Management.pdf?1576008389
Bhatia, K. (2018). Coercive gradualism through gray zone statecraft in the souch china seas: China’s strategy and potential U.S. options. Joint Force Quarterly, (91), 24-33.
Brands, H. (5 de febrero de 2016). Paradoxes of the Gray Zone. Foreign Policy Research Institute. https://www.fpri.org/article/2016/02/paradoxes-gray-zone/
Brands, H. y Beckley, M. (2022). Danger Zone: The Coming Conflict with China. W. W. Norton.
Butterfield, H. (1951). History and Human Relations. Collins.
Buzan, B., Jones, C. y Little, R. (1993). The Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism. Columbia University Press.
Cairo, H. (1993). Elementos para una geopolítica critica de la guerra y la paz: la construcción social del conflicto territorial argentino-británico. [Tesis doctoral inédita]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
Chambers, J. (18 de octubre de 2016). Countering grayzone hybrid threats: An Analysis of Russia’s “New Generation Warfare” and implications for the US Army. Modern War Institute. https://mwi.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Countering-Gray-Zone-Hybrid-Threats.pdf
Chan, E. S. Y. (2020a). Growing as a Sea Power: Development of China’s Maritime Security Strategy from Deng Xiaoping to Xi Jinping (1978-2018). [Tesis doctoral inédita]. University of Sydney.
Chan, E. S. Y. (2020b). Rethinking uniqueness of China’s sea power development. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, 12(4), pp. 269-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2020.1834061
Chin-Kuei, T. (12 de diciembre de 2022). China’s Gray Zone Activities and Taiwan’s Responses. Stimson. https://www.stimson.org/2022/chinas-grayzone-activities-and-taiwans-responses/
Chubb, A. (2021). PRC Assertiveness in the South China Sea: Measuring continuity and change, 1970-2015. International Security, 45(3), 79-121. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00400
Cole, B. D. (2003). The PLA Navy and “Active Defense”. En S. J. Flanagan y M. E. Marti (Eds.), The People’s Liberation Army and China in Transition (pp. 129-138). National Defense University Press.
Cole, B. D. (2010). The Great Wall at Sea: China’s Navy in the Twenty-First Century. Naval Institute Press.
Cole, B. D. (2016). China’s Quest for Great Power: Ships, Oil, and Foreign Policy. Naval Institute Press.
Criekemans, D. (2022). Geopolitical schools of thought: A concise overview from 1890 till 2020, and beyond. En D. Criekemans (Ed.), Geopolitics and International Relations: Grounding World Politics Anew (pp. 97-155). Brill Nijhoff.
Dalby, S. (2004). Geopolitics, the revolution in military affairs and the Bush doctrine. International Politics, 46(2), 234-252. https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2008.40
Department of Defense (2010). Quadrennial Defense Review Report. Department of Defense.
Dobbs, T., Fallon, G., Fouhy, S., Marsh, T. y Melville, L. (s. f.). Grey-Zone Activities and the ADF: A Perry Group Report. The Forge. https://theforge.defence.gov.au/perry-group-papers/grey-zone
Dodds, K. (2005). Global Geopolitics: A Critical Introduction. Pearson.
Dodds, K. y Atkinson, D. (Eds.) (2003). Geopolitical Traditions: A Century of Geopolitical Thought. Routledge.
East, W. G. y Moodie, A. E. (1956). Introduction: The world background. En W. G. East y A. E. Moodie (Eds.), The Changing World: Studies in Political Geography (pp. 1-36). George G. Harrap.
Easton, I. (2022). The Final Struggle: Inside China’s Global Strategy. Eastbridge Books.
Echevarria, A. J. (2016). Operating in the gray zone: an alternative paradigm for US military strategy. US Army War College Press.
Eisenstadt, M. (2020). Operating in the Gray Zone: Countering Iran’s Asymmetric Way of War. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
Ekman, A. (2022). China and the Battle of Coalitions: The “circle of friends” versus the Indo-Pacific strategy. EUISS.
Erickson, A. S. (2023). China’s Coast Guard: Organization, forces, and Yellow sea applications. En A. S. Erickson (Ed.), Maritime Gray Zone Operations: Challenges and Countermeasures in the Indo-Pacific (pp. 54-76). Routledge.
Erickson, A. y Goldstein, L. (2009). Gunboats for China’s new “Grand Canals”? Probing the intersection of Beijing’s Naval and Oil Security policies. Naval War College Review, 62(2), 43- 76. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwcreview/vol62/iss2/6/
Erickson, A. S. y Kennedy, C. M. (6 de julio de 2016). Countering China’s Third Sea Force: Unmask maritime militia before they’re used again. The National Interest. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/countering-chinas-third-sea-force-unmask-maritime-militia-16860
FAO (2022). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/cc0461en/online/sofia/2022/fishing-fleet.html
Flint, C. (2022). Introduction to Geopolitics. Routledge.
Flint, C. y Taylor, P. J. (2018). Political Geography: World- Economy, Nation-State and Locality. Routledge.
Foucher, M. (1986). L’invention des frontiers. FEDN.
Friedberg, A. L. (1988). The Weary Titan: Britain and the Experience of Relative Decline, 1895-1905. Princeton University Press.
Friedberg, A. L. (2014). The sources of chinese conduct: Explaining Beijing’s assertiveness. The Washington Quarterly, 37(4), 133-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2014.1002160
Gaddis, J. L. (2005). Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy during the Cold War. Oxford University Press.
Ghiselli, A. (2021). Protecting China’s Interests Overseas: Securitization and Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press.
Giblin, B. (1985). Hérodote, une géographie géopolitique. Cahiers de Geographie du Quebec, 29(77), 283-294. https://doi.org/10.7202/021724ar
Goldstein, L. J. (2010). Five Dragons Stirring Up the Sea: Challenge and Opportunity in China’s Improving Maritime Enforcement Capabilities. U.S. Naval War College.
Götz, E. (2021). Neoclassical realist theories, intervening variables, and paradigmatic boundaries. Foreign Policy Analysis, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/oraa026
Green, M., Hicks, K., Cooper, Z., Schaus, J. y Douglas, J. (2017). Countering Coercion in Maritime Asia: The Theory and Practice of Gray Zone Deterrence. CSIS.
Guifang, X. (2008). China and the Law of the Sea: An update. International Law Studies, 84(1), 97-110.
Herz, J. (1950). Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma. World Politics, 2(2), 171-201. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009187
Hicks, K. H., Friend, A. H., Federici, J., Shah, H., Donahoe, M., Concklin, M., … Sheppard, L. (2019). By Other Means Part I: Campaigning in the Gray Zone. CSIS.
Hoffman, F. G. (2015). The contemporary spectrum of conflict: Protracted, gray zone, ambiguous, and hybrid modes of war. En D. L. Wood (Ed.), 2016 Index of U.S. Military Strength: Assessing America’s Ability to Provide for the Common Defense (pp. 25-36). The Heritage Foundation.
Holmes, J. R. y Yoshihara, T. (2017). Deterring China in the “Gray Zone”: Lessons of the South ChinaSea for U.S. alliances. Orbis, 61(3), 322-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2017.05.002
Hu, J. (18 de noviembre de 2012). Full text of Hu Jintao’s report at 18th Party Congress. Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in Nepal. http://np.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/Diplomacy/201211/t20121118_1586373.htm
Hyun-Soo, K. (1994). The 1992 Chinese Territorial Sea Law in the Light of the UN Convention. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 43(4), 894-904. https://doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/43.4.894
Jackson, V. (2017). Tactics of strategic competition: Gray zones, redlines, and conflicts before war. Naval War College Review, 70(3). https://digitalcommons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol70/iss3/4
Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton University Press.
Jordán, J. (2021). International competition below the threshold of war: Toward a theory of gray zone conflict. Journal of Strategic Security, 14(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.14.1.1836
Jorrín, J. (12 de diciembre de 2021). ¿Fue una buena idea aceptar a China en la OMC? Así ha afectado a las economías avanzadas. El Confidencial. https://www.elconfidencial.com/economia/2021-12-12/china-omc-afecto-economiasavanzadas_3339456/
Kaplan, R. D. (2017). La venganza de la geografia. RBA.
Kapusta, P. (2015). The Gray Zone. Special Warfare, 28(4), 18-25.
Kennedy, C. M. y Erickson, A. S. (2017). China’s third sea force, the people’s armed forces maritime militia: Tethered to the PLA. China Maritime Report, (1). https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=cmsimaritime-reports
Khan, S. W. (2018). Haunted by Chaos: China’s Grand Strategy from Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping. Harvard University Press.
Kristof, L. K. D. (1960). The origins and evolution of geopolitics. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 4(1), 15-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200276000400103
Lacoste, Y. (1979). La geografia: un arma para la guerra. Gedisa.
Lacoste, Y. (1985). Géographie, géopolitique et relations internationales. Relations Internationales, (41), 39-58.
Layton, P. (2021). China’s Enduring Grey Zone Challenge. Air and Space Power Centre.
Lefebvre, H. (2013). La produccion del espacio. Capitán Swing.
Liang, F. (2011). Hai shang zhan lüe tong dao lun. Shishi chuban she.
Libiseller, C. y Milevski, L. (2021). War and peace: Reaffirming the distinction. Survival, 63(1), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2021.1881256
Lieser, E. K. (22 de febrero de 2021). How much oil and gas is contained in the South China Sea? The National Interest. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/how-much-oil-and-gas-containedsouth-china-sea-178587
Liu, H. (2004). Liu Huaqing Huiyilu. Jiefangjun chuban she.
Lu, R. (1998). Zhongguo zouxiang haiyang. Haichao chuban she.
Mamadouh, V. D. (1998). Geopolitics in the nineties: One flag, many meanings. GeoJourn a l , 46(4), 237-253. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006950931650
Martinson, R. D. (2020). The china coast guard: A uniformed armed service. En M. McDevitt, China as a Twenty First Century Naval Power: Theory, Practice, and Implications (pp. 187-206). Naval Institute Press.
Mastanduno, M., Lake, D. y Ikenberry, J. (1989). Toward a realist theory of state action. International Studies Quarterly, 33(4), 457-474. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600522
Mazarr, M. J. (2015). Mastering the Gray Zone: Understanding a Changing Era of Conflict. U.S. Army War College Press.
McDermott, R. (2004). Political Psychology in International Relations. The University of Michigan Press.
McDevitt, M. A. (2020). China as a Twenty First Century Naval Power: Theory, Practice, and Implications. Naval Institute Press.
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2014). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W. W. Norton.
Meibauer, G., Desmaele, L., Onea, T., Kitchen, N., Foulon, M., Reichwein, A. y Sterling-Folker, J. (2021). Forum: Rethinking neoclassical realism at theory’s end. International Studies Review, 23(1), 268-295. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa018
Minmin, L., You, L., Biao, M., Yu, C., Yong, F. y Renzhong, G. (2018). Study on population distribution pattern at the county level of China. Sustainability, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ su10103598
Morgenthau, H. J. (1963). La lucha por el poder y por la paz. Editorial Sudamericana.
Morris, L. J. (2017). Blunt defenders of sovereignty – The rise of Coast Guards in East and Southeast Asia. Naval War College Review, 70(2). https://digitalcommons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol70/iss2/5
Morris, L., Mazarr, M. J., Hornung, J. W., Pezard, S., Binnedijk, A. y Kepe, M. (2019). Gaining Competitive Advantage in the Gray Zone: Response Options for Coercive Aggression Below the Threshold of Major War. Rand Corporation.
Nan, L. (2009). The evolution of China’s naval strategy and capabilities: From “Near Coast” and “Near Seas” to “Far Seas”. Asian Security, 5(2), 144-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799850902886567
Nan, L. (2015). China’s naval modernization and its impact on Asian security. A. T. H. Tan (Ed.), Security and Conflict in East Asia (pp. 37-50). Routledge.
Office of the Secretary of Defense (2023). Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2023. Department of Defense. https://media.defense.gov/2023/Oct/19/2003323409/-1/-1/1/2023-MILITARY-AND-SECURITYDEVELOPMENTS-INVOLVING-THEPEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA.PDF
Oldham, C. (23 de junio de 2015). SOCOM: Navigating the gray zone. Defense Media Network. https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/socom-navigating-the-gray-zone/
Pomfret, J. y Pottinger, M. (29 de marzo de 2023). Xi Jinping says he is preparing China for war. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/xi-jinping-says-he-preparing-china-war
Pottinger, M., Johnson, M. y Feith, D. (30 de noviembre de 2022). Xi Jinping in his own words: What China’s leader wants—and how to stop him from getting it. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/xi-jinping-his-own-words
Rae, N. (2007). Reinventing Geopolitical Codes in the Post-Cold War World with Special Reference to International Terrorism. [Tesis doctoral inédita]. University of Glasgow.
Ripsman, N. M., Taliaferro, J. W. y Lobell, S. (2016). Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics. Oxford University Press.
Rose, G. (1998). Neoclassical realism and theories of foreign policy. World Politics, 51(1), 144-172. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887100007814
Saunders, P. C. (2020). China’s global military-security interactions. En D. Shambaugh (Ed.), China and the World (pp. 181-207). Oxford University Press.
Schmidt, B. C. (2005). Competing realist conceptions of power. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 33(3), 523-549. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298050330031401
Schweller, R. L. (2004a). Unanswered threats: A neoclassical realist theory of underbalancing. International Security, 29(2), 159-201. https://doi.org/10.1162/0162288042879913
Schweller, R. L. (2004b). The progressiveness of neoclassical realism. En C. Elman y M. F. Elman (Eds.), Progress in International Relations Theory: Appraising the Field (pp. 311-347). MIT Press.
Shinji, Y., Masaaki, Y. y Rira, M. (2022). China’s Quest for Control of the Cognitive Domain and Gray Zone Situations. National Institute for Defense Studies.
Shuxian, L. y Panter, J. G. (enero-febrero de 2021). China’s maritime militia and fishing fleets: A primer for operational staffs and tactical leaders. Military Review. https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/January-February-2021/Panter-Maritime-Militia/
Soja, E. W. (2022). La organización política del espacio. Geopolitica(s). Revista de estudios sobre espacio y poder, 13(2), 385-447. https://doi.org/10.5209/geop.85021
Stoker, D. y Whiteside, C. (2020). Blurred lines: Gray- Zone conflict and hybrid war-two failures of american strategic thinking. Naval War College Review, 73(1). https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol73/iss1/4
Sun, T. (2005). El arte de la guerra completo. Editorial Distal.
Taliaferro, J. W. (2004). Balancing Risks: Great Power Intervention in the Periphery. Cornell University Press.
Taliaferro, J. W. (2009). Neoclassical realism and resource extraction: State building for future war. En S. E. Lobell, N. M. Ripsman y J. W. Taliaferro (Eds.), Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy (pp. 194-226). Cambridge University Press.
Tao, W. (2023). Making Sense of China’s Economy. Routledge.
Taylor, P. J. (1988). Geopolitics Revived. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Taylor, P. J. (1990). Britain and the Cold War: 1945 as Geopolitical Transition. Pinter.
Textor, C. (27 de julio de 2022). Gross domestic product (GDP) at current prices in China from 1985 to 2021 with forecasts until 2027. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/263770/gross-domestic-product-gdp-of-china/
The International Institute for Strategic Studies (2023). The Military Balance 2023. Routledge.
Tobin, L. (2018). Underway: Beijing’s strategy to build china into a maritime great power. Naval War College Review, 71(2). https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol71/iss2/5/
U.S. Energy Information Administration (3 de abril de 2013). Contested areas of South China Sea likely have few conventional oil and gas resources. EIA. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=10651
U.S. Energy Information Administration (27 de Agosto de 2018). More than 30% of global maritime crude oil trade moves through the South China Sea. EIA. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=36952
Votel, J. L, Cleveland, C. T., Connett, C. T. y Irwin, W. (2016). Unconventional warfare in the gray zone. Joint Forces Quarterly, 80, 101-109. https://ndupress.ndu.edu/JFQ/Joint-ForceQuarterly-80/article/643108/unconventionalwarfare-in-the-gray-zone/
Waltz, K. N. (1959). Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis. Columbia University Press.
Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Addison-Wesley Publishers.
Wirtz, J. J. (2017). Life in the “gray zone”: observations for contemporary strategists. Defense and Security Analysis, 33(2), 106-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2017.1310702
Wohlforth, W. C. (1993). The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions during the Cold War. Cornell University Press.
Yatsuzuka, M. (16 de enero de 2023). How China’s maritime militia takes advantage of the grey zone. The Strategist. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/how-chinas-maritime-militia-takes-advantageof-the-grey-zone/
Yoshihara, T. y Holmes, J. R. (2018). Red Star Over the Pacific: China’s Rise and the Challenge to U.S. Maritime Strategy. Naval Institute Press.
Zakaria, F. (2000). De la riqueza al poder. Los orígenes del liderazgo mundial de Estados Unidos. Gedisa.
Zhibin, X. y Anjiao, O. (2018). The factors influencing China’s population distribution and spatial heterogeneity: A prefectural-level analysis using geographically weighted regression. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 11(2), 465-480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-017-9224-8
Zhihai, X. (2017). China’s rising maritime strategy: Implications for its territorial disputes. The Journal of Contemporary China Studies, 3(2), 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/24761028.2014.11869077
Zhou, H. (14 de enero de 2013). A new engine for economic growth. China Daily. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013-01/14/content_16112232.htm
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Esteban Vidal Pérez - 2024
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
rights_invalid_str_mv Esteban Vidal Pérez - 2024
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/opera/article/view/9558
institution Universidad Externado de Colombia
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/bitstreams/50fae163-af8c-48b4-8f83-b40eed388467/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv b2f21286e8827a08b670a46c1e760b5f
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Universidad Externado de Colombia
repository.mail.fl_str_mv metabiblioteca@metabiblioteca.org
_version_ 1814100476137832448
spelling Vidal Pérez, Esteban2024-06-20T12:54:40Z2024-06-21T07:45:19Z2024-06-20T12:54:40Z2024-06-21T07:45:19Z2024-06-20Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre la política de seguridad marítima de China y las disputas territoriales en la zona gris en el mar de China Meridional. El estudio examina esta relación a través de la estrategia y los medios de la política de seguridad marítima china con el objetivo de aclarar los factores que influyeron en esta para llevar sus disputas territoriales a la zona gris. El artículo argumenta que las rivalidades entre los países de la región, fomentadas por la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar, operaron como presión externa sobre China. Además, los factores geopolíticos y la percepción de la élite gobernante china han contribuido a considerar la Un Clos una amenaza para los intereses marítimos de China en el mar de China Meridional. En consecuencia, la política de seguridad marítima china busca cambiar el statu quo en la región para convertir a China en una potencia regional hegemónica con su esfera de influencia, al tiempo que evita una guerra abierta con sus vecinos y Estados Unidos.This paper aims to analyze the relationship between China’s maritime security policy and territorial disputes in the gray zone in the South China Sea. The study examines this relationship through the strategy and means of Chinese maritime security policy, aiming to clarify the factors that influenced this policy to drag its territorial disputes into the gray zone. The article argues that the rivalries between countries in the region fostered by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) operated as an external pressure on China. Furthermore, geopolitical factors and the perception of the Chinese ruling elite have contributed to considering the UNCLOS as a threat to China’s maritime interests in the South China Sea. Consequently, the Chinese maritime security policy seeks to shift the status quo in the region to establish China as a hegemonic regional power with its sphere of influence while avoiding an open war with its neighbors and the US.application/pdf10.18601/16578651.n35.022346-21591657-8651https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15678https://doi.org/10.18601/16578651.n35.02spaFacultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionaleshttps://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/opera/article/download/9558/16009Núm. 35 , Año 2024 : Julio-Diciembre36357OperaAllison, G. T. (2017). Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Almäng, J. (2019). War, vagueness, and hybrid war. Defence Studies, 19(2), 189-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2019.1597631Baqués, J. (2017). Hacia una definición del concepto de “Gray Zone” (GZ) (Documento de Investigación 2/2017). Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos. https://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_investig/2017/DIEEEINV02-2017_Concepto_GaryZone_JosepBaques.pdfBaqués, J. (2021). De las guerras hibridas a la zona gris: la metamorfosis de los conflictos en el siglo XXI. UNED.Barno, D. y Bensahel, N. (19 de mayo de 2015). Fighting and winning in the “Gray Zone”. War in the Rocks. https://warontherocks.com/2015/05/fighting-and-winning-in-the-gray-zone/Belo, D. y Carment, D. (diciembre 2019). Grey-Zone Conflict: Implications for Conflict Management. Canadian Global Affairs Institute. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/cdfai/pages/4327/attachments/original/1576008389/Grey-Zone_Conflict_Implications_for_Conflict_Management.pdf?1576008389Bhatia, K. (2018). Coercive gradualism through gray zone statecraft in the souch china seas: China’s strategy and potential U.S. options. Joint Force Quarterly, (91), 24-33.Brands, H. (5 de febrero de 2016). Paradoxes of the Gray Zone. Foreign Policy Research Institute. https://www.fpri.org/article/2016/02/paradoxes-gray-zone/Brands, H. y Beckley, M. (2022). Danger Zone: The Coming Conflict with China. W. W. Norton.Butterfield, H. (1951). History and Human Relations. Collins.Buzan, B., Jones, C. y Little, R. (1993). The Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism. Columbia University Press.Cairo, H. (1993). Elementos para una geopolítica critica de la guerra y la paz: la construcción social del conflicto territorial argentino-británico. [Tesis doctoral inédita]. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.Chambers, J. (18 de octubre de 2016). Countering grayzone hybrid threats: An Analysis of Russia’s “New Generation Warfare” and implications for the US Army. Modern War Institute. https://mwi.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Countering-Gray-Zone-Hybrid-Threats.pdfChan, E. S. Y. (2020a). Growing as a Sea Power: Development of China’s Maritime Security Strategy from Deng Xiaoping to Xi Jinping (1978-2018). [Tesis doctoral inédita]. University of Sydney.Chan, E. S. Y. (2020b). Rethinking uniqueness of China’s sea power development. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, 12(4), pp. 269-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2020.1834061Chin-Kuei, T. (12 de diciembre de 2022). China’s Gray Zone Activities and Taiwan’s Responses. Stimson. https://www.stimson.org/2022/chinas-grayzone-activities-and-taiwans-responses/Chubb, A. (2021). PRC Assertiveness in the South China Sea: Measuring continuity and change, 1970-2015. International Security, 45(3), 79-121. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00400Cole, B. D. (2003). The PLA Navy and “Active Defense”. En S. J. Flanagan y M. E. Marti (Eds.), The People’s Liberation Army and China in Transition (pp. 129-138). National Defense University Press.Cole, B. D. (2010). The Great Wall at Sea: China’s Navy in the Twenty-First Century. Naval Institute Press.Cole, B. D. (2016). China’s Quest for Great Power: Ships, Oil, and Foreign Policy. Naval Institute Press.Criekemans, D. (2022). Geopolitical schools of thought: A concise overview from 1890 till 2020, and beyond. En D. Criekemans (Ed.), Geopolitics and International Relations: Grounding World Politics Anew (pp. 97-155). Brill Nijhoff.Dalby, S. (2004). Geopolitics, the revolution in military affairs and the Bush doctrine. International Politics, 46(2), 234-252. https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2008.40Department of Defense (2010). Quadrennial Defense Review Report. Department of Defense.Dobbs, T., Fallon, G., Fouhy, S., Marsh, T. y Melville, L. (s. f.). Grey-Zone Activities and the ADF: A Perry Group Report. The Forge. https://theforge.defence.gov.au/perry-group-papers/grey-zoneDodds, K. (2005). Global Geopolitics: A Critical Introduction. Pearson.Dodds, K. y Atkinson, D. (Eds.) (2003). Geopolitical Traditions: A Century of Geopolitical Thought. Routledge.East, W. G. y Moodie, A. E. (1956). Introduction: The world background. En W. G. East y A. E. Moodie (Eds.), The Changing World: Studies in Political Geography (pp. 1-36). George G. Harrap.Easton, I. (2022). The Final Struggle: Inside China’s Global Strategy. Eastbridge Books.Echevarria, A. J. (2016). Operating in the gray zone: an alternative paradigm for US military strategy. US Army War College Press.Eisenstadt, M. (2020). Operating in the Gray Zone: Countering Iran’s Asymmetric Way of War. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.Ekman, A. (2022). China and the Battle of Coalitions: The “circle of friends” versus the Indo-Pacific strategy. EUISS.Erickson, A. S. (2023). China’s Coast Guard: Organization, forces, and Yellow sea applications. En A. S. Erickson (Ed.), Maritime Gray Zone Operations: Challenges and Countermeasures in the Indo-Pacific (pp. 54-76). Routledge.Erickson, A. y Goldstein, L. (2009). Gunboats for China’s new “Grand Canals”? Probing the intersection of Beijing’s Naval and Oil Security policies. Naval War College Review, 62(2), 43- 76. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwcreview/vol62/iss2/6/Erickson, A. S. y Kennedy, C. M. (6 de julio de 2016). Countering China’s Third Sea Force: Unmask maritime militia before they’re used again. The National Interest. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/countering-chinas-third-sea-force-unmask-maritime-militia-16860FAO (2022). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/cc0461en/online/sofia/2022/fishing-fleet.htmlFlint, C. (2022). Introduction to Geopolitics. Routledge.Flint, C. y Taylor, P. J. (2018). Political Geography: World- Economy, Nation-State and Locality. Routledge.Foucher, M. (1986). L’invention des frontiers. FEDN.Friedberg, A. L. (1988). The Weary Titan: Britain and the Experience of Relative Decline, 1895-1905. Princeton University Press.Friedberg, A. L. (2014). The sources of chinese conduct: Explaining Beijing’s assertiveness. The Washington Quarterly, 37(4), 133-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2014.1002160Gaddis, J. L. (2005). Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy during the Cold War. Oxford University Press.Ghiselli, A. (2021). Protecting China’s Interests Overseas: Securitization and Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press.Giblin, B. (1985). Hérodote, une géographie géopolitique. Cahiers de Geographie du Quebec, 29(77), 283-294. https://doi.org/10.7202/021724arGoldstein, L. J. (2010). Five Dragons Stirring Up the Sea: Challenge and Opportunity in China’s Improving Maritime Enforcement Capabilities. U.S. Naval War College.Götz, E. (2021). Neoclassical realist theories, intervening variables, and paradigmatic boundaries. Foreign Policy Analysis, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/oraa026Green, M., Hicks, K., Cooper, Z., Schaus, J. y Douglas, J. (2017). Countering Coercion in Maritime Asia: The Theory and Practice of Gray Zone Deterrence. CSIS.Guifang, X. (2008). China and the Law of the Sea: An update. International Law Studies, 84(1), 97-110.Herz, J. (1950). Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma. World Politics, 2(2), 171-201. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009187Hicks, K. H., Friend, A. H., Federici, J., Shah, H., Donahoe, M., Concklin, M., … Sheppard, L. (2019). By Other Means Part I: Campaigning in the Gray Zone. CSIS.Hoffman, F. G. (2015). The contemporary spectrum of conflict: Protracted, gray zone, ambiguous, and hybrid modes of war. En D. L. Wood (Ed.), 2016 Index of U.S. Military Strength: Assessing America’s Ability to Provide for the Common Defense (pp. 25-36). The Heritage Foundation.Holmes, J. R. y Yoshihara, T. (2017). Deterring China in the “Gray Zone”: Lessons of the South ChinaSea for U.S. alliances. Orbis, 61(3), 322-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2017.05.002Hu, J. (18 de noviembre de 2012). Full text of Hu Jintao’s report at 18th Party Congress. Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in Nepal. http://np.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/Diplomacy/201211/t20121118_1586373.htmHyun-Soo, K. (1994). The 1992 Chinese Territorial Sea Law in the Light of the UN Convention. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 43(4), 894-904. https://doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/43.4.894Jackson, V. (2017). Tactics of strategic competition: Gray zones, redlines, and conflicts before war. Naval War College Review, 70(3). https://digitalcommons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol70/iss3/4Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton University Press.Jordán, J. (2021). International competition below the threshold of war: Toward a theory of gray zone conflict. Journal of Strategic Security, 14(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.14.1.1836Jorrín, J. (12 de diciembre de 2021). ¿Fue una buena idea aceptar a China en la OMC? Así ha afectado a las economías avanzadas. El Confidencial. https://www.elconfidencial.com/economia/2021-12-12/china-omc-afecto-economiasavanzadas_3339456/Kaplan, R. D. (2017). La venganza de la geografia. RBA.Kapusta, P. (2015). The Gray Zone. Special Warfare, 28(4), 18-25.Kennedy, C. M. y Erickson, A. S. (2017). China’s third sea force, the people’s armed forces maritime militia: Tethered to the PLA. China Maritime Report, (1). https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=cmsimaritime-reportsKhan, S. W. (2018). Haunted by Chaos: China’s Grand Strategy from Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping. Harvard University Press.Kristof, L. K. D. (1960). The origins and evolution of geopolitics. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 4(1), 15-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200276000400103Lacoste, Y. (1979). La geografia: un arma para la guerra. Gedisa.Lacoste, Y. (1985). Géographie, géopolitique et relations internationales. Relations Internationales, (41), 39-58.Layton, P. (2021). China’s Enduring Grey Zone Challenge. Air and Space Power Centre.Lefebvre, H. (2013). La produccion del espacio. Capitán Swing.Liang, F. (2011). Hai shang zhan lüe tong dao lun. Shishi chuban she.Libiseller, C. y Milevski, L. (2021). War and peace: Reaffirming the distinction. Survival, 63(1), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2021.1881256Lieser, E. K. (22 de febrero de 2021). How much oil and gas is contained in the South China Sea? The National Interest. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/how-much-oil-and-gas-containedsouth-china-sea-178587Liu, H. (2004). Liu Huaqing Huiyilu. Jiefangjun chuban she.Lu, R. (1998). Zhongguo zouxiang haiyang. Haichao chuban she.Mamadouh, V. D. (1998). Geopolitics in the nineties: One flag, many meanings. GeoJourn a l , 46(4), 237-253. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006950931650Martinson, R. D. (2020). The china coast guard: A uniformed armed service. En M. McDevitt, China as a Twenty First Century Naval Power: Theory, Practice, and Implications (pp. 187-206). Naval Institute Press.Mastanduno, M., Lake, D. y Ikenberry, J. (1989). Toward a realist theory of state action. International Studies Quarterly, 33(4), 457-474. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600522Mazarr, M. J. (2015). Mastering the Gray Zone: Understanding a Changing Era of Conflict. U.S. Army War College Press.McDermott, R. (2004). Political Psychology in International Relations. The University of Michigan Press.McDevitt, M. A. (2020). China as a Twenty First Century Naval Power: Theory, Practice, and Implications. Naval Institute Press.Mearsheimer, J. J. (2014). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W. W. Norton.Meibauer, G., Desmaele, L., Onea, T., Kitchen, N., Foulon, M., Reichwein, A. y Sterling-Folker, J. (2021). Forum: Rethinking neoclassical realism at theory’s end. International Studies Review, 23(1), 268-295. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa018Minmin, L., You, L., Biao, M., Yu, C., Yong, F. y Renzhong, G. (2018). Study on population distribution pattern at the county level of China. Sustainability, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ su10103598Morgenthau, H. J. (1963). La lucha por el poder y por la paz. Editorial Sudamericana.Morris, L. J. (2017). Blunt defenders of sovereignty – The rise of Coast Guards in East and Southeast Asia. Naval War College Review, 70(2). https://digitalcommons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol70/iss2/5Morris, L., Mazarr, M. J., Hornung, J. W., Pezard, S., Binnedijk, A. y Kepe, M. (2019). Gaining Competitive Advantage in the Gray Zone: Response Options for Coercive Aggression Below the Threshold of Major War. Rand Corporation.Nan, L. (2009). The evolution of China’s naval strategy and capabilities: From “Near Coast” and “Near Seas” to “Far Seas”. Asian Security, 5(2), 144-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799850902886567Nan, L. (2015). China’s naval modernization and its impact on Asian security. A. T. H. Tan (Ed.), Security and Conflict in East Asia (pp. 37-50). Routledge.Office of the Secretary of Defense (2023). Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2023. Department of Defense. https://media.defense.gov/2023/Oct/19/2003323409/-1/-1/1/2023-MILITARY-AND-SECURITYDEVELOPMENTS-INVOLVING-THEPEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA.PDFOldham, C. (23 de junio de 2015). SOCOM: Navigating the gray zone. Defense Media Network. https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/socom-navigating-the-gray-zone/Pomfret, J. y Pottinger, M. (29 de marzo de 2023). Xi Jinping says he is preparing China for war. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/xi-jinping-says-he-preparing-china-warPottinger, M., Johnson, M. y Feith, D. (30 de noviembre de 2022). Xi Jinping in his own words: What China’s leader wants—and how to stop him from getting it. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/xi-jinping-his-own-wordsRae, N. (2007). Reinventing Geopolitical Codes in the Post-Cold War World with Special Reference to International Terrorism. [Tesis doctoral inédita]. University of Glasgow.Ripsman, N. M., Taliaferro, J. W. y Lobell, S. (2016). Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics. Oxford University Press.Rose, G. (1998). Neoclassical realism and theories of foreign policy. World Politics, 51(1), 144-172. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887100007814Saunders, P. C. (2020). China’s global military-security interactions. En D. Shambaugh (Ed.), China and the World (pp. 181-207). Oxford University Press.Schmidt, B. C. (2005). Competing realist conceptions of power. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 33(3), 523-549. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298050330031401Schweller, R. L. (2004a). Unanswered threats: A neoclassical realist theory of underbalancing. International Security, 29(2), 159-201. https://doi.org/10.1162/0162288042879913Schweller, R. L. (2004b). The progressiveness of neoclassical realism. En C. Elman y M. F. Elman (Eds.), Progress in International Relations Theory: Appraising the Field (pp. 311-347). MIT Press.Shinji, Y., Masaaki, Y. y Rira, M. (2022). China’s Quest for Control of the Cognitive Domain and Gray Zone Situations. National Institute for Defense Studies.Shuxian, L. y Panter, J. G. (enero-febrero de 2021). China’s maritime militia and fishing fleets: A primer for operational staffs and tactical leaders. Military Review. https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/January-February-2021/Panter-Maritime-Militia/Soja, E. W. (2022). La organización política del espacio. Geopolitica(s). Revista de estudios sobre espacio y poder, 13(2), 385-447. https://doi.org/10.5209/geop.85021Stoker, D. y Whiteside, C. (2020). Blurred lines: Gray- Zone conflict and hybrid war-two failures of american strategic thinking. Naval War College Review, 73(1). https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol73/iss1/4Sun, T. (2005). El arte de la guerra completo. Editorial Distal.Taliaferro, J. W. (2004). Balancing Risks: Great Power Intervention in the Periphery. Cornell University Press.Taliaferro, J. W. (2009). Neoclassical realism and resource extraction: State building for future war. En S. E. Lobell, N. M. Ripsman y J. W. Taliaferro (Eds.), Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy (pp. 194-226). Cambridge University Press.Tao, W. (2023). Making Sense of China’s Economy. Routledge.Taylor, P. J. (1988). Geopolitics Revived. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.Taylor, P. J. (1990). Britain and the Cold War: 1945 as Geopolitical Transition. Pinter.Textor, C. (27 de julio de 2022). Gross domestic product (GDP) at current prices in China from 1985 to 2021 with forecasts until 2027. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/263770/gross-domestic-product-gdp-of-china/The International Institute for Strategic Studies (2023). The Military Balance 2023. Routledge.Tobin, L. (2018). Underway: Beijing’s strategy to build china into a maritime great power. Naval War College Review, 71(2). https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol71/iss2/5/U.S. Energy Information Administration (3 de abril de 2013). Contested areas of South China Sea likely have few conventional oil and gas resources. EIA. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=10651U.S. Energy Information Administration (27 de Agosto de 2018). More than 30% of global maritime crude oil trade moves through the South China Sea. EIA. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=36952Votel, J. L, Cleveland, C. T., Connett, C. T. y Irwin, W. (2016). Unconventional warfare in the gray zone. Joint Forces Quarterly, 80, 101-109. https://ndupress.ndu.edu/JFQ/Joint-ForceQuarterly-80/article/643108/unconventionalwarfare-in-the-gray-zone/Waltz, K. N. (1959). Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis. Columbia University Press.Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Addison-Wesley Publishers.Wirtz, J. J. (2017). Life in the “gray zone”: observations for contemporary strategists. Defense and Security Analysis, 33(2), 106-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2017.1310702Wohlforth, W. C. (1993). The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions during the Cold War. Cornell University Press.Yatsuzuka, M. (16 de enero de 2023). How China’s maritime militia takes advantage of the grey zone. The Strategist. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/how-chinas-maritime-militia-takes-advantageof-the-grey-zone/Yoshihara, T. y Holmes, J. R. (2018). Red Star Over the Pacific: China’s Rise and the Challenge to U.S. Maritime Strategy. Naval Institute Press.Zakaria, F. (2000). De la riqueza al poder. Los orígenes del liderazgo mundial de Estados Unidos. Gedisa.Zhibin, X. y Anjiao, O. (2018). The factors influencing China’s population distribution and spatial heterogeneity: A prefectural-level analysis using geographically weighted regression. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 11(2), 465-480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-017-9224-8Zhihai, X. (2017). China’s rising maritime strategy: Implications for its territorial disputes. The Journal of Contemporary China Studies, 3(2), 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/24761028.2014.11869077Zhou, H. (14 de enero de 2013). A new engine for economic growth. China Daily. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013-01/14/content_16112232.htmEsteban Vidal Pérez - 2024info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/opera/article/view/9558Geopolitics;perception;Unclos;hegemonic regional power;great powergeopolítica;percepción;Unclos;potencia regional hegemónica;gran potenciaLa política de seguridad marítima del Estado chino y la zona gris en las disputas territoriales del mar de China Meridional: un enfoque geopolítico desde el realismo neoclásicoThe maritime security policy of the Chinese state and the gray zone in the territorial disputes in the South China Sea: A geopolitical approach from neoclassical realismArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationOREORE.xmltext/xml2746https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/bitstreams/50fae163-af8c-48b4-8f83-b40eed388467/downloadb2f21286e8827a08b670a46c1e760b5fMD51001/15678oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/156782024-06-21 02:45:19.7http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0Esteban Vidal Pérez - 2024https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.coUniversidad Externado de Colombiametabiblioteca@metabiblioteca.org

Publicaciones similares