Colombia-Venezuela border: Securitisation of migration and Venezuela’s political crisis

Colombia and Venezuela share a geographi­cal border of 1,274 miles. Although both countries have historically had contentious border crossings, the antagonistic nature of migration across the borderlands has increased following Venezuela’s current in­ternal political crisis. The article argues that...

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Autores:
Haughton, Suzette A.
Sewell Lewis, Cush
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2024
Institución:
Universidad Externado de Colombia
Repositorio:
Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/15727
Acceso en línea:
https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15727
https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n40.07
Palabra clave:
Colombia-Venezuela Border;
drug trafficking;
migration
securitization
frontera Colombia- Venezuela;
tráfico de drogas;
migración;
securitización
Rights
openAccess
License
Suzette A. Haughton, Cush Sewell Lewis - 2024
id uexternad2_574799903d412e412117c32acaecc9b1
oai_identifier_str oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/15727
network_acronym_str uexternad2
network_name_str Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Colombia-Venezuela border: Securitisation of migration and Venezuela’s political crisis
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv Colombia-Venezuela border: Securitisation of migration and Venezuela’s political crisis
title Colombia-Venezuela border: Securitisation of migration and Venezuela’s political crisis
spellingShingle Colombia-Venezuela border: Securitisation of migration and Venezuela’s political crisis
Colombia-Venezuela Border;
drug trafficking;
migration
securitization
frontera Colombia- Venezuela;
tráfico de drogas;
migración;
securitización
title_short Colombia-Venezuela border: Securitisation of migration and Venezuela’s political crisis
title_full Colombia-Venezuela border: Securitisation of migration and Venezuela’s political crisis
title_fullStr Colombia-Venezuela border: Securitisation of migration and Venezuela’s political crisis
title_full_unstemmed Colombia-Venezuela border: Securitisation of migration and Venezuela’s political crisis
title_sort Colombia-Venezuela border: Securitisation of migration and Venezuela’s political crisis
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Haughton, Suzette A.
Sewell Lewis, Cush
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Haughton, Suzette A.
Sewell Lewis, Cush
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Colombia-Venezuela Border;
drug trafficking;
migration
securitization
topic Colombia-Venezuela Border;
drug trafficking;
migration
securitization
frontera Colombia- Venezuela;
tráfico de drogas;
migración;
securitización
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv frontera Colombia- Venezuela;
tráfico de drogas;
migración;
securitización
description Colombia and Venezuela share a geographi­cal border of 1,274 miles. Although both countries have historically had contentious border crossings, the antagonistic nature of migration across the borderlands has increased following Venezuela’s current in­ternal political crisis. The article argues that Venezuela’s political climate has led to further securitisation of migration across the Colombian-Venezuelan border. It sup­ports this argument in three ways. First, the article discusses the border as both a geo­graphical and a man-made border. It also examines the similarities and differences that exist across the Colombian-Venezuelan border. The countries share the same lan­guage, Spanish, which unites the region and its diverse peoples with a shared history. Nevertheless, socio-economic, environmen­tal and cultural differences widen the divid­ing lines between these two nations. Second, the article explores the bor­der crossing (migration) trends. The article further discusses the effects and reasons for such border crossings. Third, it explains the securitisation theory and uses it to discuss how the border has become increasingly se­curitised by local and international actors. Finally, the article calls for a de-securitised approach to cross-border migration. In this regard, the article supports greater bilateral, regional and international cooperation to address the plight of people crossing the border and living in border regions
publishDate 2024
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-06-26T16:23:50Z
2024-06-27T07:15:21Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-06-26T16:23:50Z
2024-06-27T07:15:21Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2024-06-26
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.18601/16577558.n40.07
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dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 1657-7558
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15727
dc.identifier.url.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n40.07
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dc.relation.bitstream.none.fl_str_mv https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/9620/16061
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Núm. 40 , Año 2024 : Julio-Diciembre
dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv 158
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 40
dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv 129
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Oasis
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Ávila, A., & Guerra, C. (2012). Frontera La Guajira y Cesar-Zulia. La frontera caliente entre Colombia y Venezuela, 347-529.
Avila, F., León, S., & Ascanio, E. N. (2013). La frontera caliente entre Colombia y Venezuela. Debate.
Ávila Hernández, F. M., Cubides Cárdenas, J., Navas-Camargo, F., & Barreto Cifuentes, P. A. (2023). Colombian-Venezuelan land border relationship: Human rights vulnerability and geopolitical context. In D. Endrizzi, J. Becerra, E. A. P. Del Campo, J. C. Cárdenas, & L. C. Gamarra-Amaya (Eds.), Frontiers – Law, theory and cases (pp. 193-221). Springer International Publishing.
Baud, M., & Van Schendel, W. (2005). Toward a comparative history of borderlands. Journal of World History, 8(2), 211-242.
BBC News (2003). Venezuela disputes Colombia clash. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/ hi/americas/3351931.stm
BBC News (2009). Colombia accuses Venezuela of blowing up border bridges. BBC News. http:// news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8369612.stm
BBC News (2010). Unasur addresses Venezuela’s rift with Colombia. BBC News. https://www.bbc. com/news/world-latin-america-10799546
Behnke, A. (2006). No way out: Desecuritization, emancipation and the eternal return of the political—a reply to Aradau. Journal of International Relations and Development, 9(1), 62-69.
Buxton, J. (2018). Defusing Venezuela. Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy & International Relations, 19(7), 7-24.
Buzan, B., Wæver, O., & Wilde, D. J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. (1999). Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela.
Cubides, J. C., Peiter, P. C., Garone, D. B., & Antierens, A. (2022). Human mobility and health: Exploring the health conditions of Venezuelan migrants and refugees in Colombia. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 24(5), 1281-1287.
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) (2023). Home. https://www. dane.gov.co/
De Corso, G. (2023). A neglected history: The political figure of the Colombian migrant in Venezuela. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 23(1), 49-68.
Donnan, H., & Wilson, T. M. (2021). Borders: Frontiers of Identity, Nation and State. Routledge.
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (2021). Social Panorama of Latin America 2020. Cepal. https://www.cepal.org/en/publications/46688-social-panorama-latin-america-2020
Europa Press International (2008). El escándalo de la “parapolítica” en Colombia. https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-escandalo-parapolitica-colombia-20080423103628.html
Frattali, J. P. S. (2022). Institutional discrimination and the politicisation of migration: The case of the Colombia-Venezuela border. Dve Domovini/Two Homelands, 56.
Hanke, S. H. (2023). Venezuela’s tragic meltdown. Turkish Economic Review, 10(1-2), 1-8.
Hidalgo, J. J. P., & Centeno, J. A. S. (2022). Geospatial intelligence and artificial intelligence for detecting potential coca paste production infrastructure in the border region of Venezuela and Colombia. Journal of Applied Security Research, 18(4), 1000-1050.
Human Rights Watch (2022). Colombia/Venezuela: Border area abuses by armed groups. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/28/colombia/venezuela-border-area-abuses-armed-groups
Huysmans, J. (1998). Revisiting Copenhagen: Or, on the creative development of a security studies agenda in Europe. European Journal of International Relations, 4(4), 479-505.
Huysmans, J. (2000). The European Union and the securitisation of migration. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(5), 751-777.
Ingham, J. (2008). Venezuela-Colombia ties at all-time low. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/ hi/americas/7275821.stm
Kline, H. F. (1999). State building and conflict resolution in Colombia, 1986-1994. University of Alabama Press.
Knight, B., & Tribín, A. (2023). Immigration and violent crime: Evidence from the Colombia- Venezuela Border. Journal of Development Economics, 162, 103039.
Kozloff, N. (2008). Ten years on, Bolivarian revolution at crossroads. Venezuel Analysis. Nacla. https://nacla.org/news/ten-years-bolivarian-revolution-crossroads
Labrador, X., Petrella, E., Camacho, P., De Refugiados, S. J., Rodriguez Villaroel, J., Arias, R., & Arias, N. (2009). Cultura de paz en el alto Apure y el Táchira: Un reto de frontera Universidad Católica del Tachira.
Leech, G. (2011). The FARC: The longest insurgency. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Malamud, C. (2004). The long road to peace in Colombia. Colombia’s difficult relations with its neighbours: Venezuela. The Real Instituto Elcano.
Martınez, L. (2017). Transnational insurgents: Evidence from Colombia’s FARC at the border with Chávez’s Venezuela. Journal of Development Economics, 126, 138-153.
Masullo, J., Zulver, J. M., & Idler, A. (2021). Community responses to a changing security landscape at the Colombia-Venezuela border: The case of La Guajira. Journal of Human Rights Practice, 13(1), 173-184.
Frontera y Sociedad. (2022). Migración Colombia: Distribución de venezolanos en Colombia, febrero 2022. Frontera y Sociedad. http://fronteraysociedad.org/portfolio-item/migracion-colombia-distribucion-de-venezolanosen-colombia-febrero-2022/
Molano, A. (2004). Loyal soldiers in the cocaine kingdom: Tales of drugs, mules, and gunmen. Columbia University Press. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL450007M/Rebusque_mayor
Newman, D. (2003). On borders and power: A theoretical framework. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 18(1), 13-25.
Ordóñez, J. T., & Arcos, H. E. (2019). At the crossroads of uncertainty: Venezuelan migration to Colombia. Journal of Latin American Geography, 18(2), 158-164.
Peralta, M., Serrano, C., Prieto, C., Ortega, M., Barajas, C., & Roa, J. (2011). La Guajira en su laberinto. Transformaciones y desafíos de la violencia. Informes FIP, 12.
Piñeiro, O. (2012). Border dynamics and the conflict in Colombia: A Case Study of Arauca-Apure and Nariño-Esmeraldas. Ideas for Peace. https://ideasforpeace.org/content/border-dynamics-and-the-conflict-in-colombia-a-case-study-of-arauca-apure-and-narino-esmeraldas/
Pinzón, V. G., & Mantilla, J. (2020). Contested borders: Organised crime, governance, and bordering practices in Colombia-Venezuela borderlands. Trends in Organised Crime, 24(2), 265-281.
Ramírez, J. (2018). From the age of migration to the century of security: The emergence of ‘control policy with a (in)human’ face’. URVIO. Latin American Journal of Security Studies, (23), 10-28. https://doi.org/10.17141/urvio.23.2018.3745.
Ramírez, M. (2011). Between the guerrillas and the State: The Cocalero movement, citizenship, and identity in the Colombian Amazon. Duke University Press. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24842746M/Between_the_guerrillas_and_the_state
Rincón-Ruiz, A., Correa, H. L., León, D. O., & Williams, S. (2016). Coca cultivation and crop eradication in Colombia: The challenges of integrating rural reality into effective antidrug policy. International Journal of Drug Policy, 33, 56-65.
Rossiasco, P., & De Narváez, P. (2023). Adapting public policies in response to an unprecedented influx of refugees and migrants: Colombia case study of migration from Venezuela. Background paper to the World Development Report 2023: Migrants, Refugees, and Societies. World Bank.
Rumford, C. (2014). Cosmopolitan borders. Palgrave Macmillan, UK.
Schwam-Baird, D. M. (2015). Frankenstein in Colombia: America’s policy missteps and the paramilitaries. The Journal of Third World Studies, 32(2), 123-151.
Tarver, H. M. (2018). The history of Venezuela. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
The World Factbook (2023). Colombia–The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/
UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2020). World Drug Report 2020. UNODC.
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCR) (2002). Report of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights on the human rights situation in Colombia. UNHCR. https://reliefweb.int/report/colombia/ report-un-high-commissioner-human-rights-human-rights-situation-colombia
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2023). Venezuela Situation UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/emergencies/venezuela-situation
Wordliczek, R. (2023). Defense of human rights and the humanitarian crisis at the border of Venezuela and Colombia from the United States policy perspective. Barometr Regionalny, Analizy i Prognozy, 18(2), 23-31.
World Bank (2023). Colombia overview. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/colombia/ overview
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Suzette A. Haughton, Cush Sewell Lewis - 2024
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spelling Haughton, Suzette A.Sewell Lewis, Cush2024-06-26T16:23:50Z2024-06-27T07:15:21Z2024-06-26T16:23:50Z2024-06-27T07:15:21Z2024-06-26Colombia and Venezuela share a geographi­cal border of 1,274 miles. Although both countries have historically had contentious border crossings, the antagonistic nature of migration across the borderlands has increased following Venezuela’s current in­ternal political crisis. The article argues that Venezuela’s political climate has led to further securitisation of migration across the Colombian-Venezuelan border. It sup­ports this argument in three ways. First, the article discusses the border as both a geo­graphical and a man-made border. It also examines the similarities and differences that exist across the Colombian-Venezuelan border. The countries share the same lan­guage, Spanish, which unites the region and its diverse peoples with a shared history. Nevertheless, socio-economic, environmen­tal and cultural differences widen the divid­ing lines between these two nations. Second, the article explores the bor­der crossing (migration) trends. The article further discusses the effects and reasons for such border crossings. Third, it explains the securitisation theory and uses it to discuss how the border has become increasingly se­curitised by local and international actors. Finally, the article calls for a de-securitised approach to cross-border migration. In this regard, the article supports greater bilateral, regional and international cooperation to address the plight of people crossing the border and living in border regionsColombia y Venezuela comparten una fron­tera geográfica de 1.274 millas. Aunque ambos países históricamente han tenido cruces fronterizos conflictivos, la natura­leza antagónica de la migración a través de las zonas fronterizas ha aumentado después de la actual crisis política interna de Vene­zuela. El artículo sostiene que el clima po­lítico de Venezuela ha llevado a una mayor securitización de la migración a través de la frontera entre Colombia y Venezuela. Apoya este argumento de tres maneras. En primer lugar, el artículo analiza la fron­tera tanto geográfica como creada por el hombre. También examina las similitudes y diferencias que existen a lo largo de la frontera colombo-venezolana. Los países comparten el mismo idioma, el español, que une a la región y a sus diversos pueblos con una historia compartida. Sin embargo, las diferencias socioeconómicas, ambientales y culturales amplían las líneas divisorias entre estas dos naciones. En segundo lugar, el artículo explora las tendencias del cruce de fronteras (mi­gración). El texto analiza más a fondo los efectos y las razones de tales cruces fronte­rizos. En tercer lugar, explica la teoría de la securitización y la utiliza para discutir cómo la frontera se ha vuelto cada vez más securitizada por actores locales e internacio­nales. Finalmente, el artículo considera un enfoque de des-seguridad de la migración transfronteriza. En este sentido, apoya una mayor cooperación bilateral, regional e in­ternacional para abordar la difícil situación de las personas que cruzan la frontera y vi­ven en regiones fronterizas.application/pdf10.18601/16577558.n40.072346-21321657-7558https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15727https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n40.07spaFacultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionaleshttps://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/9620/16061Núm. 40 , Año 2024 : Julio-Diciembre15840129OasisÁvila, A., & Guerra, C. (2012). Frontera La Guajira y Cesar-Zulia. La frontera caliente entre Colombia y Venezuela, 347-529.Avila, F., León, S., & Ascanio, E. N. (2013). La frontera caliente entre Colombia y Venezuela. Debate.Ávila Hernández, F. M., Cubides Cárdenas, J., Navas-Camargo, F., & Barreto Cifuentes, P. A. (2023). Colombian-Venezuelan land border relationship: Human rights vulnerability and geopolitical context. In D. Endrizzi, J. Becerra, E. A. P. Del Campo, J. C. Cárdenas, & L. C. Gamarra-Amaya (Eds.), Frontiers – Law, theory and cases (pp. 193-221). Springer International Publishing.Baud, M., & Van Schendel, W. (2005). Toward a comparative history of borderlands. Journal of World History, 8(2), 211-242.BBC News (2003). Venezuela disputes Colombia clash. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/ hi/americas/3351931.stmBBC News (2009). Colombia accuses Venezuela of blowing up border bridges. BBC News. http:// news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8369612.stmBBC News (2010). Unasur addresses Venezuela’s rift with Colombia. BBC News. https://www.bbc. com/news/world-latin-america-10799546Behnke, A. (2006). No way out: Desecuritization, emancipation and the eternal return of the political—a reply to Aradau. Journal of International Relations and Development, 9(1), 62-69.Buxton, J. (2018). Defusing Venezuela. Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy & International Relations, 19(7), 7-24.Buzan, B., Wæver, O., & Wilde, D. J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers.Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. (1999). Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela.Cubides, J. C., Peiter, P. C., Garone, D. B., & Antierens, A. (2022). Human mobility and health: Exploring the health conditions of Venezuelan migrants and refugees in Colombia. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 24(5), 1281-1287.Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) (2023). Home. https://www. dane.gov.co/De Corso, G. (2023). A neglected history: The political figure of the Colombian migrant in Venezuela. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 23(1), 49-68.Donnan, H., & Wilson, T. M. (2021). Borders: Frontiers of Identity, Nation and State. Routledge.Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (2021). Social Panorama of Latin America 2020. Cepal. https://www.cepal.org/en/publications/46688-social-panorama-latin-america-2020Europa Press International (2008). El escándalo de la “parapolítica” en Colombia. https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-escandalo-parapolitica-colombia-20080423103628.htmlFrattali, J. P. S. (2022). Institutional discrimination and the politicisation of migration: The case of the Colombia-Venezuela border. Dve Domovini/Two Homelands, 56.Hanke, S. H. (2023). Venezuela’s tragic meltdown. Turkish Economic Review, 10(1-2), 1-8.Hidalgo, J. J. P., & Centeno, J. A. S. (2022). Geospatial intelligence and artificial intelligence for detecting potential coca paste production infrastructure in the border region of Venezuela and Colombia. Journal of Applied Security Research, 18(4), 1000-1050.Human Rights Watch (2022). Colombia/Venezuela: Border area abuses by armed groups. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/28/colombia/venezuela-border-area-abuses-armed-groupsHuysmans, J. (1998). Revisiting Copenhagen: Or, on the creative development of a security studies agenda in Europe. European Journal of International Relations, 4(4), 479-505.Huysmans, J. (2000). The European Union and the securitisation of migration. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(5), 751-777.Ingham, J. (2008). Venezuela-Colombia ties at all-time low. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/ hi/americas/7275821.stmKline, H. F. (1999). State building and conflict resolution in Colombia, 1986-1994. University of Alabama Press.Knight, B., & Tribín, A. (2023). Immigration and violent crime: Evidence from the Colombia- Venezuela Border. Journal of Development Economics, 162, 103039.Kozloff, N. (2008). Ten years on, Bolivarian revolution at crossroads. Venezuel Analysis. Nacla. https://nacla.org/news/ten-years-bolivarian-revolution-crossroadsLabrador, X., Petrella, E., Camacho, P., De Refugiados, S. J., Rodriguez Villaroel, J., Arias, R., & Arias, N. (2009). Cultura de paz en el alto Apure y el Táchira: Un reto de frontera Universidad Católica del Tachira.Leech, G. (2011). The FARC: The longest insurgency. Bloomsbury Publishing.Malamud, C. (2004). The long road to peace in Colombia. Colombia’s difficult relations with its neighbours: Venezuela. The Real Instituto Elcano.Martınez, L. (2017). Transnational insurgents: Evidence from Colombia’s FARC at the border with Chávez’s Venezuela. Journal of Development Economics, 126, 138-153.Masullo, J., Zulver, J. M., & Idler, A. (2021). Community responses to a changing security landscape at the Colombia-Venezuela border: The case of La Guajira. Journal of Human Rights Practice, 13(1), 173-184.Frontera y Sociedad. (2022). Migración Colombia: Distribución de venezolanos en Colombia, febrero 2022. Frontera y Sociedad. http://fronteraysociedad.org/portfolio-item/migracion-colombia-distribucion-de-venezolanosen-colombia-febrero-2022/Molano, A. (2004). Loyal soldiers in the cocaine kingdom: Tales of drugs, mules, and gunmen. Columbia University Press. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL450007M/Rebusque_mayorNewman, D. (2003). On borders and power: A theoretical framework. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 18(1), 13-25.Ordóñez, J. T., & Arcos, H. E. (2019). At the crossroads of uncertainty: Venezuelan migration to Colombia. Journal of Latin American Geography, 18(2), 158-164.Peralta, M., Serrano, C., Prieto, C., Ortega, M., Barajas, C., & Roa, J. (2011). La Guajira en su laberinto. Transformaciones y desafíos de la violencia. Informes FIP, 12.Piñeiro, O. (2012). Border dynamics and the conflict in Colombia: A Case Study of Arauca-Apure and Nariño-Esmeraldas. 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Haughton, Cush Sewell Lewis - 2024info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/9620Colombia-Venezuela Border;drug trafficking;migrationsecuritizationfrontera Colombia- Venezuela;tráfico de drogas;migración;securitizaciónColombia-Venezuela border: Securitisation of migration and Venezuela’s political crisisColombia-Venezuela border: Securitisation of migration and Venezuela’s political crisisArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationOREORE.xmltext/xml2618https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/bitstreams/62bec4d3-79f8-44b6-b83f-69ca9174056a/downloaddd1a8388f8aeffb6b8eaf66760e6c6cbMD51001/15727oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/157272024-06-27 02:15:21.278http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0Suzette A. Haughton, Cush Sewell Lewis - 2024https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.coUniversidad Externado de Colombiametabiblioteca@metabiblioteca.org

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