Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia

Diversos estudios han encontrado que la legitimidad de la policía proviene de la justicia que perciben las personas cuando este organismo ejerce sus poderes (justicia procedimental), lo cual, a su turno, produce ciudadanos más dispuestos a cumplir la ley y a cooperar con la policía. Algunos investig...

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Autores:
Lalinde Ordóñez, Sebastián
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Universidad Externado de Colombia
Repositorio:
Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/11176
Acceso en línea:
https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/11176
https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n47.07
Palabra clave:
Police legitimacy;
Procedural justice;
Contacts with the police;
Strength of social order;
Colombia
Legitimidad de la policía;
justicia procedimental;
contactos con la policía;
solidez del orden social;
Colombia
Rights
openAccess
License
Sebastián Lalinde Ordóñez - 2020
id uexternad2_47cab987338abd860b41d86c3b3df638
oai_identifier_str oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/11176
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network_name_str Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
title Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
spellingShingle Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
Police legitimacy;
Procedural justice;
Contacts with the police;
Strength of social order;
Colombia
Legitimidad de la policía;
justicia procedimental;
contactos con la policía;
solidez del orden social;
Colombia
title_short Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
title_full Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
title_fullStr Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
title_full_unstemmed Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
title_sort Impact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from Colombia
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Lalinde Ordóñez, Sebastián
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Lalinde Ordóñez, Sebastián
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Police legitimacy;
Procedural justice;
Contacts with the police;
Strength of social order;
Colombia
topic Police legitimacy;
Procedural justice;
Contacts with the police;
Strength of social order;
Colombia
Legitimidad de la policía;
justicia procedimental;
contactos con la policía;
solidez del orden social;
Colombia
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Legitimidad de la policía;
justicia procedimental;
contactos con la policía;
solidez del orden social;
Colombia
description Diversos estudios han encontrado que la legitimidad de la policía proviene de la justicia que perciben las personas cuando este organismo ejerce sus poderes (justicia procedimental), lo cual, a su turno, produce ciudadanos más dispuestos a cumplir la ley y a cooperar con la policía. Algunos investigadores también han observado que el contexto social y político (solidez del orden social) influye en la legitimidad de la policía. Sin embargo, estos debates han sido ignorados en Colombia. En este artículo apelo a información de una encuesta realizada en Bogotá, Medellín y Cali para examinar las asociaciones entre justicia procedimental y solidez del orden social, de un lado, y legitimidad de la policía, de otro lado. Mis hallazgos sugieren que los sujetos encuestados que experimentaron un contacto involuntario con la policía, es decir, un contacto iniciado por los agentes—no por las personas encuestadas—, en el que sintieron que sus derechos fueron respetados, son más proclives a valorar positivamente los servicios de la policía y la efectividad de esta institución en la lucha contra el crimen. Por el contrario, no encuentro evidencia de asociaciones entre solidez del orden social y legitimidad de la policía.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2020-08-20 15:51:45
2022-09-09T21:05:28Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2020-08-20 15:51:45
2022-09-09T21:05:28Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020-08-20
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Núm. 47 , Año 2020 : Septiembre-Diciembre
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dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Revista Derecho del Estado
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Acero, H. Policías y vigilantes privados. In El Tiempo. Bogotá. April 22, 2018. Retrieved from: http://www.eltiempo.com/opinion/columnistas/hugo-acero-velasquez/policiasy-vigilantes-privados-208018
Aguilera, M. Contrapoder y justicia guerrillera: fragmentación política y orden insurgente en Colombia (1952-2003). Bogota: iepri, 2014.
Beetham, D. The Legitimation of Power. Hampshire: Palgrave, 1991.
Bennett , A. Subcultures or neo-tribes? Rethinking the relationship between youth, style and musical taste. In Sociology. 33(3), 1999, 599-617.
Body-Gendrot, S. Globalization, Fear and Security: The Challenges for Cities North and South. Hampshire: Palgrave, 2012.
Bradford, B., Huq, A., Jackson, J. & Roberts, B. What price fairness when security is at stake? Police legitimacy in South Africa. In Regulation & Governance. 8(2), 2014, 246-268.
Bradford, B., Jackson, J. & Hough, M. Police legitimacy in action: Lessons for theory and practice. In Reisig, M. & Kane, R. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Brodeur, J. P. The Policing Web. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Brunton-Smith, I., Jackson, J. & Sutherland, A. Bridging structure and perception. On the neighbourhood ecology of beliefs and worries about violent crime. In British Journal of Criminology. 54(4), 2014, 503-526.
Bryman, A. Social Research Methods. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Cámara De Comercio De Bogotá. Encuesta de Percepción y Victimización en Bogotá. Bogota, 2017. Retrieved from: http://bibliotecadigital.ccb.org.co/bitstream/handle/11520/19393/Presentaci%C3%B3n%20Encuesta%20de%20Percepci%C3%B3n%20y%20Victimizaci%C3%B3n%20I%20semestre%20de%202017.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
cinep. Noche y Niebla, 54(2). Bogotá: Codice, 2017.
Foucault , M. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Random House, 1977.
Gall ón, G. Fuerza pública y Constitución de 1991. In El debate a la Constitución. Bogotá: Ilsa, 2002.
Gall up Colombia. Gallup Poll #125. Bogotá, 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.elpais.com.co/especiales/encuesta-gallup-125-junio-2018.pdf
García-Sánchez, M., Rodríguez-Raga, J. C., Seligson, M. A. & Zechmeister, E. J. Cultura política de la democracia en Colombia, 2014. Dilemas de la democracia y desconfianza institucional en el marco del proceso de paz. Bogotá: usaid, 2015.
Harkin, D. Police legitimacy, ideology and qualitative methods: A critique of procedural justice theory. In Criminology & Criminal Justice. 15(5), 2015, 594-612.
Hinton, M. S. The State on the Streets: Police and Politics in Argentina and Brazil. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006.
Jerolm ack, C. & Khan, S. Talk is Cheap: Ethnography and the Attitudinal Fallacy. In Sociological Methods & Research. 43(2), 2014, 178-209.
Jones, T. The accountability of policing. In Newburn, T. (ed.). Handbook of Policing. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011.
Kalt on, G. Introduction to Survey Sampling. Newbury Park, CA : Sage, 1983.
Lalinde, S. Requisas, ¿a discreción? Una tensión entre seguridad e intimidad. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2015.
Lalinde, S. Los positivos no tan positivos de la Policía. In Semana. Bogotá. September 15, 2015. Retrieved from: https://www.semana.com/opinion/articulo/sebastian-lalindelas-metas-que-los-policias-deben-cumplir-hace-que-cometan-arbitrariedades/442609-3
Lalinde, S. Elogio a la bulla. Protesta y democracia en Colombia. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2019.
Lam, Y. & Ávila-Ceball os, C. Orden público y perfiles raciales: experiencias de afrocolombianos con la policía en Cali. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2013.
Lapop. Americas Barometer, 2014. Sample Design. 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/ab2014/AB-2014-Tech-Info-Updated_092116-W.pdf
La Rota, M. E., Lalinde, S., Santa, S. & Uprimny, R. Ante la justicia: necesidades jurídicas y acceso a la justicia en Colombia. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2014.
Luker, K. Salsa Dancing into the Social Sciences: Research in an Age of Info-glut. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
MacQueen, S. & Bradford, B. Enhancing public trust and police legitimacy during road traffic encounters: Results from a randomised controlled trial in Scotland. In Journal of Experimental Criminology. 11(3), 2015, 419-443.
Marenin, O. Parking tickets and class repression: The concept of policing in critical theories of criminal justice. In Contemporary Crises. 6(3), 1982, 241-266.
Menard, S. Applied Logistic Regression Analysis. 2nd ed. Sage University Papers Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, series No. 07-106. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage, 2002.
Obasogie, O. Do blind people see race? Social, legal, and theoretical considerations. In Law & Society Review. 44(3-4), 2010, 585-616.
Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Bachman, R. & Sherman, L. Do fair procedures matter? The effect of procedural justice on spouse assault. In Law and Society Review. 31(1), 1997, 163-204.
Punch, M. Policing the Inner City: A Study of Amsterdam’s Warmoesstraat. London: Macmillan, 1979.
Ramírez, A. Los Hot Spots: una estrategia fallida para Bogotá. In Desafíos. 28(2), 2016, 255-296.
Reiner, R. The Politics of the Police. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Rowntree, D. Statistics without Tears. A Primer for Non-mathematicians. Middlesex: Penguin, 1981.
Ruiz-Vásquez, J. C. & Páez, K. Balance de estrategias de seguridad para zonas críticas en Bogotá y Medellín. In urvio. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad. 19, 2016, 53-69.
Seale, C. The Quality of Qualitative Research. Introducing Qualitative Methods Series. London: Sage Publications, 1999.
Small , M. ‘How many cases do I need?’ On science and the logic of case selection in field-based research. In Ethnography. 10(1), 2009, 5-38.
Sparrow, M. K. Measuring performance in a modern police organization. In New Perspectives in Policing Bulletin. 2015, 1-37.
Tankebe, J. Public cooperation with the police in Ghana: Does procedural fairness matter? In Criminology. 47(4), 2009, 1265-1293.
Tyler, T. Social Justice: Outcome and procedure. In International Journal of Psychology. 35(2), 2000, 117-125.
Tyler, T. Procedural justice, legitimacy, and the effective rule of law. In Crime and Justice. 30, 2003, 283-357.
Tyler, T. Enhancing police legitimacy. In The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 593(1), 2004, 84-99.
Tyler, T., Fagan, J. & Gell er, A. Street stops and police legitimacy: Teachable moments in young urban men’s legal socialization. In Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. 11(4), 2014, 751-785.
Tyler, T. & Jackson, J. Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority: Motivating compliance, cooperation, and engagement. In Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. 20(1), 2014, 78-95.
Tyler, T., Jackson, J. & Mentovich, A. The consequences of being an object of suspicion: Potential pitfalls of proactive police contact. In Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. 12(4), 2015, 602-636.
UNODC. Global Study on Homicide 2013. Trends, Contexts, Data. Vienna: United Nations Publication, Sales No. 14.iv.1, 2013.
Uprimny, R., Vill adiego, C., Duarte, N., Lalinde, S. & Sandoval, J. Programa de mediación policial piloto en Soacha y Chapinero. Unpublished. Dejusticia, 2016.
Valencia, L. & Ávila, A. Los retos del postconflicto. Justicia, seguridad y mercados ilegales. Bogotá: Ediciones B, 2016.
Vill adiego, C. & Lalinde, S. Sistema de justicia territorial para la paz. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2017.
Weber, M. Economy and Society. An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley, CA : University of California Press, 1978.
Westm arland, L. Police cultures. In Newburn, T. (ed.), Handbook of Policing. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011.
Wilkinson, R. & Pickett , K. The Spirit Level. Why Equality is Better for Everyone. London: Penguin, 2010.
World Justice Project. Rule of Law Index 2017-2018. Washington, D.C.: World Justice Project, 2018.
World Values Survey. World Values Survey Wave 6: 2010-2014. 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvsonline.jsp
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Sebastián Lalinde Ordóñez - 2020
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spelling Lalinde Ordóñez, Sebastián1372e015-3df4-4c8c-a9fb-6b0476b749832020-08-20 15:51:452022-09-09T21:05:28Z2020-08-20 15:51:452022-09-09T21:05:28Z2020-08-20Diversos estudios han encontrado que la legitimidad de la policía proviene de la justicia que perciben las personas cuando este organismo ejerce sus poderes (justicia procedimental), lo cual, a su turno, produce ciudadanos más dispuestos a cumplir la ley y a cooperar con la policía. Algunos investigadores también han observado que el contexto social y político (solidez del orden social) influye en la legitimidad de la policía. Sin embargo, estos debates han sido ignorados en Colombia. En este artículo apelo a información de una encuesta realizada en Bogotá, Medellín y Cali para examinar las asociaciones entre justicia procedimental y solidez del orden social, de un lado, y legitimidad de la policía, de otro lado. Mis hallazgos sugieren que los sujetos encuestados que experimentaron un contacto involuntario con la policía, es decir, un contacto iniciado por los agentes—no por las personas encuestadas—, en el que sintieron que sus derechos fueron respetados, son más proclives a valorar positivamente los servicios de la policía y la efectividad de esta institución en la lucha contra el crimen. Por el contrario, no encuentro evidencia de asociaciones entre solidez del orden social y legitimidad de la policía.Several studies have found that police legitimacy stems from the perceived fairness whereby the police exercise their powers (procedural justice) which, in turn, yields more law-abiding and cooperative citizens. Some scholars have also argued in favour of the influence of the wider social and political context (strength of social order) on police legitimacy. However, these debates have been largely neglected in Colombia. I used survey data from Bogota, Medellin and Cali to examine the associations between procedural justice and strength of social order, on the one hand, and police legitimacy, on the other hand. My findings suggest that respondents who experienced an involuntary contact with the police, where they perceived that their rights were respected, are more likely to assess positively both police services during public-initiated contacts and police effectiveness in controlling crime. I did not find evidence of associations between strength of social order and police legitimacy.application/pdfapplication/xmltext/html10.18601/01229893.n47.072346-20510122-9893https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/11176https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n47.07spaDepartamento de Derecho Constitucionalhttps://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/6765/9185https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/6765/9675https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/download/6765/9783Núm. 47 , Año 2020 : Septiembre-Diciembre25347215Revista Derecho del EstadoAcero, H. Policías y vigilantes privados. In El Tiempo. Bogotá. April 22, 2018. Retrieved from: http://www.eltiempo.com/opinion/columnistas/hugo-acero-velasquez/policiasy-vigilantes-privados-208018Aguilera, M. Contrapoder y justicia guerrillera: fragmentación política y orden insurgente en Colombia (1952-2003). Bogota: iepri, 2014.Beetham, D. The Legitimation of Power. Hampshire: Palgrave, 1991.Bennett , A. Subcultures or neo-tribes? Rethinking the relationship between youth, style and musical taste. In Sociology. 33(3), 1999, 599-617.Body-Gendrot, S. Globalization, Fear and Security: The Challenges for Cities North and South. Hampshire: Palgrave, 2012.Bradford, B., Huq, A., Jackson, J. & Roberts, B. What price fairness when security is at stake? Police legitimacy in South Africa. In Regulation & Governance. 8(2), 2014, 246-268.Bradford, B., Jackson, J. & Hough, M. Police legitimacy in action: Lessons for theory and practice. In Reisig, M. & Kane, R. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.Brodeur, J. P. The Policing Web. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.Brunton-Smith, I., Jackson, J. & Sutherland, A. Bridging structure and perception. On the neighbourhood ecology of beliefs and worries about violent crime. In British Journal of Criminology. 54(4), 2014, 503-526.Bryman, A. Social Research Methods. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.Cámara De Comercio De Bogotá. Encuesta de Percepción y Victimización en Bogotá. Bogota, 2017. Retrieved from: http://bibliotecadigital.ccb.org.co/bitstream/handle/11520/19393/Presentaci%C3%B3n%20Encuesta%20de%20Percepci%C3%B3n%20y%20Victimizaci%C3%B3n%20I%20semestre%20de%202017.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=ycinep. Noche y Niebla, 54(2). Bogotá: Codice, 2017.Foucault , M. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Random House, 1977.Gall ón, G. Fuerza pública y Constitución de 1991. In El debate a la Constitución. Bogotá: Ilsa, 2002.Gall up Colombia. Gallup Poll #125. Bogotá, 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.elpais.com.co/especiales/encuesta-gallup-125-junio-2018.pdfGarcía-Sánchez, M., Rodríguez-Raga, J. C., Seligson, M. A. & Zechmeister, E. J. Cultura política de la democracia en Colombia, 2014. Dilemas de la democracia y desconfianza institucional en el marco del proceso de paz. Bogotá: usaid, 2015.Harkin, D. Police legitimacy, ideology and qualitative methods: A critique of procedural justice theory. In Criminology & Criminal Justice. 15(5), 2015, 594-612.Hinton, M. S. The State on the Streets: Police and Politics in Argentina and Brazil. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006.Jerolm ack, C. & Khan, S. Talk is Cheap: Ethnography and the Attitudinal Fallacy. In Sociological Methods & Research. 43(2), 2014, 178-209.Jones, T. The accountability of policing. In Newburn, T. (ed.). Handbook of Policing. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011.Kalt on, G. Introduction to Survey Sampling. Newbury Park, CA : Sage, 1983.Lalinde, S. Requisas, ¿a discreción? Una tensión entre seguridad e intimidad. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2015.Lalinde, S. Los positivos no tan positivos de la Policía. In Semana. Bogotá. September 15, 2015. Retrieved from: https://www.semana.com/opinion/articulo/sebastian-lalindelas-metas-que-los-policias-deben-cumplir-hace-que-cometan-arbitrariedades/442609-3Lalinde, S. Elogio a la bulla. Protesta y democracia en Colombia. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2019.Lam, Y. & Ávila-Ceball os, C. Orden público y perfiles raciales: experiencias de afrocolombianos con la policía en Cali. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2013.Lapop. Americas Barometer, 2014. Sample Design. 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/ab2014/AB-2014-Tech-Info-Updated_092116-W.pdfLa Rota, M. E., Lalinde, S., Santa, S. & Uprimny, R. Ante la justicia: necesidades jurídicas y acceso a la justicia en Colombia. Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2014.Luker, K. Salsa Dancing into the Social Sciences: Research in an Age of Info-glut. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.MacQueen, S. & Bradford, B. Enhancing public trust and police legitimacy during road traffic encounters: Results from a randomised controlled trial in Scotland. In Journal of Experimental Criminology. 11(3), 2015, 419-443.Marenin, O. Parking tickets and class repression: The concept of policing in critical theories of criminal justice. In Contemporary Crises. 6(3), 1982, 241-266.Menard, S. Applied Logistic Regression Analysis. 2nd ed. Sage University Papers Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, series No. 07-106. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage, 2002.Obasogie, O. Do blind people see race? Social, legal, and theoretical considerations. In Law & Society Review. 44(3-4), 2010, 585-616.Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Bachman, R. & Sherman, L. Do fair procedures matter? The effect of procedural justice on spouse assault. In Law and Society Review. 31(1), 1997, 163-204.Punch, M. Policing the Inner City: A Study of Amsterdam’s Warmoesstraat. London: Macmillan, 1979.Ramírez, A. Los Hot Spots: una estrategia fallida para Bogotá. In Desafíos. 28(2), 2016, 255-296.Reiner, R. The Politics of the Police. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Rowntree, D. Statistics without Tears. A Primer for Non-mathematicians. Middlesex: Penguin, 1981.Ruiz-Vásquez, J. C. & Páez, K. Balance de estrategias de seguridad para zonas críticas en Bogotá y Medellín. In urvio. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad. 19, 2016, 53-69.Seale, C. The Quality of Qualitative Research. Introducing Qualitative Methods Series. London: Sage Publications, 1999.Small , M. ‘How many cases do I need?’ On science and the logic of case selection in field-based research. In Ethnography. 10(1), 2009, 5-38.Sparrow, M. K. Measuring performance in a modern police organization. In New Perspectives in Policing Bulletin. 2015, 1-37.Tankebe, J. Public cooperation with the police in Ghana: Does procedural fairness matter? In Criminology. 47(4), 2009, 1265-1293.Tyler, T. Social Justice: Outcome and procedure. In International Journal of Psychology. 35(2), 2000, 117-125.Tyler, T. Procedural justice, legitimacy, and the effective rule of law. In Crime and Justice. 30, 2003, 283-357.Tyler, T. Enhancing police legitimacy. In The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 593(1), 2004, 84-99.Tyler, T., Fagan, J. & Gell er, A. Street stops and police legitimacy: Teachable moments in young urban men’s legal socialization. In Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. 11(4), 2014, 751-785.Tyler, T. & Jackson, J. Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority: Motivating compliance, cooperation, and engagement. In Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. 20(1), 2014, 78-95.Tyler, T., Jackson, J. & Mentovich, A. The consequences of being an object of suspicion: Potential pitfalls of proactive police contact. In Journal of Empirical Legal Studies. 12(4), 2015, 602-636.UNODC. Global Study on Homicide 2013. Trends, Contexts, Data. 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Retrieved from: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvsonline.jspSebastián Lalinde Ordóñez - 2020info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derest/article/view/6765Police legitimacy;Procedural justice;Contacts with the police;Strength of social order;ColombiaLegitimidad de la policía;justicia procedimental;contactos con la policía;solidez del orden social;ColombiaImpact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from ColombiaImpact of procedural justice on police legitimacy: Evidence from ColombiaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREFinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationOREORE.xmltext/xml2545https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/bitstreams/9e5cdf08-3ea2-4f3a-a140-123a7dd94ca8/downloadfc0368405cb749b480d7e08dab7f2678MD51001/11176oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/111762023-08-14 15:19:34.059https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Sebastián Lalinde Ordóñez - 2020https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.coUniversidad Externado de Colombiametabiblioteca@metabiblioteca.org

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