“Secessionist Maroons who have asserted sovereignty”: Accompong Maroons and the Jamaican State today

En 2021, con la elección de un nuevo jefe (el coronel más joven de la historia, con 40 años), las relaciones entre los Accompong Maroons y el gobierno de Jamaica se de­terioraron. Bajo el mando del jefe Richard Currie, que se describe a sí mismo como funcionario del gobierno y jefe de Esta­do, Accom...

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Autores:
Perkins, Anna Kasafi
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2024
Institución:
Universidad Externado de Colombia
Repositorio:
Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/15732
Acceso en línea:
https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15732
https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n40.12
Palabra clave:
Jamaica;
sovereignty;
maroons;
secessionist;
accompong;
treaty;
Jamaican state
Jamaica;
soberanía;
cimarrones;
secesionista,
Accompong;
Tratado;
Estado jamaicano
Rights
openAccess
License
Anna Kasafi Perkins - 2024
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oai_identifier_str oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/15732
network_acronym_str uexternad2
network_name_str Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv “Secessionist Maroons who have asserted sovereignty”: Accompong Maroons and the Jamaican State today
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv “Secessionist Maroons who have asserted sovereignty”: Accompong Maroons and the Jamaican State today
title “Secessionist Maroons who have asserted sovereignty”: Accompong Maroons and the Jamaican State today
spellingShingle “Secessionist Maroons who have asserted sovereignty”: Accompong Maroons and the Jamaican State today
Jamaica;
sovereignty;
maroons;
secessionist;
accompong;
treaty;
Jamaican state
Jamaica;
soberanía;
cimarrones;
secesionista,
Accompong;
Tratado;
Estado jamaicano
title_short “Secessionist Maroons who have asserted sovereignty”: Accompong Maroons and the Jamaican State today
title_full “Secessionist Maroons who have asserted sovereignty”: Accompong Maroons and the Jamaican State today
title_fullStr “Secessionist Maroons who have asserted sovereignty”: Accompong Maroons and the Jamaican State today
title_full_unstemmed “Secessionist Maroons who have asserted sovereignty”: Accompong Maroons and the Jamaican State today
title_sort “Secessionist Maroons who have asserted sovereignty”: Accompong Maroons and the Jamaican State today
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Perkins, Anna Kasafi
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Perkins, Anna Kasafi
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Jamaica;
sovereignty;
maroons;
secessionist;
accompong;
treaty;
Jamaican state
topic Jamaica;
sovereignty;
maroons;
secessionist;
accompong;
treaty;
Jamaican state
Jamaica;
soberanía;
cimarrones;
secesionista,
Accompong;
Tratado;
Estado jamaicano
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Jamaica;
soberanía;
cimarrones;
secesionista,
Accompong;
Tratado;
Estado jamaicano
description En 2021, con la elección de un nuevo jefe (el coronel más joven de la historia, con 40 años), las relaciones entre los Accompong Maroons y el gobierno de Jamaica se de­terioraron. Bajo el mando del jefe Richard Currie, que se describe a sí mismo como funcionario del gobierno y jefe de Esta­do, Accompong afirmó su soberanía como el “Estado soberano de Accompong”, con Accompong Town como capital del Cock­pit Country. Los cimarrones del Estado de Accompong se autodenominan “herederos del Tratado de 1738 y de la identificación cimarrona”, afirmando ser descendientes de africanos occidentales autoliberados y anteriormente esclavizados y de amerindios indígenas. Según el jefe Currie, “La tierra es el señor y su plenitud. Nuestra soberanía se deriva de la libertad de nuestras tierras, por lo que cualquier cosa que hagamos con nuestras tierras tiene un valor imperati­vo para nuestra seguridad como pueblo”. Esta declaración de soberanía ha llevado a que el Gobierno de Jamaica declare que no reconoce ningún “Estado dentro de un Estado”. Por lo tanto, se niega a colaborar o a financiar aquellas comunidades que ha descrito como “cimarrones secesionistas”. Este caso de estudio sitúa a los cimarrones contemporáneos en la historia de Jamaica y su relación actual con el Estado jamaicano. Explora, en particular, las nociones con­tradictorias de soberanía que pueden estar detrás del conflicto entre el “Estado sobera­no de Accompong” y el Estado de Jamaica. La clave del conflicto son las diferencias en el significado del Tratado de 1738 firmado por los “primeros cimarrones”, que lucharon contra los británicos hasta un punto muerto en el siglo XVIII, obligándolos a llegar a un acuerdo con ellos. Para los cimarrones de hoy, el Tratado es eterno, mientras que el ahora independiente Estado jamaicano lo considera abrogado. ¿Es posible un acerca­miento?
publishDate 2024
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2024-06-27T07:15:25Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-06-26T16:23:50Z
2024-06-27T07:15:25Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2024-06-26
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Núm. 40 , Año 2024 : Julio-Diciembre
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dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Oasis
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Ashley, P. (2018). Dudus: The Extradition of Jamaica’s #1 Don. Kingston.
Baker, E. (1898). The Maroons of Jamaica, The North American Review, 167, 558-568.
Batts, D. (2008). The Maroons: A special right to land? Caribbean Rights, 1(3), 6-13.
Bilby, K. (1997). Swearing by the past, Swearing to the future: Sacred oaths, alliances, and treaties among the Guianese and Jamaican Maroons. Ethnohistory, 44(4), 655-689.
Bilby, K. (2010, April 15). Maroon autonomy in Jamaica. Cultural Survival. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/maroon-autonomy-jamaica
Burnard, T. (2020). Jamaica in the age of revolution. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Carey, B. (1997). The Maroon Story: The authentic and original history of the Maroons in the history of Jamaica, 1490-1880. Agouti Press.
Ewing-Chow, D. (2021a, February 28). Sovereignty and the soil: Chief Richard Currie and the rising of the Maroon nation iIn Jamaica. Forbes Magazine.
Ewing-Chow, D. (2021b, March 31). Her land within an island: The female farmers of the Accompong Maroons. Forbes Magazine. https://www.forbes.com/sites/daphneewingchow/2021/03/31/her-land-within-an-island-the-female-farmers-of-the-accompong-maroons/?sh=43c7e29b1ac5
Frater, A. (2021, August 13). Chief Currie wants peace, but prepared to fight. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/ news/20210813/chief-currie-wants-peace-prepared-fight
Fuller, H., & Benn Torres, J. (2018). Investigating the “Taíno” ancestry of the Jamaican Maroons: A new genetic (DNA), historical, and multidisciplinary analysis and case study of the Accompong Town Maroons. Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 43(1), 47-78. 10.1080/08263663.2018.1426227
Goffe, M. (2018). The rights of the Maroons in the emerging ganja industry in Jamaica. Social and Economic Studies, 67(1), 85-115.
Green, P. (2019, September 20). Heritage impact assessment for Cockpit Country. Jamaica Daily Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/arti-cle/commentary/20190920/patricia-green-heritage-impact-assessment-cockpit-country
Hibbert, K. (2021, September 12). ‘Time come ohh’. Jamaica Observer. https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/time-come-ohh/
Jaffe, R. (2015). From Maroons to dons: Sovereignty, violence and law in Jamaica. Critique of Anthropology, 35(1), 7-63.
Kopytoff, B. K. (1976). Jamaican maroon political organization: The effects of the treaties. Social and Economic Studies, 25(2), 87-105.
Kopytoff, B. K. (1978). The early political development of Jamaican Maroon societies. The William and Mary Quarterly, 35(2), 287-307.
Kopytoff, B. K. (1979). Colonial Treaty as sacred charter of the Jamaican Maroons. Ethnohistory, 26(1), 45-64.
Lockett, J. D. (1999). The deportation of the maroons of trelawny town to Nova Scotia, then back to Africa. Journal of Black Studies, 30(1), 5-14.
Lumsden, J. (2001). ‘A brave and loyal people’: the role of the Maroons in the Morant Bay Rebellion in 1865. Jamaica History webpage. https://jamaica-history.weebly.com/2001-a-brave-and-loyal-people.html
Mackie, E. (2005). Welcome the outlaw: Pirates, maroons, and caribbean countercultures. Cultural Critique, 59, 24-62.
Moyston, L. E. (2022, January 13). The Maroons are no heroes. [Letter of the Day], Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/ letters/20220113/letter-day-maroons-are-no-heroes
Mundle, T. (2022, July 22). Gov’t wants Maroon lawsuit thrown out. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20220722/govt-wants-maroon-lawsuit-thrown-out
Parker, L. (2021). The Jamaican Maroons of the 17th and 18th centuries: Survivalists of the New World. CUNY Academic Works. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/913
Patterson, O. (1970). Slavery and slave revolts: A socio-historical analysis of the first Maroon war, Jamaica, 1655-1740. Social and Economic Studies, 19(3), 289-325. https://www.jstor. org/stable/27856434 Perkins, A. K. (2023). For us, it is a Crisis!”: Mia Mottley and the Caribbean Revolt against the Climate Crisis. In K. Snyman, & L. Heath- Moore (Eds.), Revolting Christians: Theologies in Action (pp. 213-231). Walking the Walk Publications.
Pestana, C. G. (2017). The Jamaica Maroons and the dangers of categorical thinking. Commonplace: The Journal of Early American Life, 17(4). https://commonplace.online/article/ vol-17-no-4-pestana/
Robinson, P. (2021, September 6). Settle Maroon sovereignty claim amicably. [Letter of the Day.]. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-glea-ner.com/article/letters/20210906/letter-day-settle-maroon-sovereignty-claim-amicably
Shepherd, V. (2022, January 16). The Maroons of Jamaica and their rights as Indigenous Peoples. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner. com/article/focus/20220116/verene-shepherd-maroons-jamaica-and-their-rights-indigenous-peoples#google_vignette
Silvera, J. (2021a, February 22). Revolution cry!– Accompong’s youngest chief has big agenda for Maroons. Jamaica Gleaner. https:// jamaica-gleaner.com/a r t ic le / lead-s tories/20210222/revolution-cry-accompongs-youngest-chief-has-big-agenda-maroons
Silvera, J. (2021b, February 23). Maroon chief hits back at quasi-sovereign label. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/ lead-stories/20210223/maroon-chief-hits-back-quasi-sovereign-label
Silvera, J. (2021c, March 22). New Maroon chief rejects LUMI currency, defends queen. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/ news/20210322/new-maroon-chief-rejects-lumi-currency-defends-queen
Silvera, J. (2022a). Currie says Maroon festival will proceed. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20220106/currie-says-maroon-festival-will-proceed
Silvera, J. (2022b, January 6). Maroon warning! Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner. com/article/lead-stories/20220106/maroon-warning
Silvera, J. (2022c, January 9). ‘There is no other sovereign authority in Jamaica,’ Holness declares. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner. com/article/news/20220109/there-no-other-sovereign-authority-jamaica-holness-declares
Silvera, J. (2022d, January 10). War of Words! Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/ article/lead-stories/20220110/war-words
Silvera, J. (2023, March 20). Semi-automatic pistol seized in Maroon Town, three arrested, Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/ article/news/20230320/semi-automatic-pistol-seized-moore-town-three-arrested
Sivapragasam, M. (2018). After the treaties: A social, economic and demographic history of Maroon society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 (Ph. D.) thesis University of Southampton.
Small, S. (2023, January 24). PM accused of ‘ego trip’ for freezing relations with Accompong. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner. com/article/lead-stories/20230124/update-pm-accused-ego-trip-freezing-relations-accompong
State of Accompong (2022). Sovereign State of Accompong website. https://stateofaccompong. org/
Titus, T. (2022, January 23). We’re not traitors, says Maroon colonel. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/ lead-stories/20220123/were-not-traitors-says-maroon-colonel
Thompson, M. D. (2020). The rule of law and the public transcript: The Accompong Maroons and Colonial Jamaican Government’s dispute about Fullerswood Estate. Caribbean Quarterly, 66(4), 498-518.
Vannier, C. (2019). Slavery and its discontents: Shackled history as spiritual resources in Jamaica. In E. J. Montgomery (Ed.), Shackled Sentiments: Slaves, Spirits, and Memories in the African Diaspora (159-176). Lexington Books.
Vasciannie, S. (2022a, January 9). Law and the Maroon State. Jamaica Observer. https://www. jamaicaobserver.com/columns/law-and-the-maroon-state/
Vasciannie, S. (2022b, January 16). Reviewing Maroon arguments. Jamaica Sunday Observer. https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/opinion/ reviewing-maroon-arguments_241463
Vasciannie, S. (2023). The Sovereign State of Accompong?: A Legal Assessment (draft manuscript).
Vaz, N. C. (2019). Maroon emancipationists: Dominica’s Africans and Igbos in the age of revolution, 1763-1814. Journal of Caribbean History, 53(1), 27-59. https://doi.org/10.1353/ jch.2019.0007
Wilson, K. (2009). The performance of freedom: Maroons and the colonial order in eighteenth-century Jamaica and the Atlantic sound. The William and Mary Quarterly, 66(1), 45-86.
Zhang, S. J. (2023). Simarrona: Beyond etymologies toward a practice of unlearning. Small axe (July), 121-127.
Zips, W. (2011). Nanny’s Asafo Warriors: The Jamaican Maroons’ African experience. Ian Randle Publishers.
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spelling Perkins, Anna Kasafi2024-06-26T16:23:50Z2024-06-27T07:15:25Z2024-06-26T16:23:50Z2024-06-27T07:15:25Z2024-06-26En 2021, con la elección de un nuevo jefe (el coronel más joven de la historia, con 40 años), las relaciones entre los Accompong Maroons y el gobierno de Jamaica se de­terioraron. Bajo el mando del jefe Richard Currie, que se describe a sí mismo como funcionario del gobierno y jefe de Esta­do, Accompong afirmó su soberanía como el “Estado soberano de Accompong”, con Accompong Town como capital del Cock­pit Country. Los cimarrones del Estado de Accompong se autodenominan “herederos del Tratado de 1738 y de la identificación cimarrona”, afirmando ser descendientes de africanos occidentales autoliberados y anteriormente esclavizados y de amerindios indígenas. Según el jefe Currie, “La tierra es el señor y su plenitud. Nuestra soberanía se deriva de la libertad de nuestras tierras, por lo que cualquier cosa que hagamos con nuestras tierras tiene un valor imperati­vo para nuestra seguridad como pueblo”. Esta declaración de soberanía ha llevado a que el Gobierno de Jamaica declare que no reconoce ningún “Estado dentro de un Estado”. Por lo tanto, se niega a colaborar o a financiar aquellas comunidades que ha descrito como “cimarrones secesionistas”. Este caso de estudio sitúa a los cimarrones contemporáneos en la historia de Jamaica y su relación actual con el Estado jamaicano. Explora, en particular, las nociones con­tradictorias de soberanía que pueden estar detrás del conflicto entre el “Estado sobera­no de Accompong” y el Estado de Jamaica. La clave del conflicto son las diferencias en el significado del Tratado de 1738 firmado por los “primeros cimarrones”, que lucharon contra los británicos hasta un punto muerto en el siglo XVIII, obligándolos a llegar a un acuerdo con ellos. Para los cimarrones de hoy, el Tratado es eterno, mientras que el ahora independiente Estado jamaicano lo considera abrogado. ¿Es posible un acerca­miento?In 2021, on the election of a new chief – the youngest ever colonel at the age of 40–re­lations between the Accompong Maroons and the Jamaican Government soured. Un­der Chief Richard Currie, who describes himself as a government official and head of state, Accompong asserted sovereignty as the “Sovereign State of Accompong,” with Accompong Town as the capital of the Cockpit Country. The Maroons of the State of Accompong identify themselves as “heirs to the 1738 Treaty and Maroon Iden­tification”, claiming descent from self-freed formerly enslaved West Africans and indig­enous Amerindians. According to Chief Currie, “The earth is the lord and the full­ness thereof. Our sovereignty is derived from the freedom of our lands, so whatever we do with our lands is of imperative value to our security as a people”. This declaration of sovereignty has led the Jamaican Govern­ment to declare that they do not recognise any “state within a state”. The Government, therefore, refuses to engage with or fund those communities that they have described as “Secessionist Maroons”. This case study situates the contemporary Maroons in the history of Jamaica and their current rela­tionship to the Jamaican state. It explores, in particular, the contending notions of sovereignty which may lay behind the con­flict between the “Sovereign State of Ac­compong” and the Jamaican State. Key to the conflict is the differences in mean­ings of the 1738 Treaty made by the “First Time Maroons,” who fought the British to a stand-still in the 18th Century, forc­ing them to come to terms with them. For Maroons today, the Treaty is eternal, while the now-independent Jamaican state sees it as abrogated. Therefore, is a rapprochement possible?application/pdf10.18601/16577558.n40.122346-21321657-7558https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15732https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n40.12spaFacultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionaleshttps://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/9625/16066Núm. 40 , Año 2024 : Julio-Diciembre27440255OasisAshley, P. (2018). Dudus: The Extradition of Jamaica’s #1 Don. Kingston.Baker, E. (1898). The Maroons of Jamaica, The North American Review, 167, 558-568.Batts, D. (2008). The Maroons: A special right to land? Caribbean Rights, 1(3), 6-13.Bilby, K. (1997). Swearing by the past, Swearing to the future: Sacred oaths, alliances, and treaties among the Guianese and Jamaican Maroons. Ethnohistory, 44(4), 655-689.Bilby, K. (2010, April 15). Maroon autonomy in Jamaica. Cultural Survival. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/maroon-autonomy-jamaicaBurnard, T. (2020). Jamaica in the age of revolution. University of Pennsylvania Press.Carey, B. (1997). The Maroon Story: The authentic and original history of the Maroons in the history of Jamaica, 1490-1880. Agouti Press.Ewing-Chow, D. (2021a, February 28). Sovereignty and the soil: Chief Richard Currie and the rising of the Maroon nation iIn Jamaica. Forbes Magazine.Ewing-Chow, D. (2021b, March 31). Her land within an island: The female farmers of the Accompong Maroons. Forbes Magazine. https://www.forbes.com/sites/daphneewingchow/2021/03/31/her-land-within-an-island-the-female-farmers-of-the-accompong-maroons/?sh=43c7e29b1ac5Frater, A. (2021, August 13). Chief Currie wants peace, but prepared to fight. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/ news/20210813/chief-currie-wants-peace-prepared-fightFuller, H., & Benn Torres, J. (2018). Investigating the “Taíno” ancestry of the Jamaican Maroons: A new genetic (DNA), historical, and multidisciplinary analysis and case study of the Accompong Town Maroons. Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 43(1), 47-78. 10.1080/08263663.2018.1426227Goffe, M. (2018). The rights of the Maroons in the emerging ganja industry in Jamaica. Social and Economic Studies, 67(1), 85-115.Green, P. (2019, September 20). Heritage impact assessment for Cockpit Country. Jamaica Daily Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/arti-cle/commentary/20190920/patricia-green-heritage-impact-assessment-cockpit-countryHibbert, K. (2021, September 12). ‘Time come ohh’. Jamaica Observer. https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/time-come-ohh/Jaffe, R. (2015). From Maroons to dons: Sovereignty, violence and law in Jamaica. Critique of Anthropology, 35(1), 7-63.Kopytoff, B. K. (1976). Jamaican maroon political organization: The effects of the treaties. Social and Economic Studies, 25(2), 87-105.Kopytoff, B. K. (1978). The early political development of Jamaican Maroon societies. The William and Mary Quarterly, 35(2), 287-307.Kopytoff, B. K. (1979). Colonial Treaty as sacred charter of the Jamaican Maroons. Ethnohistory, 26(1), 45-64.Lockett, J. D. (1999). The deportation of the maroons of trelawny town to Nova Scotia, then back to Africa. Journal of Black Studies, 30(1), 5-14.Lumsden, J. (2001). ‘A brave and loyal people’: the role of the Maroons in the Morant Bay Rebellion in 1865. Jamaica History webpage. https://jamaica-history.weebly.com/2001-a-brave-and-loyal-people.htmlMackie, E. (2005). Welcome the outlaw: Pirates, maroons, and caribbean countercultures. Cultural Critique, 59, 24-62.Moyston, L. E. (2022, January 13). The Maroons are no heroes. [Letter of the Day], Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/ letters/20220113/letter-day-maroons-are-no-heroesMundle, T. (2022, July 22). Gov’t wants Maroon lawsuit thrown out. Jamaica Gleaner. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20220722/govt-wants-maroon-lawsuit-thrown-outParker, L. (2021). The Jamaican Maroons of the 17th and 18th centuries: Survivalists of the New World. CUNY Academic Works. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/913Patterson, O. (1970). Slavery and slave revolts: A socio-historical analysis of the first Maroon war, Jamaica, 1655-1740. Social and Economic Studies, 19(3), 289-325. https://www.jstor. org/stable/27856434 Perkins, A. K. (2023). For us, it is a Crisis!”: Mia Mottley and the Caribbean Revolt against the Climate Crisis. In K. Snyman, & L. Heath- Moore (Eds.), Revolting Christians: Theologies in Action (pp. 213-231). Walking the Walk Publications.Pestana, C. G. (2017). The Jamaica Maroons and the dangers of categorical thinking. Commonplace: The Journal of Early American Life, 17(4). https://commonplace.online/article/ vol-17-no-4-pestana/Robinson, P. 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Ian Randle Publishers.Anna Kasafi Perkins - 2024info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/9625Jamaica;sovereignty;maroons;secessionist;accompong;treaty;Jamaican stateJamaica;soberanía;cimarrones;secesionista,Accompong;Tratado;Estado jamaicano“Secessionist Maroons who have asserted sovereignty”: Accompong Maroons and the Jamaican State today“Secessionist Maroons who have asserted sovereignty”: Accompong Maroons and the Jamaican State todayArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationOREORE.xmltext/xml2597https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/bitstreams/35d98733-6b2d-488c-9a03-6f919c86ddf4/downloade36f2ae565173b4de689fcbcc9a5ceeeMD51001/15732oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/157322024-06-27 02:15:25.483http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0Anna Kasafi Perkins - 2024https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.coUniversidad Externado de Colombiametabiblioteca@metabiblioteca.org

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