¿Instituciones del pueblo, por el pueblo y para el pueblo? Abordar el poder y la responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales en una democracia

Este artículo da luz sobre un tema olvidado en economía: la responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales en una democracia. Consideramos que los bancos centrales son instituciones de poder y, como tales, ni ellos ni sus políticas son neutrales, pues hay ganadores y perdedores inevitables. Explicam...

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Autores:
Rochon, Louis-Philippe
Vallet, Guillaume
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2022
Institución:
Universidad Externado de Colombia
Repositorio:
Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia
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spa
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oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/15471
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https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15471
https://doi.org/10.18601/01245996.v25n48.04
Palabra clave:
central banks, central bankers, power, social responsibility, democracy
B55, E02, E12, E52, E58
bancos centrales, banqueros centrales, poder, responsabilidad social, democracia
B55, E02, E12, E52, E58
bancos centrais, banqueiros centrais, poder, responsabilidade social, democracia
B55, E02, E12, E52, E58
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Louis-Philippe Rochon, Guillaume Vallet - 2022
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv ¿Instituciones del pueblo, por el pueblo y para el pueblo? Abordar el poder y la responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales en una democracia
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv The institutions of the people, by the people and for the people? Addressing central banks’ power and social responsibility in a democracy
title ¿Instituciones del pueblo, por el pueblo y para el pueblo? Abordar el poder y la responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales en una democracia
spellingShingle ¿Instituciones del pueblo, por el pueblo y para el pueblo? Abordar el poder y la responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales en una democracia
central banks, central bankers, power, social responsibility, democracy
B55, E02, E12, E52, E58
bancos centrales, banqueros centrales, poder, responsabilidad social, democracia
B55, E02, E12, E52, E58
bancos centrais, banqueiros centrais, poder, responsabilidade social, democracia
B55, E02, E12, E52, E58
title_short ¿Instituciones del pueblo, por el pueblo y para el pueblo? Abordar el poder y la responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales en una democracia
title_full ¿Instituciones del pueblo, por el pueblo y para el pueblo? Abordar el poder y la responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales en una democracia
title_fullStr ¿Instituciones del pueblo, por el pueblo y para el pueblo? Abordar el poder y la responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales en una democracia
title_full_unstemmed ¿Instituciones del pueblo, por el pueblo y para el pueblo? Abordar el poder y la responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales en una democracia
title_sort ¿Instituciones del pueblo, por el pueblo y para el pueblo? Abordar el poder y la responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales en una democracia
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Rochon, Louis-Philippe
Vallet, Guillaume
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Rochon, Louis-Philippe
Vallet, Guillaume
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv central banks, central bankers, power, social responsibility, democracy
B55, E02, E12, E52, E58
topic central banks, central bankers, power, social responsibility, democracy
B55, E02, E12, E52, E58
bancos centrales, banqueros centrales, poder, responsabilidad social, democracia
B55, E02, E12, E52, E58
bancos centrais, banqueiros centrais, poder, responsabilidade social, democracia
B55, E02, E12, E52, E58
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv bancos centrales, banqueros centrales, poder, responsabilidad social, democracia
B55, E02, E12, E52, E58
bancos centrais, banqueiros centrais, poder, responsabilidade social, democracia
B55, E02, E12, E52, E58
description Este artículo da luz sobre un tema olvidado en economía: la responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales en una democracia. Consideramos que los bancos centrales son instituciones de poder y, como tales, ni ellos ni sus políticas son neutrales, pues hay ganadores y perdedores inevitables. Explicamos por qué y cómo la sociedad debe regular y controlar su poder. Nos centramos en el carácter distributivo del ingreso de la política monetaria para demostrar esta afirmación, y mostramos que ha llegado la hora de construir un nuevo marco de banca central que mejore la   responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales conforme al espíritu de un sistema democrático, que se base en nuevas reglas, nuevos tipos de organización interna y una ética de la responsabilidad de nuevo tipo.
publishDate 2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-12-22T14:04:44Z
2024-06-07T09:03:49Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-12-22T14:04:44Z
2024-06-07T09:03:49Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2022-12-22
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.type.local.eng.fl_str_mv Journal article
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dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Núm. 48 , Año 2023 : Enero-junio
dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv 59
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 48
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dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Revista de Economía Institucional
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Adolph, C. (2013). Bankers, bureaucrats, and central bank politics: The myth of neutrality. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Alesina, A. y Tabellini, G. (2008). Bureaucrats or politicians? Part II: Multiple policy tasks. Journal of Public Economics, 92, 426-447. Alonso-R., A., Cruz-A. S. y Venegas-M., F. (2019). Impact of monetary policy on financial markets efficiency under speculative bubbles: A non-normal and non-linear entropy-based approach. Análisis Económico, 34(86), 157-178. Ampudia, M. D., Georgarakos, J. S. et al. (2018). Monetary policy and household inequality, working paper 2179. Frankfurt am Main: European Central Bank. Balls. E., Howat. J. y Stansbury. A. (2018). Central bank independence revisited: After the financial crisis, what should a model central bank look like? M-RCBG Associate working paper 87, Cambridge MA: Harvard Kennedy Business School. Banque de France. (2021). Responsible investment: an issue of growing importance for the Banque de France and the central banking community. Bulletin de la Banque de France, 234(4), 1-8. Blanchard, O. (1995). Macroeconomic implications of shifts in the relative demand for skills. Economic Policy Review, 1(1), 48-53. Braunstein, E. (2013). Central bank policy and gender. En D. M. Figart y T. L. Warnecke (eds.), Handbook of research on gender and economic life (pp. 345-358). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Braunstein, E. y Heintz, J. (2008). Gender bias and central bank policy: Employment and inflation reduction. International Review of Applied Economics, 22(2), 173-186. Braunstein, E. y Seguino, S. (2018). The impact of economic policy and structural change on gender employment inequality in Latin America, 1990-2010. Review of Keynesian Economics, 6(3), 307-332. Buiter, W. (2010). Games of ‘chicken’ between monetary and fiscal authority: Who will control the deep pockets of the central bank? Global Economics View, 21 de julio. Londres: Citi Economics. Casiraghi, M., Gaiotti, E. et al. (2018). A ‘reverse Robin Hood’ effect? The distributional implications of non-standard monetary policy for Italian households. Journal of International Money and Finance, 85(C), 215-235. Coeuré, B. (2013). Outright monetary transactions, one year on, speech given at the conference The ECB and its OMT Programme. Berlín, [https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2013/html/sp130902.en.html]. Couppey-S., J. (2020). La ‘monnaie hélicoptère’ contre la dépression dans le sillage de la crise sanitaire. Institut Veblen, [https://www.veblen-institute.org/La-monnaie-helicoptere-contre-la-depressiondans-le-sillage-de-la-crise.html]. Cousin, J., B. y Earl, L. (1992). The case for participatory evaluation. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 14(4), 397-418. Créel, J., Latreille, T. y Le Cacheux, J. (2002). Le pacte de stabilité et les politiques budgétaires dans l’Union européenne. Revue de l’OFCE, 85(3), 245-297. Cynamon, B. Z., Fazzari, S. y Setterfield, M. (eds.) (2013). After the Great Recession: The struggle for economic recovery and growth. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. Debrun, X. y Wyplosz, C. (1999). Onze gouvernements et une Banque centrale. Revue d’économie politique, 109(3), 387-420. Dewey, J. (1954). The public and its problems. Athens OH: Swallow Press. Dietsch, P., Claveau, F. y Fontan, C. (2018). Do central banks serve the people? Cambridge UK: Polity Press. Diouf, I. y Pépin, D. (2017). Gender and central banking. Economic Modelling, 61(C), 193-206. Downey, L. (2020). Delegation in democracy: A temporal analysis. The Journal of Political Philosophy, 29(3), 305-329. Duran, P., Monnier, E. y Smith, A. (1995). Evaluation à la française: Towards a new relationship between social science and the public action. Evaluation, 1(1), 45-63. Epstein, G. (2015). A contested terrain approach to Central Banking. En L.-P. Rochon y S. Rossi (eds.), The encyclopaedia of central banking (pp- 105-107). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Epstein, G. y Schor, J. (1990). Macropolicy in the rise and fall of the golden age. En S. Marglin y J. Schor (eds.), The golden age of capitalism: Reinterpreting the postwar experience (pp. 126-152). Nueva York: Oxford University Press. Farvaque, E., Hayat, M. A. y Mihailov, A. (2016). Who supports the ECB? Evidence from Eurobarometer survey data. The World Economy, 40(4), 654-677. Fernández-A. J. (2015). The politics of central bank independence. Annual Review of Political Science, 18, 217-237. Fetterman, D. M., Kaftarian, S. J. y Wandersman, A. (eds.) (1996). Empowerment evaluation: Knowledge and tool for self-assessment and accountability. Londres y Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publishing. Filardo, A. (2004). Monetary policy and asset price bubbles: Calibrating the monetary policy trade-offs. BIS working paper 155. Basilea: Bank for International Settlements. Guba, E. G. y Lincoln, Y.S. (1989). Fourth generation evaluation. Londres: Sage Publishing. Haldane, A. (2016). The Sneeches, speech given at the Scottish Business Friends dinner in aid of BBC children in need, 12 de mayo, Edinburgo, [https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/speech/2016/the-sneetches.pdf ]. House, E. R. (2005). Promising practices: The many forms of democratic evaluation. Evaluation Exchange, 11(3), 1-7. Johnson, J. (2016). Priests of prosperity: How central bankers transformed the Postcommunist world. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Kappes, S. (2021). Monetary policy and personal income distribution: A survey of the empirical literature. Review of Political Economy, [https:// doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2021.1943159]. Kappes, S., Rochon, L.-P. y Vallet G. (eds.) (2022). The future of central banking. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar (de próxima aparición). Krugman, P. (2018). Why was Trump’s tax cut a fizzle? NYT blog, [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/15/opinion/tax-cut-fail-trump.html]. Lavoie, M. (1996). Monetary policy in an economy with endogenous credit money. En E. Nell y G. Deleplace (eds.), Money in motion (pp. 532-545). Londres: Macmillan. Lavoie, M. (2014). Postkeynesian economics: New foundations. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Lavoie, M. y Seccareccia, M. (1999). Interest rate: Fair. En P. O’Hara (ed.), Encyclopedia of Political Economy (pp. 543-545). Londres y Nueva York: Routledge. Lavoie, M. y Seccareccia, M. (2019). Some reflections on Pasinetti’s fair rate of interest. Bulletin of Political Economy, 13(2), 85-111. Lavoie, M. y Seccareccia, M. (2020). Going beyond the inflation targeting mantra: A dual mandate. Paper presented at Choosing the right target: Real options for the Bank of Canada’s mandate renewal, a conference held by the Max Bell School of Public Policy, Montreal, [https:// www.mcgill.ca/maxbellschool/files/maxbellschool/7_lavoie.pdf ]. Marsh, D. (2020). French governor suggests wider ECB mandate. Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum, [https://www.omfif. org/2020/09/french-governor-suggests-wider-ecb-mandate/?utm_source=omfifupdate]. Mersch, Y. (2014). Monetary policy and economic inequality, keynote speech at the Corporate Credit Conference, Zúrich, 17 de octubre. Niggle, C. (1989). Monetary policy and changes in income distribution. Journal of Economic Issues, 23(3), 809-822. Palley, T. (2019). Central bank independence: A rigged debate based on false politics and economics. FMM working paper 49. Düsseldorf: Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Plottu, B. y Plottu, E. (2009). Contraintes et vertus de l’évaluation participative. Revue française de gestion, 192(2), 31-58. Pixley, J. (2018). Central banks, democratic States and financial power. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. Posen, A. (2012). Commentary: methods of policy accommodation at the interest-rate lower bound. Proceedings – Economic Policy Symposium – Jackson Hole, FRB of Kansas City, 289-302. Qazizada, W. y Stockhammer, E. (2015). Government spending multipliers in contraction and expansion. International Review of Applied Economics, 29(2), 238-258. Riles, A. (2018). Financial citizenship. Ithaca y Londres: Cornell University Press. Rochon, L.-P. (1999). Credit, money and production: An alternative Postkeynesian approach. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Rochon, L.-P. (2021). The inherent biases of monetary policy. En A. Girón (ed.), Money and budgetary policy: before and after the global crisis 2020. México DF: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Rochon, L.-P. (2022). The general ineffectiveness of monetary policy or the weaponization of inflation. En S. Kappes, L.-P. Rochon y G. Vallet (eds.), The future of central banking (pp. 20-37). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Rochon, L.-P. y Rossi, S. (2006). Inflation targeting, economic performance, and income distribution: A monetary macroeconomics analysis. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 28(4), 615-638. Rochon, L.-P. y Seccareccia, M. (2021). Un ensayo sobre política monetaria y distribución del ingreso: una perspectiva heterodoxa. Ensayos Económicos, 76, [www.bcra.gob.ar/Institucional/DescargaPDF/DownloadPDF.aspx?Id=976]. Rochon, L.-P. y Setterfield, M. (2007). Interest rates, income distribution and monetary policy dominance: Post Keynesians and the ‘fair rate’ of interest. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 30(1), 13-42. Rochon, L.-P. y Setterfield, M. (2008). The political economy of interest rate setting, inflation, and income distribution. International Journal of Political Economy, 37(2), 2-25. Rochon, L.-P. y Setterfield, M. (2012). A Kaleckian model of growth and distribution with conflict-inflation and Postkeynesian nominal interest rate rules. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 34(3), 497-520. Rochon, L.-P. y Vallet, G. (2019). Economía del Ave María: El modelo teórico detrás de las políticas monetarias no convencionales. Ola Financiera, 12(34), 1-24. Rogers, C. (1999). Money, interest and capital: A study in the foundations of monetary theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Rossi S. (2020). Central banks’ contribution to financial instability. Bulletin of Political Economy, 14(2), 203-217. Seccareccia, M. (2017). Which vested interests do central banks really serve? Understanding central bank policy since the Global Financial Crisis. Journal of Economic Issues, 51(2), 341-350. Seccareccia, M. y Lavoie, M. (2016). Income distribution, rentiers and their role in a capitalist economy: A Keynes-Pasinetti perspective. International Journal of Political Economy, 45(3), 200-223. Sharpe, S. y Suarez, G. (2015). Why isn’t investment more sensitive to interest rates: Evidence from surveys. Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2014-002, Washington DC: Federal Reserve Board. Skidelsky, R. (2009). Keynes: The return of the master. Londres: Allen Lane. Small, A. W. (1903). The significance of sociology for ethics. Decennial Publications, University of Chicago Press, 4, 111-149. Smithin, J. (1996). Macroeconomic policy and the future of capitalism: The revenge of rentiers and the threat to prosperity. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Stiglitz, J. (1998). Central banking in a democratic society. The Economist, 146, 199-226. Strange, S. (1994). The study of international political economy. En U. Lehmkuhl (ed.), Theorien Internationaler Politik (pp. 310-330). Múnich: R. Oldenburg Verlag. Thorbecke, W. (2001). Estimating the effects of disinflationary monetary policy on minorities. Journal of Policy Modeling, 23(1), 51-66. Touraine, A. (1994). Qu’est-ce que la démocratie? París: Fayard. Tucker, P. (2018). Unelected power: The quest for legitimacy in central banking and the regulatory State. Princeton y Oxford: Princeton University Press. Vallet, G. (2019). This is a Man’s world: autorité et pouvoir genrés dans le milieu des banques centrales. Revue de la régulation, 25, [http:// journals.openedition.org/regulation/14738]. Vallet, G. (2020). Gender diversity as a tool to make central banks progressive institutions: The case of the Central Bank of Ecuador. En M. Yağcı (ed.), Political economy of central banking in emerging countries (pp. 151-167). Londres: Routledge. Vallet, G. (2022). The necessary winds of change: Empowering women in central banking. En S. Kappes, L.-P. Rochon y G. Vallet G. (eds.), The future of central banking, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar (de próxima aparición). Walsh, C. E. (1995). Optimal contracts for central bankers. American Economic Review, 85(1), 150-167. Weber, M. (1963). Le savant et le politique [1919]. París: Plon.
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Louis-Philippe Rochon, Guillaume Vallet - 2022
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spelling Rochon, Louis-PhilippeVallet, Guillaume2022-12-22T14:04:44Z2024-06-07T09:03:49Z2022-12-22T14:04:44Z2024-06-07T09:03:49Z2022-12-22Este artículo da luz sobre un tema olvidado en economía: la responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales en una democracia. Consideramos que los bancos centrales son instituciones de poder y, como tales, ni ellos ni sus políticas son neutrales, pues hay ganadores y perdedores inevitables. Explicamos por qué y cómo la sociedad debe regular y controlar su poder. Nos centramos en el carácter distributivo del ingreso de la política monetaria para demostrar esta afirmación, y mostramos que ha llegado la hora de construir un nuevo marco de banca central que mejore la   responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales conforme al espíritu de un sistema democrático, que se base en nuevas reglas, nuevos tipos de organización interna y una ética de la responsabilidad de nuevo tipo.This paper sheds light on an overlooked issue in economics, namely the social responsibility of central banks in a democracy. We consider central banks as institutions of power, and, as such, neither are they nor their policies neutral, in the sense that there are inevitable winners and losers. We explain why and how their power should be regulated and controlled by society. Specifically, we focus on the income distributive nature of monetary policy to demonstrate this assertion. From this, we explain that the time is ripe to build a new framework for central banking aiming at improving central banks’ social responsibility consistent with the spirit of a democratic system, and resting on new rules, new types of inner organization and, more broadly, an ethics of responsibility of a new kind.application/pdftext/htmltext/xml10.18601/01245996.v25n48.042346-24500124-5996https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/15471https://doi.org/10.18601/01245996.v25n48.04spaUniversidad Externado de Colombiahttps://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/ecoins/article/download/8500/13082https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/ecoins/article/download/8500/14005https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/ecoins/article/download/8500/14078Núm. 48 , Año 2023 : Enero-junio59482925Revista de Economía InstitucionalAdolph, C. (2013). Bankers, bureaucrats, and central bank politics: The myth of neutrality. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Alesina, A. y Tabellini, G. (2008). Bureaucrats or politicians? Part II: Multiple policy tasks. Journal of Public Economics, 92, 426-447. Alonso-R., A., Cruz-A. S. y Venegas-M., F. (2019). Impact of monetary policy on financial markets efficiency under speculative bubbles: A non-normal and non-linear entropy-based approach. Análisis Económico, 34(86), 157-178. Ampudia, M. D., Georgarakos, J. S. et al. (2018). Monetary policy and household inequality, working paper 2179. Frankfurt am Main: European Central Bank. Balls. E., Howat. J. y Stansbury. A. (2018). Central bank independence revisited: After the financial crisis, what should a model central bank look like? M-RCBG Associate working paper 87, Cambridge MA: Harvard Kennedy Business School. Banque de France. (2021). Responsible investment: an issue of growing importance for the Banque de France and the central banking community. Bulletin de la Banque de France, 234(4), 1-8. Blanchard, O. (1995). Macroeconomic implications of shifts in the relative demand for skills. Economic Policy Review, 1(1), 48-53. Braunstein, E. (2013). Central bank policy and gender. En D. M. Figart y T. L. Warnecke (eds.), Handbook of research on gender and economic life (pp. 345-358). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Braunstein, E. y Heintz, J. (2008). Gender bias and central bank policy: Employment and inflation reduction. International Review of Applied Economics, 22(2), 173-186. Braunstein, E. y Seguino, S. (2018). The impact of economic policy and structural change on gender employment inequality in Latin America, 1990-2010. Review of Keynesian Economics, 6(3), 307-332. Buiter, W. (2010). Games of ‘chicken’ between monetary and fiscal authority: Who will control the deep pockets of the central bank? Global Economics View, 21 de julio. Londres: Citi Economics. Casiraghi, M., Gaiotti, E. et al. (2018). A ‘reverse Robin Hood’ effect? The distributional implications of non-standard monetary policy for Italian households. Journal of International Money and Finance, 85(C), 215-235. Coeuré, B. (2013). Outright monetary transactions, one year on, speech given at the conference The ECB and its OMT Programme. Berlín, [https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2013/html/sp130902.en.html]. Couppey-S., J. (2020). La ‘monnaie hélicoptère’ contre la dépression dans le sillage de la crise sanitaire. Institut Veblen, [https://www.veblen-institute.org/La-monnaie-helicoptere-contre-la-depressiondans-le-sillage-de-la-crise.html]. Cousin, J., B. y Earl, L. (1992). The case for participatory evaluation. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 14(4), 397-418. Créel, J., Latreille, T. y Le Cacheux, J. (2002). Le pacte de stabilité et les politiques budgétaires dans l’Union européenne. Revue de l’OFCE, 85(3), 245-297. Cynamon, B. Z., Fazzari, S. y Setterfield, M. (eds.) (2013). 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París: Plon.Louis-Philippe Rochon, Guillaume Vallet - 2022info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/ecoins/article/view/8500central banks, central bankers, power, social responsibility, democracyB55, E02, E12, E52, E58bancos centrales, banqueros centrales, poder, responsabilidad social, democraciaB55, E02, E12, E52, E58bancos centrais, banqueiros centrais, poder, responsabilidade social, democraciaB55, E02, E12, E52, E58¿Instituciones del pueblo, por el pueblo y para el pueblo? Abordar el poder y la responsabilidad social de los bancos centrales en una democraciaThe institutions of the people, by the people and for the people? Addressing central banks’ power and social responsibility in a democracyArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleJournal articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREFinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationOREORE.xmltext/xml2730https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/bitstreams/55bae7c5-02a3-4fae-adf0-b7eb6b980a8f/download672d46e60b778d3d51b5028df1d94d1fMD51001/15471oai:bdigital.uexternado.edu.co:001/154712024-06-07 04:03:49.78http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0Louis-Philippe Rochon, Guillaume Vallet - 2022https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.coUniversidad Externado de Colombiametabiblioteca@metabiblioteca.org