Digital Technologies and Children’s Rights: Balancing Control, Protection, and Consent

La protección de los derechos de los niños y las niñas en la era digital enfrenta desafíos, a pesar de los esfuerzos legislativos. Este documento explora la tensión entre el control que los menores tienen sobre sus datos y el que los adultos ejercen sobre ellos, en el contexto de la legislación de l...

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Autores:: Bello, Barbara Giovanna

Tipo de recurso:: Article of journal

Fecha de publicación:: 2024

Institución:: Universidad Externado de Colombia

Repositorio:: Biblioteca Digital Universidad Externado de Colombia

Idioma:: spa

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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Digital Technologies and Children’s Rights: Balancing Control, Protection, and Consent
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv	Digital Technologies and Children’s Rights: Balancing Control, Protection, and Consent
title	Digital Technologies and Children’s Rights: Balancing Control, Protection, and Consent
spellingShingle	Digital Technologies and Children’s Rights: Balancing Control, Protection, and Consent Children, sharenting, fingerprinting, subjectivation, objectivation niños y niñas, sharenting, toma de huellas dactilares, subjetivación, objetivación
title_short	Digital Technologies and Children’s Rights: Balancing Control, Protection, and Consent
title_full	Digital Technologies and Children’s Rights: Balancing Control, Protection, and Consent
title_fullStr	Digital Technologies and Children’s Rights: Balancing Control, Protection, and Consent
title_full_unstemmed	Digital Technologies and Children’s Rights: Balancing Control, Protection, and Consent
title_sort	Digital Technologies and Children’s Rights: Balancing Control, Protection, and Consent
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Bello, Barbara Giovanna
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv	Bello, Barbara Giovanna
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv	Children, sharenting, fingerprinting, subjectivation, objectivation
topic	Children, sharenting, fingerprinting, subjectivation, objectivation niños y niñas, sharenting, toma de huellas dactilares, subjetivación, objetivación
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	niños y niñas, sharenting, toma de huellas dactilares, subjetivación, objetivación
description	La protección de los derechos de los niños y las niñas en la era digital enfrenta desafíos, a pesar de los esfuerzos legislativos. Este documento explora la tensión entre el control que los menores tienen sobre sus datos y el que los adultos ejercen sobre ellos, en el contexto de la legislación de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas y la Unión Europea. Se analizan dos áreas: el ‘sharenting’, es decir, cuando los adultos comparten datos de menores sin su consentimiento (por ejemplo, fotos, videos), y la toma de huellas dactilares de menores en los controles fronterizos. Ambos casos evidencian una vulnerabilidad que no se equilibra con la capacidad de decisión de los niños y niñas, planteando preocupaciones éticas sobre su autonomía y protección.
publishDate	2024
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2024-12-10T12:07:11Z 2025-04-09T17:40:23Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2024-12-10T12:07:11Z 2025-04-09T17:40:23Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2024-12-10
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Artículo de revista
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dc.type.local.eng.fl_str_mv	Journal article
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dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv	10.18601/01234366.48.02
dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv	2346-2442
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dc.relation.bitstream.none.fl_str_mv	https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derpri/article/download/10100/17512 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derpri/article/download/10100/17514 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derpri/article/download/10100/17513
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv	Núm. 48 , Año 2025 : Enero-Junio
dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv	45
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv	48
dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv	19
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv	Revista de Derecho Privado
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Autenrieth, Ulla, “Family Photography in a Networked Age”, in Mascheroni, Giovanna; Ponte, Cristina, and Jorge, Ana (eds.), Digital Parenting. The Challenges for Families in the Digital Age, Goteborg, Nordicom, 2018, 219-231. Avello Martínez, María, “EU Borders and Potential Conflicts between New Technologies and Human Rights”, Peace & Security – Paix et Sécurité Internationales, 11, 2023, 1-33. Bendinelli, Roberta, “Le norme sul trattamento dei dati personali dei richiedentiasilo nell’Unione europea: talune criticità rispetto al caso dell’interessato minorenne”, Diritto, Immigrazione e Cittadinanza, 1, 2024, 1-37. Bhabha, Jacqueline, Child Migration and Human Rights in a Global Age, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2014. Blasi Casagran, Cristina, “Fundamental Rights Implications of Interconnecting Migration and Policing Databases in the EU”, Human Rights Law Review, 21, 2, 2021, 433-457. Butler, Judith, “Contingent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of ‘Postmodernism’”, in Benhabib, Seya; Butler, Judith; Cornell, Drucilla and Fraser, Nancy (eds.), Feminist Contentions. A Philosophical Exchange, New York, Routledge, 1995, 35-57. Butler, Judith, Excitable Speech. A Politics of the Performative, London, Routledge, 1997. Butler, Judith, The Psychic Life of Power, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1997. Cassarino, Jean Pierre, and Marin, Luisa, “The New Pact of Migration and Asylum: Turning EU Territory into a Non-Territory”, EU Law Analysis European Journal of Migration and Law, 24, 1, 2022, 1-26. Chamber of Deputies (Italy), Bill amending Law No. 977 of 17 October 1967 on the use of minors in the context of digital minors in the context of digital platforms for the exchange of multimedia content, as well as provisions on the dissemination of the image and multimedia content of minors, presented on 12 March 2024 [online], available at: https://documenti.camera.it/leg19/pdl/pdf/leg.19.pdl.camera.1771.19pdl0081550.pdf Children’s Commissioner for England, “Life in ‘Likes’. Children’s Commissioner Report into Social Media Use among 8-12 Year Olds”, Report 2018. Children’s Commissioner for England, “Who Knows What About Me? A Children’s Commissioner Report into the Collection and Sharing of Children’s Data”, Report 2018. Cino, Davide, “Dilemmi digitali e governance dell’identità digitale dei minori: l’interazione fra pari come opportunità informale di media education”, Media Education, 11, 2, 2020, 149-161. 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European Migration Network (EMN), Report “Children in Migration 2021- 2022: An Overview” [online], 2024, available at: https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/document/download/7ad0d084-0522-4814-8473-30e96fbf5f43_en?filename=emn%20study%20on%20children%20in%20migration_en.pdf EU Commission - Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs, Data Collection on Trafficking in Human Beings in the EU, Luxembourg, Publications Office, 2020. EU Commission, Communication to the European Parliament and the Council, The Protection of Children in Migration, 12 April 2017, com(2017) 211 final. EU Commission, Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “A Digital Decade for children and youth: the new European strategy for a better internet for kids” (BIK+), 11 May 2022, com/2022/212 final. EU Council Regulation (EC) 2725/2000 of 11 December 2000 concerning the establishment of ‘Eurodac’ for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention. EU Regulation 2013/603 on Eurodac, the EU asylum fingerprint database for comparing asylum applicants’ fingerprints. EU Regulation 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). EU Regulation 2019/817 establishing a framework for interoperability between EU information systems in the field of borders and visa. EU Regulation 2019/818 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2019 on establishing a framework for interoperability between EU information systems in the field of police and judicial cooperation, asylum and migration and amending Regulations (EU) 2018/1726, (EU) 2018/1862 and (EU) 2019/816. EU Regulation 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Regulation (EU) 2024/1358 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 on the establishment of ‘Eurodac’ for the comparison of biometric data in order to effectively apply Regulations (EU) 2024/1351 and (EU) 2024/1350 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Directive 2001/55/EC and to identify illegally staying third-country nationals and stateless persons and on requests for the comparison with Eurodac data by Member States’ law enforcement authorities and Europol for law enforcement purposes, amending Regulations (EU) 2018/1240 and (EU) 2019/818 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EU) No 603/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001 on minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event of a mass influx of displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts between Member States in receiving such persons and bearing the consequences thereof. Europol, Situation Report. Trafficking in Human Beings in the EU, No. 765175, February 2016. Eurostat, Trafficking in Human Beings, Luxembourg, Publications Office, 2015. Foglia, Massimo, “Sharenting e riservatezza del minore in rete”, Actualidad Jurídica Iberoamericana, vol. 16 bis, 2022, 3550-3569. Foucault, Michel, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1, London, Allen Lane, 1979. Foucault, Michel, “What is Enlightenment?”, in Rabinow, Paul (ed.), The Foucault Reader, New York, Pantheon Books, 1984, 32-50. Garlatti, Carla, “Foto dei minori sui social, la proposta dell’Authority infanzia e adolescenza” [online], 28 settembre 2022, available at: https://www.agendadigitale.eu/sicurezza/foto-dei-minori-sui-social-la-proposta-dellauthority-infanziae-adolescenza/ Goździak, Elżbieta M., Human Trafficking as a New (In)Security Threat, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. Holloway, Donnel, and Green, Lelia, “Mediated Memory Making: The Virtual Family Photograph Album”, Communications, 42, 3, 2017, 351-368. Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO), Age Appropriate Design Code of the United Kingdom [online], Wilmslow, Cheshire, ICO, 2018, available at: https://ico.org.uk/media/about-the-ico/documents/2618093/code-of-practice-dpa-2018-age-appropriate-design-code_v_2_1.pdf Joint General Comment No. 3 (2017) of the UN Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and No. 22 (2017) of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child on the General Principles Regarding the Human Rights of Children in the Context of International Migration, November 17, 2017. Kaili, Eva, “Answer in Writing. Question for Written Answer, E-000998/2024 to the Commission” [online], available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2024-000998_EN.pdf Kopecky, Kamil et al., “The Phenomenon of Sharenting and its Risks in the Online Environment. Experiences from Czech Republic and Spain”, Children and Youth Services Review, 110, 2020, 1-6. Law No. 2024-120, February19, 2024. Leaver, Tama, “Balancing Privacy: Sharenting, Intimate Surveillance, and the Right to Be Forgotten, in Green, Lelia et al. (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Digital Media and Children, New York, Routledge, 2020, 235-244. Lendvai, Gergely Ferenc, “Sharenting as a Regulatory Paradox. A Comprehensive Overview of the Conceptualization and Regulation of Sharenting” [online], International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 38, 1, 2024, ebae013, available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/ebae013 Livingstone, Sonia, and Özkul, Didem, Identifying the “Best Interests of the Child in Relation to the Digital Environment [online], 6 February 2024, available at: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/medialse/2024/02/06/identifying-the-best-interests-fthe- child-in-relation-to-the-digital-environment/ Livingstone, Sonia; Blum-Ross, Alicia, and Zhang, Dongmiao, What do Parents Think, and Do, about their Children’s Online Privacy?, Parenting for a Digital Future: Survey Report 3 [online], London, LSE, 2018, available at: http://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/assets/documents/research/preparing-fora-digitalfuture/P4DF-Report-3.pdf Marx, Gary, and Steeves, Valerie, “From the Beginning: Children as Subjects and Agents of Surveillance”, Surveillance & Society, 7, 3/4, 2010, 192-230. Migliarini, Valentina, “Subjectivation, Agency and the Schooling of Raced and Dis/Abled Asylum-Seeking Children in the Italian Context”, Intercultural Education, 28, 2, 2017, 182-195. Napolitano, Cristiana, “Digitalizzazione delle procedure di ingresso: il difficile equilibrio tra la sicurezza pubblica e il rispetto dei diritti fondamentali degli immigrati”, adim Blog, Analisi & Opinioni, 2024, [online], available at: https://www.adimblog.com/2024/09/30/digitalizzazione-delle-procedure-di-ingressoil-trattamento-dei-dati-e-il-difficile-equilibrio-tra-la-sicurezza-pubblica-e-ilrispetto-dei-diritti-fondamentali-degli-immigrati/ Ní Bhroin, Nianh et al., “The Privacy Paradox by Proxy: Considering Predictors of Sharenting”, Media and Communication, 10, 1, 2022, 371-383. Order of Journalists, Treviso Charter, October 5, 1990. Peers, Steve, “The New EU Asylum Laws: Taking Rights Half-Seriously” [online], Yearbook of European Law, 2024, yeae003, available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/yel/yeae003 Picum ed ECRE, Beyond Walls and Fences: Eu Funding Used for a Complex and Digitalised Border Surveillance System. Study on the Use of the Border Management and Visa Instrument during the 2021 – 2027 Multiannual Financial Framework [online], 2024, available at: https://picum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Beyond-walls-and-fences_EU-funding-used-for-a-complexand-digitalised-border-surveillance-system_EN.pdf Rey, Patella J., and Boesel, Withney E., “The Web, Digital Prostheses, and Augmented Subjectivity”, in Kleinman, Daniel Lee, and Moore, Kelly (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Science, Technology, and Society, New York, Routledge, 2014, 173-188. Siibak, Andra, and Traks, Keily, “The Dark Sides of Sharenting”, Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, vol. 11, n.º 1, 2019, 115-121. Steinberg, Stacey B., “Sharenting: Children’s Privacy in the Age of Social Media”, Emory Law Journal, 66, 2016, 839-883. Traue, Boris, and Pfahl, Lisa, “What is Subjectivation? Key Concepts and Proposals for Future Research”, in Bosančić, Sasa; Brodersen, Folke; Pfahl, Lisa; Schürmann, Lena; Spies, Tina, and Traue, Boris (eds.), Following the Subject. Grundlagen und Zugänge empirischer Subjektivierungsforschung – Foundations and Approaches of Empirical Research on Subjectivation, Wiesbaden, Springer VS, 2022, 25-44. Tribunal of Mantua, 19 September 2017. Tribunal of Rome, December 23, 2017 (Case 39913/2015). Tribunal of Trani, August 30, 2021. Unicef, Joint Statement: Coercion of Children to Obtain Fingerprints and Facialimages Never [online], 2018, available at: https://www.unicef.org/eca/pressreleases/joint-statement-coercion-children-obtain-fingerprints-and-facialimages-never Unicef, The Rights of Children in Vulnerable Circumstances: A Global Overview, Geneva, Unicef, 2018. UN Convention on the Rights of the Child signed in New York on 20 November 1989 and entered into force on 2 September 1990. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 20 on the implementation of the rights of the child during adolescence, December 6, 2016, CRC/C/GC/20. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 25 (2021) on children’s rights in relation to the digital environment, 2 March 2021, CRC/C/GC/25. Vannelli, Marina, “The Unaccompanied Child’s Right to Legal Assistance and Representation in Asylum Procedures under EU Law”, Laws, 11, 1, 2022, 1-18. Vitiello, Daniela, “L’Agenzia dell’Unione europea per l’asilo come strumento di armonizzazione: potenzialità, limiti e prospettive”, Diritto, Immigrazione e Cittadinanza, 1, 2024, 1-41. Wall, John, “Transforming Critical Theory in Response to Children”, The Bloomsbury Handbook of Theories in Childhood Studies, 2023, 208-222. Walrave, Michel; Robbé, Sofie; Staes, Luna, and Hallam, Lara, “Mindful Sharenting: How Millennial Parents Balance between Sharing and Protecting”, Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 2023, 1-13. Wolff, Sarah, “The New Pact on Migration: Embedded Illiberalism?”, JCMS, 2024, 1-11. Youdell, Deborah, “Intelligibility, Agency and the Raced-Nationed-Religioned Subjects of Education”, in Bhopal, Kalwant, and Preston, John (eds.), Intersectionality and “Race” in Education, 2012, London, Routledge, 192-212.
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv	Barbara Giovanna Bello - 2024
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spelling	Bello, Barbara Giovanna2024-12-10T12:07:11Z2025-04-09T17:40:23Z2024-12-10T12:07:11Z2025-04-09T17:40:23Z2024-12-10La protección de los derechos de los niños y las niñas en la era digital enfrenta desafíos, a pesar de los esfuerzos legislativos. Este documento explora la tensión entre el control que los menores tienen sobre sus datos y el que los adultos ejercen sobre ellos, en el contexto de la legislación de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas y la Unión Europea. Se analizan dos áreas: el ‘sharenting’, es decir, cuando los adultos comparten datos de menores sin su consentimiento (por ejemplo, fotos, videos), y la toma de huellas dactilares de menores en los controles fronterizos. Ambos casos evidencian una vulnerabilidad que no se equilibra con la capacidad de decisión de los niños y niñas, planteando preocupaciones éticas sobre su autonomía y protección.The protection of children’s rights in the digital age faces challenges despite legislative efforts. This paper explores the tension between children’s control over their data and the control exercised over them by adults, drawing on the theory of subjectivation and objectivation, and against the background of United Nations and European Union legislation. Two specific areas will be examined. The first is ‘sharenting’, where adults share children’s data (e.g. photos, videos) without their consent, potentially violating their rights. The second is the fingerprinting of children from third countries during border control procedures. In both cases, children’s vulnerability is not balanced by their ability to participate in decision-making, leading to potential objectification. While these issues are not illegal, they raise ethical concerns about children’s rights to autonomy and protection.application/pdftext/htmltext/xml10.18601/01234366.48.022346-24420123-4366https://bdigital.uexternado.edu.co/handle/001/25350https://doi.org/10.18601/01234366.48.02spaDepartamento de Derecho Civilhttps://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derpri/article/download/10100/17512https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derpri/article/download/10100/17514https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/derpri/article/download/10100/17513Núm. 48 , Año 2025 : Enero-Junio454819Revista de Derecho PrivadoAutenrieth, Ulla, “Family Photography in a Networked Age”, in Mascheroni, Giovanna; Ponte, Cristina, and Jorge, Ana (eds.), Digital Parenting. The Challenges for Families in the Digital Age, Goteborg, Nordicom, 2018, 219-231.Avello Martínez, María, “EU Borders and Potential Conflicts between New Technologies and Human Rights”, Peace & Security – Paix et Sécurité Internationales, 11, 2023, 1-33.Bendinelli, Roberta, “Le norme sul trattamento dei dati personali dei richiedentiasilo nell’Unione europea: talune criticità rispetto al caso dell’interessato minorenne”, Diritto, Immigrazione e Cittadinanza, 1, 2024, 1-37.Bhabha, Jacqueline, Child Migration and Human Rights in a Global Age, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2014.Blasi Casagran, Cristina, “Fundamental Rights Implications of Interconnecting Migration and Policing Databases in the EU”, Human Rights Law Review, 21, 2, 2021, 433-457.Butler, Judith, “Contingent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of ‘Postmodernism’”, in Benhabib, Seya; Butler, Judith; Cornell, Drucilla and Fraser, Nancy (eds.), Feminist Contentions. A Philosophical Exchange, New York, Routledge, 1995, 35-57.Butler, Judith, Excitable Speech. A Politics of the Performative, London, Routledge, 1997.Butler, Judith, The Psychic Life of Power, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1997.Cassarino, Jean Pierre, and Marin, Luisa, “The New Pact of Migration and Asylum: Turning EU Territory into a Non-Territory”, EU Law Analysis European Journal of Migration and Law, 24, 1, 2022, 1-26.Chamber of Deputies (Italy), Bill amending Law No. 977 of 17 October 1967 on the use of minors in the context of digital minors in the context of digital platforms for the exchange of multimedia content, as well as provisions on the dissemination of the image and multimedia content of minors, presented on 12 March 2024 [online], available at: https://documenti.camera.it/leg19/pdl/pdf/leg.19.pdl.camera.1771.19pdl0081550.pdfChildren’s Commissioner for England, “Life in ‘Likes’. Children’s Commissioner Report into Social Media Use among 8-12 Year Olds”, Report 2018.Children’s Commissioner for England, “Who Knows What About Me? 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Digital Technologies and Children’s Rights: Balancing Control, Protection, and Consent

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