La importancia del temperamento en la producción de ganado de carne bovina

En las explotaciones ganaderas, los bovinos son expuestos a diferentes factores estresantes desde el crecimiento hasta el sacrificio, afectando el bienestar y temperamento de los animales. El término “temperamento” se define como la reacción producida en un animal ante la presencia del hombre y se e...

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Autores:: León–Llanos, Leandro M.
Flórez–Díaz, Hernando

Tipo de recurso:: Article of journal

Fecha de publicación:: 2016

Institución:: Universidad de los Llanos

Repositorio:: Repositorio Digital Universidad de los LLanos

Idioma:: spa

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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	La importancia del temperamento en la producción de ganado de carne bovina
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv	The importance of temperament in beef cattle production
title	La importancia del temperamento en la producción de ganado de carne bovina
spellingShingle	La importancia del temperamento en la producción de ganado de carne bovina Alimento vivo características morfológicas crecimiento peces zooplancton ciencias básicas
title_short	La importancia del temperamento en la producción de ganado de carne bovina
title_full	La importancia del temperamento en la producción de ganado de carne bovina
title_fullStr	La importancia del temperamento en la producción de ganado de carne bovina
title_full_unstemmed	La importancia del temperamento en la producción de ganado de carne bovina
title_sort	La importancia del temperamento en la producción de ganado de carne bovina
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	León–Llanos, Leandro M. Flórez–Díaz, Hernando
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv	León–Llanos, Leandro M. Flórez–Díaz, Hernando
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv	Alimento vivo características morfológicas crecimiento peces zooplancton ciencias básicas
topic	Alimento vivo características morfológicas crecimiento peces zooplancton ciencias básicas
description	En las explotaciones ganaderas, los bovinos son expuestos a diferentes factores estresantes desde el crecimiento hasta el sacrificio, afectando el bienestar y temperamento de los animales. El término “temperamento” se define como la reacción producida en un animal ante la presencia del hombre y se encuentra afectado por diferentes factores como la raza, el género, la edad, el manejo y la genética. Durante la evaluación del temperamento los bovinos excitables (nerviosos) tienden a presentar resultados altos en las evaluaciones de corral (EC), brete (EB) y velocidad de salida del brete (VSB), los cuales están relacionados con concentraciones elevadas de glucocorticoides y catecolaminas. Asimismo, los animales de temperamento nervioso presentan bajas ganancias diarias de peso (crecimiento lento) y bajos resultados de calidad de la canal y de la carne en comparación con animales de temperamento calmado. Por lo que el propósito de este documento fue revisar la relación entre el temperamento y la producción de carne bovina.
publishDate	2016
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2016-07-01 00:00:00 2022-06-13T17:41:54Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2016-07-01 00:00:00 2022-06-13T17:41:54Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2016-07-01
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Artículo de revista
dc.type.eng.fl_str_mv	Journal Article
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dc.type.local.spa.fl_str_mv	Sección Ciencias agrarias
dc.type.local.eng.fl_str_mv	Sección Agricultural sciences
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dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Apple JK, Kegley EB, Galloway DL, Wistuba TJ, Rakes LK,. Duration of restraint and isolation stress as a model to study the darkcutting condition in cattle. J Anim Sci. 2005;83:1202-1214. Beckman DW. 2008. Docility EPD: A Tool for Temperament. Black PH. 2002. Stress and the inflammatory response: a review of neurogenic inflammation. Brain, behavior, and immunity. Black PR, Brooks DC, Bessey PQ, Wolfe RR, Wilmore DW. Mechanisms of insulin resistance following injury. Ann Surg. 1982;196(4):420-435. Burdick NC, Randel RD, Carroll JA, Welsh TH. 2011. Interactions between Temperament, Stress, and Immune Function in Cattle. International Journal of Zoology 2011. Burrow H, Seifert G, Corbet N. A new technique for measuring temperament in cattle. In, Australia. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 1988;17:154-157. Burrow HM, Dillon RD. Relationships between temperament and growth in a feedlot and commercial carcass traits of Bos indicus crossbreds. Aust J Exp Agric. 1997;37:407-411. Cafe LM, Robinson DL, Ferguson DM, McIntyre BL, Geesink GH, Greenwood PL. Cattle temperament: Persistence of assessments and associations with productivity, efficiency, carcass and meat quality traits. J Anim Sci. 2011;89:1452-1465. Carrasco GA, Van de Kar LD. Neuroendocrine pharmacology of stress. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003;463(1-3):235-272. Crouse JD, Cundiff LV, Koch RM, Koohmaraie M, Seideman SC. Comparisons of Bos Indicus and Bos Taurus Inheritance for Carcass Beef Characteristics and Meat Palatability. J Anim Sci. 1989;67:2661-2668. Curley Jr O. 2004. Influence of temperament on bovine hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal function. Master of Science. Texas A&M University, de Oliveira Roça, R. 2009. Modificações post-mortem (F.C.A. - UNESP - Campus de Botucatu). Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Vizi ES. The Sympathetic Nerve— An Integrative Interface between Two Supersystems: The Brain and the Immune System. Pharmacol Rev. 2000;52(4):595-638. Falkenberg SM. 2006. Stress response effects on growth, carcass characteristics, and tenderness in Bonsmara-influenced steers. Texas A&M University. Fell LR, Colditz IG, Walker KH, Watson DL. Associations between temperament, performance and immune function in cattle entering entering a commercial feedlot. Aust J Exp Agric. 1999;39(7):795- 802. Ferguson DM, Warner RD. Have we underestimated the impact of pre-slaughter stress on meat quality in ruminants? Meat Science. 2008;80:12-19. Fordyce G, Goddard ME, Tyler R, Williams G, Toleman M. Temperament and bruising of Bos indicus cattle. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry. 1985;25:283-288. Fordyce G, Wythes J, Shorthose W, Underwood D, Shepherd R.. Cattle temperaments in extensive beef herds in northern Queensland. 2. Effect of temperament on carcass and meat quality. Aust J Exp Agric. 1988;28(6):689-693. Foury A, Devillers N, Sanchez MP, Griffon H, Le Roy P, Mormède P. Stress hormones, carcass composition and meat quality in Large White x Duroc Pigs. Meat Science. 2005;69(4):703-707. Gerrard DE, Grant AL. 2002. Principles of animal growth and development. Kendall Hunt. Grandin T. Behavioral agitation during handling of cattle is persistent over time. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 1993;36(1):1-9. Grandin T. Assessment of stress during handling and transport. J Anim Sci. 1997;75:249-257. Hammond AC, Olson TA, Chase CC, Bowers EJ, Randel RD, Murphy CN, Vogt DW, Tewolde A. Heat tolerance in two tropically adapted Bos taurus breeds, Senepol and Romosinuano, compared with Brahman, Angus, and Hereford cattle in Florida. J Anim Sci. 1996;74(2):295-303. Hoppe S, Brandt HR, König S, Erhardt G, Gauly M. Temperament traits of beef calves measured under field conditions and their relationships to performance. J Anim Sci. 2010;88(6):1982- 1989. doi: 10.2527/jas.2008-1557. Kadel MJ, Johnston DJ, Burrow HM, Graser H, Ferguson DM. Genetics of flight time and other measures of temperament and their value as selection criteria for improving meat quality traits in tropically adapted breeds of beef cattle. Aust J Agric Res. 2006;57(9):1029-1035. King DA, Schuehle Pfeiffer CE, Randel RD, Welsh JTH, Oliphint RA, Baird BE, et al. Influence of animal temperament and stress responsiveness on the carcass quality and beef tenderness of feedlot cattle. Meat Science 2006;74(3):546-556. Kuchel O. Stress and catecholamines. Methods Achiev Exp Pathol 1991;14:80-103. León–Llanos LM. 2009. Evaluación de la calidad de la canal y el ganado bovino en dos frigoríficos de la región de la Orinoquia. Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta. León–Llanos LM, Ballesteros–Chavarro HH, Flórez–Díaz H. 2012a. Efecto del temperamento sobre el crecimiento y las características de la canal de bovinos Cebú y sus cruces en la Orinoquia colombiana. In XXIII Congreso Panamericano de Ciencias Veterinarias - Panvet 2012 (Cartagena de Indias), p. 1. León–Llanos LM, Ballesteros–Chavarro HH, Flórez–Díaz H. 2012b. Efecto del temperamento y el transporte previo al sacrificio sobre las características instrumentales y sensoriales de la carnede bovinos Cebú y sus cruces en la Orinoquia colombiana. In XXIII Congreso Panamericano de Ciencias Veterinarias - Panvet 2012 (Cartagena de Indias), p. 1. Lowe TE, Devine CE, Wells RW, Lynch LL. The relationship between postmortem urinary catecholamines, meat ultimate pH, and shear force in bulls and cows. Meat Science. 2004;67(2):251- 260. Lowe TE, Peachey BM, Devine CE. The effect of nutritional supplements on growth rate, stress responsiveness, muscle glycogen and meat tenderness in pastoral lambs. Meat Science. 2002;62(4):391-397. Minton JE, Coppinger TR, Reddy PG, Davis WC, Blecha F. Repeated restraint and isolation stress alters adrenal and lymphocyte functions and some leukocyte differentiation antigens in lambs. J Anim Sci. 1992;70(4):1126-1132. Moberg G. 2000. Biological response to stress: implications for animal welfare. In The biology of animal stress – Basic principles and implications for animal welfare, Mench, G.P.M.J.A., ed. (Oxon, UK, CABI Publishing), pp. 1-21. Müller R, von Keyserlingk MAG. Consistency of flight speed and its correlation to productivity and to personality in Bos taurus beef cattle. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2006;99(3-4):193-204. Pacák K, Palkovits M. Stressor Specificity of Central Neuroendocrine Responses: Implications for Stress-Related Disorders. Endocr Rev. 2001;22(4):502-548. Petherick JC, Holroyd RG, Doogan VJ, Venus BK. Productivity, carcass and meat quality of lot-fed Bos indicus cross steers grouped according to temperament. Aust J Exp Agric. 2002;42(4):389- 398. Purchas RW, Aungsupakorn R. Further investigations into the relationship between ultimate pH and tenderness for beef samples from bulls and steers. Meat Science 1993;34(2):163-178. Ribeiro JdS, Gonçalves TdM, Ladeira MM, Tullio RR, Campos FR, Bergmann JAG, et al., Reactivity, performance, color and tenderness of meat from Zebu cattle finished in feedlot. Rev Bras Zootec. 2012;41(4):1009-1015. Santana DA. 2009. Competir e innovar la ruta de la industria bovina: agenda prospectiva de investigación y desarrollo tecnológico para la cadena cárnica bovina en Colombia. Sapolsky RM, Romero LM, Munck AU. How Do Glucocorticoids Influence Stress Responses? Integrating Permissive, Suppressive, Stimulatory, and Preparative Actions. Endocr Rev. 2000;21(1):55-89. Scott J, Fredericson E. The causes of fighting in mice and rats. Physiol Zool. 1951;14(4):273-309. Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Shah MA, Church JS, Haley DB, Janzen K, Truong G, Atkins RP, Crowe TG. A comparison of commonly used and novel electronic techniques for evaluating cattle temperament. Can J Anim Sci. 2012;92(1):21-31. Seideman SC, Cross HR, Smith GC, Durland PR. Factors associated with fresh meat color: A Review. Journal of Food Quality. 1984;6:211-237. Shaw FD, Tume RK. The assessment of pre-slaughter and slaughter treatments of livestock by measurement of plasma constituents— A review of recent work. Meat Science 1992;32:311- 329. Sherwood L. 2008. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. Stricklin WR, Kautz-Scanavy CC. The role of behavior in cattle production: A review of research. Applied Animal Ethology. 1984;11:359-390. Vann R, Randel R, Welsh Jr T. 2012. Tools for Assessing Temperament in Beef Cattle. Division of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State University October 2012. Animal and Dairy Sciences. P.p. 91-95. Voisinet BD, Grandin T, O'Connor SF, Tatum JD, Deesing MJ. Bos indicus-cross feedlot cattle with excitable temperaments have tougher meat and a higher incidence of borderline dark cutters. Meat Science 1997;46:367-377. Wulf DM, O'Connor SF, Tatum JD, Smith GC. Using objective measures of muscle color to predict beef longissimus tenderness. Journal of Animal Science. 1997;75:684–692.
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spelling	León–Llanos, Leandro M.0af1c0fc91fb49de76dadc26c2cf46b3300Flórez–Díaz, Hernando818972f08dea350e0a12eaa6798f68cf5002016-07-01 00:00:002022-06-13T17:41:54Z2016-07-01 00:00:002022-06-13T17:41:54Z2016-07-010121-3709https://repositorio.unillanos.edu.co/handle/001/258810.22579/20112629.3542011-2629https://doi.org/10.22579/20112629.354En las explotaciones ganaderas, los bovinos son expuestos a diferentes factores estresantes desde el crecimiento hasta el sacrificio, afectando el bienestar y temperamento de los animales. El término “temperamento” se define como la reacción producida en un animal ante la presencia del hombre y se encuentra afectado por diferentes factores como la raza, el género, la edad, el manejo y la genética. Durante la evaluación del temperamento los bovinos excitables (nerviosos) tienden a presentar resultados altos en las evaluaciones de corral (EC), brete (EB) y velocidad de salida del brete (VSB), los cuales están relacionados con concentraciones elevadas de glucocorticoides y catecolaminas. Asimismo, los animales de temperamento nervioso presentan bajas ganancias diarias de peso (crecimiento lento) y bajos resultados de calidad de la canal y de la carne en comparación con animales de temperamento calmado. Por lo que el propósito de este documento fue revisar la relación entre el temperamento y la producción de carne bovina.In livestock farms, cattle are exposed to different stressors from growth to slaughter, affecting the welfare and temperament of animals. The term "temperament" is defined as the reaction produced by an animal in the presence of man and is affected by various factors such as breed, gender, age, management and genetics. During the evaluation of cattle temperament, animals with an excitable temperament (nervous) tend to have high scores on assessments of pen, chute and chute exit velocity, which are associated with high concentrations of glucocorticoids and catecholamines. Also, animals with nervous temperament have low daily gains (slow growth) and lower results of carcass and meat quality compared to animals with calm temperament. The purpose of this paper is to review the relationship between temperament and beef cattle production. application/pdftext/htmlspaUniversidad de los LlanosOrinoquia - 2017https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://orinoquia.unillanos.edu.co/index.php/orinoquia/article/view/354Alimento vivocaracterísticas morfológicascrecimientopeceszooplanctonciencias básicasLa importancia del temperamento en la producción de ganado de carne bovinaThe importance of temperament in beef cattle productionArtículo de revistaJournal Articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleSección Ciencias agrariasSección Agricultural sciencesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Texthttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Apple JK, Kegley EB, Galloway DL, Wistuba TJ, Rakes LK,. Duration of restraint and isolation stress as a model to study the darkcutting condition in cattle. J Anim Sci. 2005;83:1202-1214.Beckman DW. 2008. Docility EPD: A Tool for Temperament.Black PH. 2002. Stress and the inflammatory response: a review of neurogenic inflammation. Brain, behavior, and immunity.Black PR, Brooks DC, Bessey PQ, Wolfe RR, Wilmore DW. Mechanisms of insulin resistance following injury. Ann Surg. 1982;196(4):420-435.Burdick NC, Randel RD, Carroll JA, Welsh TH. 2011. Interactions between Temperament, Stress, and Immune Function in Cattle. International Journal of Zoology 2011.Burrow H, Seifert G, Corbet N. A new technique for measuring temperament in cattle. In, Australia. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 1988;17:154-157.Burrow HM, Dillon RD. Relationships between temperament and growth in a feedlot and commercial carcass traits of Bos indicus crossbreds. Aust J Exp Agric. 1997;37:407-411.Cafe LM, Robinson DL, Ferguson DM, McIntyre BL, Geesink GH, Greenwood PL. Cattle temperament: Persistence of assessments and associations with productivity, efficiency, carcass and meat quality traits. J Anim Sci. 2011;89:1452-1465.Carrasco GA, Van de Kar LD. Neuroendocrine pharmacology of stress. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003;463(1-3):235-272.Crouse JD, Cundiff LV, Koch RM, Koohmaraie M, Seideman SC. Comparisons of Bos Indicus and Bos Taurus Inheritance for Carcass Beef Characteristics and Meat Palatability. J Anim Sci. 1989;67:2661-2668.Curley Jr O. 2004. Influence of temperament on bovine hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal function. Master of Science. Texas A&M University, de Oliveira Roça, R. 2009. Modificações post-mortem (F.C.A. - UNESP - Campus de Botucatu).Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Vizi ES. The Sympathetic Nerve— An Integrative Interface between Two Supersystems: The Brain and the Immune System. Pharmacol Rev. 2000;52(4):595-638.Falkenberg SM. 2006. Stress response effects on growth, carcass characteristics, and tenderness in Bonsmara-influenced steers. Texas A&M University.Fell LR, Colditz IG, Walker KH, Watson DL. Associations between temperament, performance and immune function in cattle entering entering a commercial feedlot. Aust J Exp Agric. 1999;39(7):795- 802.Ferguson DM, Warner RD. Have we underestimated the impact of pre-slaughter stress on meat quality in ruminants? Meat Science. 2008;80:12-19.Fordyce G, Goddard ME, Tyler R, Williams G, Toleman M. Temperament and bruising of Bos indicus cattle. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry. 1985;25:283-288.Fordyce G, Wythes J, Shorthose W, Underwood D, Shepherd R.. Cattle temperaments in extensive beef herds in northern Queensland. 2. Effect of temperament on carcass and meat quality. Aust J Exp Agric. 1988;28(6):689-693.Foury A, Devillers N, Sanchez MP, Griffon H, Le Roy P, Mormède P. Stress hormones, carcass composition and meat quality in Large White x Duroc Pigs. Meat Science. 2005;69(4):703-707.Gerrard DE, Grant AL. 2002. Principles of animal growth and development. Kendall Hunt.Grandin T. Behavioral agitation during handling of cattle is persistent over time. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 1993;36(1):1-9.Grandin T. Assessment of stress during handling and transport. J Anim Sci. 1997;75:249-257.Hammond AC, Olson TA, Chase CC, Bowers EJ, Randel RD, Murphy CN, Vogt DW, Tewolde A. Heat tolerance in two tropically adapted Bos taurus breeds, Senepol and Romosinuano, compared with Brahman, Angus, and Hereford cattle in Florida. J Anim Sci. 1996;74(2):295-303.Hoppe S, Brandt HR, König S, Erhardt G, Gauly M. Temperament traits of beef calves measured under field conditions and their relationships to performance. J Anim Sci. 2010;88(6):1982- 1989. doi: 10.2527/jas.2008-1557.Kadel MJ, Johnston DJ, Burrow HM, Graser H, Ferguson DM. Genetics of flight time and other measures of temperament and their value as selection criteria for improving meat quality traits in tropically adapted breeds of beef cattle. Aust J Agric Res. 2006;57(9):1029-1035.King DA, Schuehle Pfeiffer CE, Randel RD, Welsh JTH, Oliphint RA, Baird BE, et al. Influence of animal temperament and stress responsiveness on the carcass quality and beef tenderness of feedlot cattle. Meat Science 2006;74(3):546-556.Kuchel O. Stress and catecholamines. Methods Achiev Exp Pathol 1991;14:80-103.León–Llanos LM. 2009. Evaluación de la calidad de la canal y el ganado bovino en dos frigoríficos de la región de la Orinoquia. Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta.León–Llanos LM, Ballesteros–Chavarro HH, Flórez–Díaz H. 2012a. Efecto del temperamento sobre el crecimiento y las características de la canal de bovinos Cebú y sus cruces en la Orinoquia colombiana. In XXIII Congreso Panamericano de Ciencias Veterinarias - Panvet 2012 (Cartagena de Indias), p. 1.León–Llanos LM, Ballesteros–Chavarro HH, Flórez–Díaz H. 2012b. Efecto del temperamento y el transporte previo al sacrificio sobre las características instrumentales y sensoriales de la carnede bovinos Cebú y sus cruces en la Orinoquia colombiana. In XXIII Congreso Panamericano de Ciencias Veterinarias - Panvet 2012 (Cartagena de Indias), p. 1.Lowe TE, Devine CE, Wells RW, Lynch LL. The relationship between postmortem urinary catecholamines, meat ultimate pH, and shear force in bulls and cows. Meat Science. 2004;67(2):251- 260.Lowe TE, Peachey BM, Devine CE. The effect of nutritional supplements on growth rate, stress responsiveness, muscle glycogen and meat tenderness in pastoral lambs. Meat Science. 2002;62(4):391-397.Minton JE, Coppinger TR, Reddy PG, Davis WC, Blecha F. Repeated restraint and isolation stress alters adrenal and lymphocyte functions and some leukocyte differentiation antigens in lambs. J Anim Sci. 1992;70(4):1126-1132.Moberg G. 2000. Biological response to stress: implications for animal welfare. In The biology of animal stress – Basic principles and implications for animal welfare, Mench, G.P.M.J.A., ed. (Oxon, UK, CABI Publishing), pp. 1-21.Müller R, von Keyserlingk MAG. Consistency of flight speed and its correlation to productivity and to personality in Bos taurus beef cattle. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2006;99(3-4):193-204.Pacák K, Palkovits M. Stressor Specificity of Central Neuroendocrine Responses: Implications for Stress-Related Disorders. Endocr Rev. 2001;22(4):502-548.Petherick JC, Holroyd RG, Doogan VJ, Venus BK. Productivity, carcass and meat quality of lot-fed Bos indicus cross steers grouped according to temperament. Aust J Exp Agric. 2002;42(4):389- 398.Purchas RW, Aungsupakorn R. Further investigations into the relationship between ultimate pH and tenderness for beef samples from bulls and steers. Meat Science 1993;34(2):163-178.Ribeiro JdS, Gonçalves TdM, Ladeira MM, Tullio RR, Campos FR, Bergmann JAG, et al., Reactivity, performance, color and tenderness of meat from Zebu cattle finished in feedlot. Rev Bras Zootec. 2012;41(4):1009-1015.Santana DA. 2009. Competir e innovar la ruta de la industria bovina: agenda prospectiva de investigación y desarrollo tecnológico para la cadena cárnica bovina en Colombia.Sapolsky RM, Romero LM, Munck AU. How Do Glucocorticoids Influence Stress Responses? Integrating Permissive, Suppressive, Stimulatory, and Preparative Actions. Endocr Rev. 2000;21(1):55-89.Scott J, Fredericson E. The causes of fighting in mice and rats. Physiol Zool. 1951;14(4):273-309.Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Shah MA, Church JS, Haley DB, Janzen K, Truong G, Atkins RP, Crowe TG. A comparison of commonly used and novel electronic techniques for evaluating cattle temperament. Can J Anim Sci. 2012;92(1):21-31.Seideman SC, Cross HR, Smith GC, Durland PR. Factors associated with fresh meat color: A Review. Journal of Food Quality. 1984;6:211-237.Shaw FD, Tume RK. The assessment of pre-slaughter and slaughter treatments of livestock by measurement of plasma constituents— A review of recent work. Meat Science 1992;32:311- 329.Sherwood L. 2008. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.Stricklin WR, Kautz-Scanavy CC. The role of behavior in cattle production: A review of research. Applied Animal Ethology. 1984;11:359-390.Vann R, Randel R, Welsh Jr T. 2012. Tools for Assessing Temperament in Beef Cattle. Division of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State University October 2012. Animal and Dairy Sciences. P.p. 91-95.Voisinet BD, Grandin T, O'Connor SF, Tatum JD, Deesing MJ. 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