Patogénesis de la paratuberculosis y la enfermedad de Crohn ¿existe vínculo etiológico?

Incluye figuras y tablas.

Autores:: Perdomo Bedoya, Miguel Ángel

Tipo de recurso:: Trabajo de grado de pregrado

Fecha de publicación:: 2019

Institución:: Universidad de los Llanos

Repositorio:: Repositorio Digital Universidad de los LLanos

Idioma:: spa

id	Unillanos2_2a382d0c521a9708c9b9ac5b1cf936f4
oai_identifier_str	oai:repositorio.unillanos.edu.co:001/3244
network_acronym_str	Unillanos2
network_name_str	Repositorio Digital Universidad de los LLanos
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Patogénesis de la paratuberculosis y la enfermedad de Crohn ¿existe vínculo etiológico?
title	Patogénesis de la paratuberculosis y la enfermedad de Crohn ¿existe vínculo etiológico?
spellingShingle	Patogénesis de la paratuberculosis y la enfermedad de Crohn ¿existe vínculo etiológico? Enfermedades bacterianas Infecciones estreptocócicas
title_short	Patogénesis de la paratuberculosis y la enfermedad de Crohn ¿existe vínculo etiológico?
title_full	Patogénesis de la paratuberculosis y la enfermedad de Crohn ¿existe vínculo etiológico?
title_fullStr	Patogénesis de la paratuberculosis y la enfermedad de Crohn ¿existe vínculo etiológico?
title_full_unstemmed	Patogénesis de la paratuberculosis y la enfermedad de Crohn ¿existe vínculo etiológico?
title_sort	Patogénesis de la paratuberculosis y la enfermedad de Crohn ¿existe vínculo etiológico?
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Perdomo Bedoya, Miguel Ángel
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	González Paya, Gustavo
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Perdomo Bedoya, Miguel Ángel
dc.contributor.corporatename.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad de los Llanos
dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv	Enfermedades bacterianas Infecciones estreptocócicas
topic	Enfermedades bacterianas Infecciones estreptocócicas
description	Incluye figuras y tablas.
publishDate	2019
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2023-11-28T20:30:15Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2023-11-28T20:30:15Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv	https://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TP
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
format	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
status_str	publishedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv	Perdomo Bedoya, M. (2019). Patogénesis de la paratuberculosis y la enfermedad de Crohn ¿existe vínculo etiológico? [Trabajo de grado, Universidad de los Llanos]. Repositorio digital Universidad de los Llanos.
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unillanos.edu.co/handle/001/3244
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad de los Llanos
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	Repositorio digital Universidad de los Llanos
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.unillanos.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv	Perdomo Bedoya, M. (2019). Patogénesis de la paratuberculosis y la enfermedad de Crohn ¿existe vínculo etiológico? [Trabajo de grado, Universidad de los Llanos]. Repositorio digital Universidad de los Llanos. Universidad de los Llanos Repositorio digital Universidad de los Llanos
url	https://repositorio.unillanos.edu.co/handle/001/3244 https://repositorio.unillanos.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	spa
language	spa
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Abrahams, K. Besra, G. (2018). Mycobacterial cell walls biosynthesis: a multifaceted antibiotic target. Parasitology, 145(2). Pp: 116–133. Agrawal, G. Borody, T. Turner, R. Leis, S. Campbell, J. (2015). Combining infliximab, anti-MAP and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for resistant fistulizing Crohn's disease. Future science OA, 1(4) Alcedo, K. Thanigachalam, S. Naser, S. (2016). RHB-104 triple antibiotics combination in culture is bactericidal and should be effective for treatment of Crohn's disease associated with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Gut pathogens, 8, 32 Alegbeleye B. (2019). Crohn's disease in a developing African mission hospital: a case report. Journal of medical case reports, 13(1). Al-Mamun, M. Smith, R. Nigsch, A. Schukken, Y. Gröhn, Y. (2018). A data-driven individual-based model of infectious disease in livestock operation: A validation study for paratuberculosis. PLoS ONE. Pp. 13(12). Al-Mamun, M. Smith, R. Schukken, Y. Gröhn, Y. (2017). Use of an Individual-based Model to Control Transmission Pathways of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis Infection in Cattle Herds. Sci Rep. Nature Publishing Group. 7 Pp. 11845. Atreya, R. Bülte, M. Gerlach, G. Goethe, R. Hornef, M. Köhler, H. Meens, J. Möbius, P. Siegfried, E. (2014). Facts, myths and hypotheses on the zoonotic nature of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, Volume 304, Issue 7. Pp: 858-867 Ayele, W. Bartos, M. Svastova, P. Pavlik, I. (2004). Distribution of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in organs of naturally infected bull-calves’ y breeding bulls. Veterinary Microbiology, 103(3-4), Pp. 209–217 Baars, J. Nuij, V. Oldenburg, B. Kuipers, E. Woude, C. (2012). Majority of patients with inflammatory bowel disease in clinical remission have mucosal inflammation. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 18(9). Pp: 1634–1640 Bach, H. (2015). What Role Does Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Play in Crohn’s Disease? Current Infectious Disease Reports, 17(2) Balasubramanian, I. Gao, N. (2017). From sensing to shaping microbiota: insights into the role of NOD2 in intestinal homeostasis and progression of Crohn's disease. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 313(1)- Pp: G7–G13 Bannantine, J. Huntley, J. Miltner, E. Stabel, J. Bermudez, L. (2003). The Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 35 kDa protein plays a role in invasion of bovine epithelial cell Microbiology 149(8). Pp:2061-2069 Bannantine, J. Radosevich, T. Stabel, J. Berger, S. Griffin, J. Paustian, M. (2007). Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against a major membrane protein of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Clinical and vaccine immunology: CVI, 14(3). Pp: 312–317 Barratt, A Arnoult, M. Ahmadi, B. Rich, K. Gunn, G. Stott, A. W. (2018). A framework for estimating society's economic welfare following the introduction of an animal disease: The case of Johne's disease. PloS one, 13(6) Baumgart, D. Sandborn, W. (2012). Crohn’s disease. The Lancet, 380(9853), 1590–1605 Beaver, A. Sweeney, R. Hovingh, E. Wolfgang, D. Grohn, Y. Schukken, Y. (2017). Longitudinal relationship between fecal culture, fecal quantitative PCR, y milk ELISA in Mycobacterium avium sspParatuberculosis infected cows from low-prevalence dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(9), Pp. 7507-7521 Begg, D. Silva, K. Carter, N. Plain, K. Purdie, A. Whittington, R. (2011). Does a Th1 over Th2 dominancy really exist in the early stages of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections? Immunobiology. 216. Pp: 840-846 Bergey, D. Harrison, F. Breed, R. Hammer, B. Huntoon, F. (1923). Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 1st ed. Baltimore, The Williams & Wilkins Co. Pp: 1-442 Bharathy, S. Gunaseelan, L. Porteen, K. (2017). Exploring the potential hazard of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis as a cause for Crohn's disease. Veterinary world, 10(4), Pp: 457– 460 Bielanski, J. Algire, G. Ryall, O. Surujballi, (2006). Risk of transmission of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis by embryo transfer of in vivo y in vitro fertilized bovine embryos, Theriogenology, Pp. 66(2) Boada, E. Serramito, I. Sacristán, M. Boone, D. Pimentel, F. (2016). The T300A Crohn's disease risk polymorphism impairs function of the WD40 domain of ATG16L1. Nature communications, 7, 11821 Bonen, K. (2003). Crohn's disease-associated NOD2 variants share a signaling defect in response to lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. Gastroenterology, Volume 124, Issue 1. PP: 140-146 Bosca, M. Tosca, J. Anton, R. Mora, M. Minguez, M. Mora, F. (2015). Pathogenesis of Crohn's disease: Bug or no bug. World journal of gastrointestinal pathophysiology, 6(1). Pp: 1–12 Calderón, J. Góngora, A. (2008). Similaridades clinopatológicas entre paratuberculosis y Enfermedad de Crohn ¿posible vínculo zoonótico? Rev MVZ Córdoba; 13(1). Pp. 1226-1239 Cameron, R. Stevenson, K. Inglis, N. Klausen, J. Sharp, J. (1994). Identification and characterization of a putative serine protease expressed in vivo by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Microbiology 140. Pp: 1977-1982 Carvalho, I. Schwarz, Germano, D. Pietralonga, P. Faria, A. Braga, I. Carvalho, G. Valente, F. Machado, J. Guimarães, L. Ferrari, M. Abreu, Silva, J. Moreira, M. (2016). Presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in Brazilian patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and in controls. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 134(1). Pp: 13-19 Castellanos, E. Aranaz, A. Alvarez, J. Rodríguez, S. Romero, B. Domínguez, L. (2009). Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IS900 sequence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis are strain type specific. Journal of clinical microbiology,47(7), Pp. 2260–2264 Chastellier, C. Thilo, L. (2006). Cholesterol depletion in Mycobacterium avium-infected macrophages overcomes the block in phagosome maturation and leads to the reversible sequestration of viable mycobacteria in phagolysosome-derived autophagic vacuoles. Cellular Microbiology. 8(2). Pp: 242 – 256 Cheifetz A. (2013). Management of active Crohn disease. JAMA, 309(20). Pp: 2150–2158 Chiba, M. Tsuji, T. Nakane, K. Tsuda, S. Ishii, H. Ohno, H. Sugawara, T. (2017). Induction with Infliximab and a Plant-Based Diet as First-Line (IPF) Therapy for Crohn Disease: A Single-Group Trial. The Permanente journal, 21, 17–19 Chiaradia, L Lefebvre, C. Parra, J. Marcoux, J. Burlet, O. Etienne, G. Tropis, M. & Daffé, M. (2017). Dissecting the mycobacterial cell envelope and defining the composition of the native mycomembrane. Scientific Reports volume 7, Article number: 12807 Chiodini, R. (1996). Immunology: Resistance to Paratuberculosis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 12, (2). Pp: 313-343 Chiodini, R. Kruiningen, K. Thayer, W. Merkal, R. Coutu J. (1984). Possible role of mycobacteria in inflammatory bowel disease - I. An unclassified Mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn's disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 29(12). Pp: 1073-1079 Chiodini, R. Kruiningen, V. Merkal, R. (1984). Characteristics of an unclassified Mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn’s disease. J Clin Microbiol: 20 Pp. 966–971 Clarke, C. (1997). The pathology y pathogenesis of paratuberculosis in ruminant’s and other species. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 116(3), 217–261 Clay, H. Volkman, H. Ramakrishnan, L. (2008). Tumor necrosis factor signaling mediates resistance to mycobacteria by inhibiting bacterial growth and macrophage death. Immunity. 29. Pp: 283–294 Colleen, M. McClean, D. Tobin, M. (2016). Macrophage form, function, and phenotype in mycobacterial infection: lessons from tuberculosis and other diseases. Pathogens and Disease. 74, (7), 68 Cooper, A. Dalton, D. Stewart, T. Griffin, J. Russell, D. Orme, I. (1993). Disseminated tuberculosis in interferon gamma gene-disrupted mice. Journal of experimental medicine. 178 (6): 2243 Corbett, C. De Buck, J. Orsel, K. Barkema, H. (2017). Fecal shedding y tissue infections demonstrate transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in group-housed dairy calves. Veterinary research. 48(1), Pp. 27 Corbett, C. Naqvi, S. Bauman, C. De Buck, Orsel, K. Uehlinger, F. Barkema, H. (2018). Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infections in Canadian dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science. 101. Vol. 12 Corridoni, D. Kodani, T. Rodriguez, A. Pizarro, T. Xin, W. Nickerson, K. Cominelli, F. (2014). Dysregulated NOD2 predisposes SAMP1/YitFc mice to chronic intestinal inflammation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(42), 16999–17004 Dalziel, T. (1913). Chronic interstitial enteritis. British Medical Journal vol. 2, no. 2756, Pp 10681070 Davis, W. (2015). On deaf ears, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in pathogenesis Crohn's y other diseases. World journal of gastroenterology, 21(48), Pp. 13411–13417 Davis, W. (2015). Crohn’s Disease of the Foregut. Surgical Clinics of North America, 95(6). PP: 1183– 1193 Davis, W. Kuenstner, J. Singh, S. (2017). Resolution of Crohn’s “Johne’s” disease with antibiotics: what are the next steps? Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology: 11:5. Pp. 393-396 Davis, W. Ramakrishnan, L. (2009). The role of the granuloma in expansion and dissemination of early tuberculous infection. Cell. 136(1). Pp: 37-49 Davis, W. Todd, J. Vir Singh, S. (2017) Resolution of Crohn’s (Johne’s) disease with antibiotics: what are the next steps? Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 11:5. Pp: 393-396 Davis, W. Sally A. Madsen-Bouterse. (2012). Crohn`s disease Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: the need for a study is long overdue. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology. Volume 145(1-2) Pp:1-6 Díaz, L. Hernández, R. Deshpande, A. Moshiree, B. (2015). Upper Gastrointestinal Involvement in Crohn Disease: Histopathologic and Endoscopic Findings. South Med J. 108(11). Pp: 695-700 Eisenberg, S. W., Rutten, V. P. Koets, A. (2015). Dam Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection status does not predetermine calves for future shedding when raised in a contaminated environment: a cohort study. Veterinary research, 46(1), Pp. 70 Epleston, J. Whittington, R. (2001). Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis from the semen of rams with clinical Johne’s disease. Australian Veterinary Journal, 79(11), Pp. 776–777 Fawzy, A. Zschöckb, M. Ewersc, C. Eisenberg, T. (2018). Genotyping methods and molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine. 6(2). Pp: 258-264 Fayyazy, A. Eichmeyer, B. Soruri, A. Schweyer, S. Herms, J. Schwarz, P. Radzun, H. (2000). Apoptosis of macrophages and T cells in tuberculosis associated caseous necrosis. The Journal of Pathology. 191(4). Pp: 417-25 Fechner, K. (2017). Distribution of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in clinically asymptomatic bull’s y different non-ruminant species. University Göttingen, Germany Fechner, K. Schäfer, J. Wiegel, C. Ludwig, J. Münster, P. Sharifi, A. Czerny, C. (2015). Distribution of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a Subclinical Naturally Infected German Fleckvieh Bull. Transboundary y Emerging Diseases, 64(3), Pp. 916–928 Fecteau, M. (2018). Paratuberculosis in cattle. Veterinary clinics of north America: food animal practice.34(1). Pp: 209-222 Fernández, M. (2017). Influencia del agente etiológico y la respuesta inmunitaria local sobre la patogenia de la paratuberculosis de los rumiantes. Universidad de León. España Fernández, M. Benavides, J. Castaño, P. Elguezabal, N. Fuertes, M. Muñoz, M. Pérez, V. (2017). Macrophage Subsets within Granulomatous Intestinal Lesions in Bovine paratuberculosis. Veterinary Pathology, 54(1), 82–93 Fernandez, M. Fuertes, M. Elguezabal, N. Castaño, P. Royoa, M. Ferreras, C. Benavides, J. Pérez, V. (2017) Immunohistochemical expression of interferon- in different types of granulomatous lesions associated with bovine paratuberculosis. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 51. Pp: 1-8 Feuerstein, J. (2017). Crohn Disease: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Clinic Proceedings, Volume 92, (7), Pp: 1088 – 1103 Frade, S. Smol, T. Frenois, F. Sand, O. Vaillant, E. Dhennin, V. Vasseur, F. (2019). A Novel Rare Missense Variation of the NOD2 Gene: Evidencesof Implication in Crohn's Disease. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(4). P: 835 Franchi, L. Muñoz, R. Núñez, G. (2012). Sensing and reacting to microbes through the inflammasomes. Nature immunology, 13(4). Pp: 325–332 Freeman, H. (2014). Natural history and long-term clinical course of Crohn's disease. World journal of gastroenterology, 20(1). Pp: 31–36 From history of Johne’s disease. Johne’s Information Center. (2014). Available from: http://www.johnes.org/history/index.html Frothingham, R. Wilson, K. (1993). Sequence-based differentiation of strains in the Mycobacterium avium complex. J Bacteriol 175 Pp. 2818–25 García, A. Shalloo, L. (2015). Invited review: The economic impact and control of paratuberculosis in cattle J. Dairy Sci. 98. Pp: 5019–5039 Garvey, M. (2018). Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: A possible causative agent in human morbidity and risk to public health safety. Open veterinary journal, 8(2). Pp:172–181 Gautam, M. Ridler, A. Wilson, A review of paratuberculosis in New Zealand’s pastoral livestock systems with a focus on current control strategies Milan Gautam, Anne Ridler, Peter Wilson and Cord Heuer Geller, S. Campos, F. (2015). Crohn disease. Autopsy & case reports, 5(2), 5–8. doi:10.4322/acr.2015.001 Ghosh, P. Wu, C. Talaat, A. (2013). Key role for the alternative sigma factor, SigH, in the intracellular life of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis during macrophage stress. Infection and immunity, 81(6). Pp: 2242–2257 Giese, S. Ahrens, P. (2000). Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk from clinically affected cows by PCR and culture. Veterinary Microbiology. Volume 77, Issues 3–4, 20. Pp: 291-297 Gilmour, N. Nisbet, D. Brotherston, J. (1965). Experimental oral infection of calves with Mycobacterium johnei. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 75(3), Pp. 281–286 Glanemann, B. Schönenbrücher, H. Bridger, N. Abdulmawjood. A. Neiger, R. Bülte, M (2008). Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-specific DNA by PCR in intestinal biopsies of dogs. J Vet Intern Med. (5):1090-4 Golan, A. Livneh, E. Gonen, S. Yagel, I. Rosenshine, N. Shpige, Y. (2009). Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis Invades Human Small-Intestinal Goblet Cells and Elicits Inflammation. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 199 (3,1). Pp: 350–354 Gomollón, F. Dignass, A. Annese, V. Tilg, H. Van Assche, G. Lindsay, J. (2016). 3rd European Evidence-based Consensus on the Diagnosis and Management of Crohn’s Disease 2016: Part 1: Diagnosis and Medical Management. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis, 11(1). Pp: 3–25 Góngora, A. Perea, J. (1984). Evaluación de tres métodos diagnósticos en paratuberculosis bovina. [Tesis]. Bogotá, Colombia. UNAL Góngora, A. Villamil, J. (1999). La paratuberculosis bovina desde la óptica de la salud pública. Holstein Colomb 147:44-48 González, J. Geijo, M. García, C. Verna, A. Corpa, J. Reyes, L. Ferreras, M. Juste, R. García, J. Pérez, V. (2005). Histopathological classification of lesions associated with natural paratuberculosis infection in cattle. J Comp Pathol. 133:184–196 Gorocica, P. Jiménez, M. Garfias, S. Lascurain, R. (2005). Componentes glicosilados de la envoltura de Mycobacterium tuberculosis que intervienen en la patogénesis de la tuberculosis. Revista del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 18(2), 142-153 Hampe, J. Franke, A. Rosenstiel, P. Till, A. Teuber, M. Huse, K. Schreiber, S. (2006). A genome-wide association scan of nonsynonymous SNPs identifies a susceptibility variant for Crohn disease in ATG16L1. Nature Genetics, 39(2). Pp: 207–211 Harris, N. Barletta, R. (2001). Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Veterinary Medicine. Clinical microbiology reviews, 14(3). Pp: 489–512 Hemati, Z. Haghkhah, M. Derakhshandeh, A. Singh, S. Chaubey, K. (2018). Cloning and characterization of MAP2191 gene, a mammalian cell entry antigen of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Molecular biology research communications, 7(4). Pp: 165–172 Hett, E. Rubin, E. (2008) Bacterial growth and cell division: a mycobacterial perspective. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 72. Pp: 126-56 Hirst, H. Garry, F. Salman, M. (2002). Assessment of test results when using a commercial enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in repeated samples collected from adult dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 220(11), Pp.1685-9 Homuth, M. Valentin, P. Rohde, M. Gerlach, G. (1998). Identification and characterization of a novel extracellular ferric reductase from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Infection and immunity, 66(2)- Pp: 710–716 Jo, E. Kim, J. Shin, D. M. Sasakawa, C. (2016). Molecular mechanisms regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Cellular & molecular immunology, 13(2). Pp: 148–159 Johansen, M. de Silva, K. Karren M. Whittington, J. Purdie, A. (2019) Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is able to manipulate host lipid metabolism and accumulate cholesterol within macrophages. Microbial Pathogenesis. 130, 44-53 Kampen, H. Johansen T. Valheim, M. HoPp, P. (2015). The surveillance programme for paratuberculosis in Norway 2014. Surveillance programmes for terrestrial y aquatic animals in Norway. Annual report 2014. Oslo. Norwegian Veterinary Institute Khamesipour, F. Doosti, A. Mazrouei S., M. (2014). Survey for the Presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the Bull Frozen Semen Samples y Blood Samples of Cattle, Sheep y Camel by Nested-PCR. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi 20, Pp. 681-686 Khan, I. Pilli, S. Rampal, R. Chauhan, S. Tiwari, V. Ahuja, V. (2016). Prevalence and Association of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis with Disease Course in Patients with UlceroConstrictive Ileocolonic Disease. PloS one, 11(3) Khanna, S. Raffals, L. (2017). The Microbiome in Crohn’s Disease. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 46(3). Pp: 481–492 Khol, J. Kralik, P. Slana, I. Beran, V. Aurich, C. Baumgartner, W. Pavlik, I. (2010). Consecutive Excretion of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis in Semen of a Breeding Bull Compared to the Distribution in Feces, Tissue y Blood by IS900 y F57 Quantitative Real-Time PCR y Culture Examinations. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 72(10), Pp. 1283–1288 Khol, J. Wassertheurer, M. Sodoma, E. Revilla-Fernyez, S. Damoser J. Osterreicher, E. Dunser, M. Baumgartner W. (2013). Long-term detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in individual y bulk tank milk from a dairy herd with a low prevalence of Johne's disease Journal of Dairy Science, 96(6), Pp. 3517-3524 Kindt, T. J., Goldsby, R. A., Osborne, B. A., & Kuby, J. (2007). Kuby immunology. New York: W.H. Freeman Koets, A. Hoek, A. Langelaar, M. Overdijk, M. Santema, W. Franken, P. Eden, W. Rutten V. (2006). Mycobacterial 70 kD heat-shock protein is an effective subunit vaccine against bovine paratuberculosis. Vaccine, 24(14) Koch, R. 1876. The etiology of anthrax, based on the life history of Bacillus anthracis. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 2(2), 277-310 Köhler, H. Soschinka, A. Meyer, M. Kather, A. Reinhold, P. Liebler-Tenorio, E. (2015). Characterization of a caprine model for the subclinical initial phase of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. BMC veterinary research, 11, 74. doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0381-1 Kredel, L. Jödicke, L. Scheffold, A. Gröne, J. Glauben, R. Erben, U. Siegmund, B. (2018). T-cell composition in ileal and colonic creeping fat - separating ileal from colonic Crohn´s disease. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis Krüger, C. Köhler, H. Liebler, E. (2015). Cellular composition of granulomatous lesions in gutassociated lymphoid tissues of goats during the first year after experimental infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Veterinary Immunology y Immunopathology, 163(12), Pp. 33–45 Kruip, T. Muskens, J. Roermund, H. Bakker, D. Stockhofe-Zurwieden, N. (2003). Lack of association of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis with oocytes y embryos from moderate shedders of the pathogen. Theriogenology, 59(7), 2003, Pp. 1651-1660 Kruiningen, H. (2011). Where are the weapons of mass destruction — the Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis in Crohn's disease? Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, Volume 5, Issue 6. Pp: 638–644 Kruiningen H. Chiodini, R. Thayer, W. Coutu, J. Merkal, R. (1986). Experimental disease in infant goats induced by a Mycobacterium isolated from a patient with Crohn's disease. A preliminary report. Dig Dis Sci 31. Pp: 1351-1360 Kuehnel, M. Goethe, R. Habermann, A. Mueller, E. Rohde, M. Griffiths, G. Weigand, P. (2001). Characterization of the intracellular survival of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis: phagosomal pH and fusogenicity in J774 macrophages compared with other mycobacteria. Cellular Microbiology. 3(8). Pp: 551-566 Kuenstner, J. Chamberlin, W. Naser, S. Collins, M. Dow, C. Aitken, J. Petrie, T. (2015). Resolution of Crohn's disease and complex regional pain syndrome following treatment of paratuberculosis. World journal of gastroenterology, 21(13). Pp: 4048–4062 Kuenstner, J. Kali, M. Welch, C. (2019). Whole exome sequencing of patients who resolved Crohn's disease and complex regional pain syndrome following treatment for paratuberculosis. Gut pathogens, 11, 34 Kuenstner, J. Naser, S. Chamberlin, W. Borody, T. Graham, D. McNees, A. Kuenstner, L. (2017). The Consensus from the Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) Conference 2017. Frontiers in public health, 5, 208 Kuenstner, J. Saleh, M. Chamberlin, W. Borody, T. Graham, D. McNees, A. Hermon-Taylor, J. Hermon-Taylor, A. Dow, T. Biesecker, T. Collins, M. Sechi, L. Singh, S. Zhang, P. Shafran, I. Weg, S. Telega, G. Rothstein, R. Oken, H. Schimpff, S. Bach, H. Bull, T. Grant, I. Ellingson, J. Dahmen, H. Lipton, J. Gupta, S. Chaubey, K. Manj Singh, M. Agarwal, P. Kumar, A. Misri, J. Sohal, J. Dhama, K. Hemati, Z. Davis, W. Hier, M. Aitken, J. Pierce, E. Parrish, N. Goldberg, N. Kali, M. Bendre, S. Agrawal, G. Baldassano, R. Linn, P. Sweeney, R. Fecteau, M. Hofstaedter, C. Potula, R. Timofeeva, O. Geier, S. Zayanni, N. Malaty, H. Kahlenborn, C. Kravitz, A. Bulfon, A. Daskalopoulos, G. Mitchell, H. Neilan, B. Timms, V. Cossu, D. Mameli, G. Angermeier, P. Jelic, T. Goethe, R. Juste, R. Kuenstner, L. (2017). The Consensus from the Mycobacterium avium ssp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) Conference Frontiers in public health, 5, 208 Lambrecht, R. Carriere, J. Collins, M. (1988). A model for analyzing growth kinetics of a slowly growing Mycobacterium sp. APpl Environ Microbiol 54 Pp.910–6 Larsen, A. Kopecky, K. (1970). Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in reproductive organs y semen of bulls. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 31(2): Pp. 255–258 Lavoie, S. Conway, K. L. Lassen, K. G. Jijon, H. B. Pan, H. Chun, E. Xavier, R. J. (2019). The Crohn's disease polymorphism, ATG16L1 T300A, alters the gut microbiota and enhances the local Th1/Th17 response. eLife, 8, e39982 Lingling, Li. Bannantine, J. Zhang, Q. Amonsin, A. May, B. Alt, D. Banerji, N. Kanjilal, S. Kapur, V. (2005). The complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102(35) Pp. 12344–12349 Liu, J. Barry, C. Besra, G. Nikaido, H. (1996). Mycolic acid structure determines the fluidity of the mycobacterial cell wall. J Biol Chem. 22; 271(47): Pp: 29545-51 Liu, Q. Zhang, D. Hu, D. Zhou, X. Zhou, Y. (2018). The role of mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Molecular Immunology, 103. Pp: 115–124 Lowe, A. cedric P. Yansouni, Marcel A Behr. (2008). Causality and gastrointestinal infections: Koch, hill and crohn`s, the lancet. Infectious diseases. Volume 8 (11), Pp: 720-726. H. Groenendaal, F.J. Zagmutt. (2008). Scenari Analysis of changes in consumption of dairy products caused by a hypothetical causal link between mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and crohn`s disease. Journal of dairy science. Volume 91 (8) Pp: 3245-3258 Mahapatra, S. Scherman, H. Brennan, P. Crick, D. (2005). N Glycolylation of the nucleotide precursors of peptidoglycan biosynthesis of Mycobacterium sPp. is altered by drug treatment. Journal of bacteriology, 187(7). Pp: 2341–2347 Matt, D. Silva, K. Karren, M. Whittington, R. Purdie, A. (2019). Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is able to manipulate host lipid metabolism and accumulate cholesterol within macrophages. Microbial Pathogenesis. 130. Pp: 44-53 Magombedze G, Ngonghala CN, Lanzas C (2013) Correction: Evaluation of the “Iceberg Phenomenon” in Johne's Disease through Mathematical Modelling. PLOS ONE 8(11): McAloon, C. Roche, S. Ritter, C. Barkema, H. Whyte, P. More, S. Doherty, M. (2019). A review of paratuberculosis in dairy herds Part 1: Epidemiology. The Veterinary Journal.264. Pp. 59-65 McClean, C. Tobin, D. (2016). Macrophage form, function, and phenotype in mycobacterial infection: lessons from tuberculosis and other diseases. Pathogens and disease, 74(7) McNees, A. Markesich, D. Zayyani, N. Graham, D. (2015). Mycobacterium paratuberculosis as a cause of Crohn's disease. Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology, 9(12). Pp: 1523–1534 Mehto, S. Jena, K. Nath, P. Chauhan, S. Kolapalli, S. Das, S. Chauhan, S. (2019). The Crohn's Disease Risk Factor IRGM Limits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Impeding Its Assembly and by Mediating Its Selective Autophagy. Molecular cell, 73(3), 429–445.e7 Mehto, U. Kumar, K. Nath, P. Chauhan, S. Prasad, S. Kumar, S. Kumar, P. Ashish, S. Gregory, A. Chauhan, S. (2019). The Crohn’s Disease Risk Factor IRGM Limits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Impeding Its Assembly and by Mediating Its Selective Autophagy, Molecular Cell, Volume 73, Issue 3. Pp: 429-445 Mocci, G. Migaleddu, V. Cabras, F. Sirigu, D. Scanu, D. Virgilio, G. & Marzo, M. (2017). SICUS and CEUS imaging in Crohn's disease: an update. Journal of ultrasound, 20(1), 1–9 Mohammad, T. Nader, M. Mohammad, Keyvan Taday M. Rouholah, K. Reza, A. Kioomars, S. Shojaat, D. (2016). Rapid identification of Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis laboratory strains by IS900-Nested polymerase chain reaction. International Journal of Mycobacteriology, 5(1), PP. S232-S233 Mortier, R. Barkema, H. Orsel, K. Wolf, R. De Buck, J. (2014). Shedding patterns of dairy calves experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Veterinary research, 45(1), Pp. 71 Münster, P. Völkel, I. Wemheuer, W. Schwarz, D. Döring, S. Czerny, C. (2012). A Longitudinal Study to Characterize the Distribution Patterns of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in Semen, Blood y Faeces of a Naturally Infected Bull by IS900 Semi-Nested and Quantitative Real-Time PCR. Transboundary y Emerging Diseases, 60(2), Pp. 175–187 Munjal, S. Tripathi, B. Paliwal, O. (2005). Progressive immunopathological changes during early stages of experimental infection of goats with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vet. Pathol. 42, 427–436 Murthy, A. Li, Y. Peng, I. Reichelt, M. Katakam, A. K. Noubade, R. Campagne, M. (2014). A Crohn’s disease variant in Atg16l1 enhances its degradation by caspase 3. Nature, 506(7489). Pp: 456–462 Naylor, D. Richardson, D. Sellar, M. Harley, J. Philbey, A. Girling, S. (2018). Clinical signs, antemortem diagnostics, and pathological findings associated with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in Mishmi takin (Budorcas taxicolor taxicolor). J Zoo Wildl Med. 49(2). Pp: shin412-419 National Research Council (US) Committee on Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2003. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207652/ Nazareth, N. Magro, F. APpelberg, R. Silva, J. Gracio, D. Coelho, R. Sarmento, A. (2015). Increased viability but decreased culturability of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in macrophages from inflammatory bowel disease patients under Infliximab treatment. Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 204(6). Pp: 647–656 Nazareth, N. Magro, F. Machado, E. Ribeiro, T. Martinho, A. Rodrigues, P. Sarmento, A. (2015). Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Escherichia coli in blood samples from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 204(6), Pp: 681–692 Ni, J. Shen, T. Chen, E. Bittinger, K. Bailey, A. Roggiani, M. Wu, G. (2017). A role for bacterial urease in gut dysbiosis and Crohn's disease. Science translational medicine, 9(416) Nielsen, N. (2008). Ante mortem diagnosis of paratuberculosis: A review of accuracies of ELISA, interferon-γ assay and faecal culture techniques. Veterinary Microbiology 129 (3–4 22). Pp: 217-235 Nicol, L. Wilkie, H. Gossner, A. Watkins, C. Dalziel, R., Hopkins, J. (2016). Variations in T cell transcription factor gene structure and expression associated with the two disease forms of sheep paratuberculosis. Veterinary research, 47(1), 83. doi:10.1186/s13567-016-0368-3 OIE (2019). Paratuberculosis. Recuperado el 15 de mayo de 2019. Disponible en web:http://www.oie.int/es/sanidad-animal-en-el-mundo/enfermedades-de-losanimales/Paratuberculosis/ OIE. (2018). Código sanitario para los animales terrestres. Volumen I. Capítulo 8.13 paratuberculosis Oken, H. Saleeb, P. Redfield, R. Schimpff, S. (2017). Is Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis the Trigger in the Crohn's Disease Spectrum? Open forum infectious diseases, 4(3) Okuni, J. Kateete, D. Okee, M. Nanteza, A. Joloba, M. Ojok, L. (2017). APplication of antibodies to recombinant heat shock protein 70 in immunohistochemical diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in tissues of naturally infected cattle. Irish veterinary journal, 70, 10 Pandey, A. Sassetti, C. (2008). Mycobacterial persistence requires the utilization of host cholesterol. PNAS. 105 (11). Pp: 4376-4380 Paquet, N. Glickman, J. Erturk, S. Ros, P. Heverhagen, J. Patak, M. (2016). Crohn's disease Activity: Abdominal Computed Tomography Histopathology Correlation. European journal of radiology open, 3. Pp: 74–78 Park, H. Park, H. Park, W. (2018). Genetic diversity of bovine Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis discriminated by IS1311 PCR-REA, MIRU-VNTR, y MLSSR genotyping.J Vet Sci. 19(5): Pp.627–634 Park, J. Nam, H. Lee, J. Hong, J. Yi, D. Ryoo, E. Tchah, H. (2017). Characteristics of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Involvement in Korean Pediatric Crohn's Disease: A Multicenter Study. Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition, 20(4). Pp: 227–235 Pearson, L. (1908). A note on the occurrence in America of chronic bacterial dysentery of cattle" Am. Vet. Rev. 32: Pp. 602-605- Pérez, V, García, J. Badiola, J. (1996). Description and classification of different types of lesion associated with natural paratuberculosis infection in sheep. J Comp Pathol. 114:107–122 Pérez, V. Vázquez, P. Fernández, M. Ferreras, M. (2012). Control de la paratuberculosis. Pequeños Rumiantes. 13: 52- 59 Peyrin, L. Gonzalez, F. Dubuquoy, L. Rousseaux, C. Dubuquoy, C. Decourcelle, C. Desreumaux, P. (2012). Mesenteric fat as a source of C reactive protein and as a target for bacterial translocation in Crohn's disease. Gut, 61(1). Pp: 78–85 Pieper, L. Ulrike, I. Godkin, A. Trevor, D., Lissemore, K. Kelton, D. (2014) Management Practices Their Potential Influence on Johne’s Disease Transmission on Canadian Organic Dairy Farms—A Conceptual Analysis Sustainability. 6 Pp. 8237-8261 Pimentel, A. Rocha, R. Santana, G. (2019). Crohn's disease of esophagus, stomach and duodenum. World journal of gastrointestinal pharmacology and therapeutics, 10(2). Pp: 35–49 Pisanu, S. Cubeddu, T. Cacciotto, C. Pilicchi, Y. Pagnozzi, D. Uzzau, S. Addis, M. F. (2018). Characterization of paucibacillary ileal lesions in sheep with subclinical active infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Veterinary research, 49(1), 117 Pospischil, A. (2015). Human y animal health on three continents a biography of the early life of Karl Friedrich Meyer (1884–1974). Pathogens y Disease, Volume 73, Issue 6, August Pott, J. Basler, T. Duerr, C. Rohde, M. Goethe, R. Hornef, M. (2009). Internalization-dependent recognition of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis by intestinal epithelial cells. Cellular Microbiology. 11(12). Pp: 1802–1815 Qasem, A. Naser, S. A. (2018). TNFα inhibitors exacerbate Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in tissue culture: a rationale for poor response of patients with Crohn's disease to current aPproved therapy. BMJ open gastroenterology, 5(1)- Qian, X. Wang, T. Shen, J. & Ran, Z. (2018). Low dose of azathioprine is effective to induce and maintain remission in active Crohn disease: A prospective observational study. Medicine, 97(34) Radostits, G. Gay, C. Hinchcliff, K. (2007). Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease). En: Veterinary Medicine. 10th ed. Elsevier Saunders. Londres. Reino Unido. Pp. 1017-1044 Radostits, O. Blood, D. Gay, C. (1994). In: Veterinary Medicine, 8th Edit., Bailli6re Tindalls London, Pp. 841-850 Raizman, E. Fetrow, J. WellsLoss, S. (2009). Loss of income from cows shedding Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis prior to calving compared with cows not shedding the organism on two Minnesota dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci. 92, Pp. 4929-4936 Ramakrishnan, L. (2012). Revisiting the role of the granuloma in tuberculosis. Nature Reviews Immunology. 12. Pp: 352 – 366 Ramírez, V. Rodríguez, B. Fernández, S. (2011). Diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico de paratuberculosis bovina en un hato lechero en Colombia. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 16(3), 2742-2753 Rathnaiah, G. Zinniel, D. Bannantine, J. Stabel, J. Gröhn, Y. Collins, M. Barletta, R. (2017) Pathogenesis, Molecular Genetics, y Genomics of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the Etiologic Agent of Johne’s Disease.Front. Vet. Sci. 4:187 Ratledge, C. (1982). Nutrition, Growth and Metabolism. En: Ratledge, C. y Stanford, J. editores. Physiology, Identification and Classification. The Biology of the Mycobacteria. Pp. Academic Press. London. Pp: 185-271 Rosenberger, R. Sweeney, R. Whitlock, A. (1992). Mycobacterium paratuberculosis isolated from fetuses of infected cows not manifesting signs of the disease. Am. J. Vet. Res., 53. Pp.477-480 Roberson, R. Oliver Cerf, Robin J. Condron, John A. Donaghy, Claus Heggum, Keiran Jordan. (2017). Review of the controversy over whether or not Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis poses a food safety risk with pasteurized dairy products dairy products. International dairy journal. Volume 73 Pp: 10-18 Raja Atreya, Michael Bulte, Gerald-F Gerlach, Ralph Goethe, Mathias W. Hornef, Heike Kohler, Jochen Meens, Petra Mobius, Elke Roeb, Siegfried Weiss. (2014). Facts, myths and hypotheses on the zoonotic nature of mycobacterium avium subspecie paratuberculosis. International journal of medical microbiology. Volume 304 (7), Pp: 858-867 Runyon, E. (1959). Anonymous Mycobacteria in Pulmonary Disease. Medical Clinics of North America, 43(1), 273–290.doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(16)34193- Rutgeerts, P. Feagan, B. Lichtenstein, G. Mayer, L. Schreiber, S. Colombel, J. (2004). Comparison of scheduled and episodic treatment strategies of infliximab in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 126: 402-13 Salem, M. Ammitzboell, M. Nys, K. Seidelin, J. Nielsen, O. (2015). ATG16L1: A multifunctional susceptibility factor in Crohn disease. Autophagy, 11(4). Pp: 585–594 Schukken, Y. Whitlock, R. Wolfgang, D. Grohn, Y. Beaver, A., VanKessel, J. Mitchell, R. (2015). Longitudinal data collection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections in dairy herds: the value of precise field data. Veterinary research, 46(1), Pp. 65 Sechi, L. Dow, C. (2015). Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis Zoonosis - The Hundred Year War - Beyond Crohn's Disease. Frontiers in immunology, 6, 96 Sergeant, E. McAloon, C. Tratalos, J. Citer, L. Graham, L. More, S. (2019) Evaluation of national surveillance methods for detection of Irish dairy herds infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. Paratuberculosis. Journal of Dairy Science. 102(3). Pp: 2525-2538 Sevilla, I. (2007). Caracterización molecular, detección y resistencia de Mycobacterium avium subespecie paratuberculosis. Tesis doctoral. Universidad del País Vasco Shin, M. Seung, Shin, Myunghwan, J. Hongtae, P. Hyun, P. Han Sang, Y. (2015). Host gene expression for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in human THP-1 macrophages, Pathogens and Disease, Volume 73, Issue 5 Shin, M. Park, H. Shin, S. Jung, M. Lee, S. Kim, D. Yoo, H. (2015). Host Transcriptional Profiles and Immunopathologic Response following Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection in Mice. PloS one, 10(10) Sidiq, T. Yoshihama, S. Downs, I. Kobayashi, K. (2016). Nod2: A Critical Regulator of Ileal Microbiota and Crohn's Disease. Frontiers in immunology, 7, 367 Sigur, O. Dardo, T. PRESS, O. (2001). Uptake of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis through the Distal Small Intestinal Mucosa in Goats: An Ultrastructural Study. Veterinary pathology. 38. Pp:184–189 Silva, K. Douglas, J. Karren, M. Auriol, C. Purdie, A. Navneet, K. Dhand, R. Whittington, R. (2013). Can early host responses to mycobacterial infection predict eventual disease outcomes? Preventive Veterinary Medicine 112 (3–4). Pp: 203-212 Silva, K. Karren, A. Douglas, R. (2018). Defining resilience to mycobacterial disease: Characteristics of survivors of ovine paratuberculosis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 195. Pp: 5664 Silva, F. Gatica, T. Pavez, C. (2019). Etiología y fisiopatología de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Revista medica clínica los condes. volumen 30 (4) Pp: 262-272 Singh, A. Chauhan, D. Singh, S. Kumar, V. Yadav, V. (2016). Current status of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in animals & humans in India: What needs to be done? The Indian journal of medical research, 144(5). Pp: 661–671 Singh, P. Katoch, V. Mohanty, K. K. & Chauhan, D. (2016). Analysis of expression profile of mce operon genes (mce1, mce2, mce3 operon) in different Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates at different growth phases. The Indian journal of medical research, 143(4). Pp: 487–494 Singh, S. Davis, A. Taylor, G. Deretic, V. (2006). Human IRGM Induces Autophagy to Eliminate Intracellular Mycobacteria. Science, 313(5792). Pp: 1438–1441 Singh, S. Kuenstner, J. Davis, W. Agarwal, P. Kumar, N. Singh, D. Dhama, K. (2016). Concurrent Resolution of Chronic Diarrhea Likely Due to Crohn's Disease and Infection with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. Frontiers in medicine, 3, 49 Singh, S. Vihan, V. (2004). Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in goat milk, small Ruminant Research, 54, (3), Pp. 231-235 Sohal, J. Arsenault, J. Labrecque, O. Fairbrother, J. Roy, J. Fecteau, G. L'Homme, Y. (2014). Genetic structure of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis population in cattle herds in Quebec as revealed by using a combination of multilocus genomic analyses. J Clin Microbiol.52. Pp. 2764–2775 Stabel, J. Bradner, L. S. Robbe-Austerman, A. Beitz, D. (2014). Clinical disease y stage of lactation influence shedding of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis into milk y colostrum of naturally infected dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(10), PP. 6296-6304 Stinson, K. Baquero, M. Plattner, B. (2018). Resilience to infection by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis following direct intestinal inoculation in calves. Veterinary research, 49(1), Pp. 58 Sweeney, R. (2011). Pathogenesis of paratuberculosis. Veterinary clinics of north America: food animal practice. 27(3). Pp: 537-546 Sweeney, R. Uzonna, A. Whitlock, R. Habecker, P. Chilton, P. Scott, P. (2006). Tissue predilection sites and effect of dose on Mycobacterium avium subs. paratuberculosis organism recovery in a shortterm bovine experimental oral infection model. Research in Veterinary Science. 80. Pp: 253–259 Sweeney, R. Whitlock, R. Rosenberger, A. (1992). Mycobacterium paratuberculosis cultured from milk and supramammary lymph nodes of infected asymptomatic cows. Journal of clinical microbiology, 30(1). Pp: 166–171 Teimoori, L. Samadpoor, S. Mehrtash, A. Ghadir, M. Vahedi, H. (2018). Among autophagy genes, ATG16L1 but not IRGM is associated with Crohn’s disease in Iranians. Gene, 675. Pp: 176–184 Thorel, M. Krichevsky, M. Levy-Frebault, V. (1990) Numerical taxonomy of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria, emended description of Mycobacterium avium, and description of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium subsp. nov. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis subsp. nov. and Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum subsp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 40: 254-260 Timms, V. Daskalopoulos, G. Mitchell, H. Neilan, B. (2016). The Association of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. PloS one, 11(2) Tiwari, A. VanLeeuwen, J. McKenna, S. Keefe, G. Barkema, H. (2006). Johne's disease in Canada Part I: clinical symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis, y prevalence in dairy herds. The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 47(9), Pp. 874–882 Torres, J. Mehandru, S. Colombel, J.-F. & Peyrin-Biroulet, L. (2017). Crohn’s disease. The Lancet, 389(10080). Pp: 1741–1755 Tracey, C. Pritchard, M. Coffey, K. Bond, M. Hutchings, E. (2017). Phenotypic effects of subclinical paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 100(1), Pages 679690 Tschurtschenthaler, M. Adolph, T. Ashcroft, J. Niederreiter, L. Bharti, R. Saveljeva, S. Kaser, A. (2017). Defective ATG16L1-mediated removal of IRE1α drives Crohn's disease-like ileitis. The Journal of experimental medicine, 214(2). Pp: 401–422 Tunkle, B. Aleraj, Z. (1965): The recovering of M. johnei in the semen of bull from one station for artificial insemination. Vet. Glasnik, 19, Pp. 845–849 Twort, F. Ingram, G. Ingram, Y. (1912). A method for isolating y cultivating Mycobacterium enteritidis chronicae pseudotuberculosae bovis johne y some experiments on the preparation of a diagnostic vaccine for pseudotuberculosae enteritis of bovines. Proc Royal Soc Lond 84:517 Ubhash, M. Kautilya, J. Parej, N. Swati, C. Srinivasa, P. Saroj, K. Pradyumna, K. Sahoo, A. Gregory, A. Santosh, C. (2019). The Crohn’s Disease Risk Factor IRGM Limits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Impeding Its Assembly and by Mediating Its Selective Autophagy, Molecular Cell, Volume 73, Issue 3. Pp: 429-445 Uzoigwe, J. Khaitsa, M. Gibbs, P. (2007). Epidemiological evidence for mycobacterium avium subspecie paratuberculosis as cause of crohn`s disease. Epidemiology infects. Volume 135, Pp: 10571068 Venkata S. Dukkipati, A. Ridler, K. Thompson, B. Buddle, B. Hedgespeth, M. Douglas J. Begg, J. Whittington, B. (2016). Experimental infection of New Zealand Merino sheep with a suspension of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) strain Telford: Kinetics of the immune response, histopathology and Map culture. Veterinary Microbiology, Volume 195, Pp: Pages 136-143 Wang, J. Moolji, J. Dufort, A. Staffa, A. Domenech, P. Reed, M. Behr, M. (2015). Iron Acquisition in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Journal of bacteriology, 198(5). Pp: 857–866 Waddell, L. Rajic, A. Stark, K. Mcewen, S. (2016). Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis detection in animals, food, water and other sources or vehicles of human exposure: A scoping review of the existing evidence. Preventive veterinary medicine. Volume 132 Pp: 32-48 Wing Yan Mak, Ailsa L Hart, Siew C Ng. (2019). Crohn`s disease. Medicine, Volume 47 (6).Pp:377387 Wayne, L. (1966) Classification and identification of mycobacteria. 3. Species within group 3. Am Rev Respir Dis 93. Pp: 919-928 Whitlock, R. H., & Buergelt, C. (1996). Preclinical and Clinical Manifestations of Paratuberculosis (Including Pathology). Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 12(2), 345–356 Whittington, R. Begg, D. de Silva, K. Purdie, A. Dhy, N. Plain, K. (2017). Case definition terminology for paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). BMC veterinary research, 13(1), Pp. 328 Whittington, R. Begg, D. Silva, K. Karren, A. (2012). Comparative immunological and microbiological aspects of paratuberculosis as a model mycobacterial infection. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 148(1–2)- Pp: 29-47 Whittington, R. Windsor, P. (2009). In utero infection of cattle with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: A critical review y meta-analysis. The Veterinary Journal.179 Wu, C. Schmoller, S. Bannantine, J. Eckstein, T. Inamine, J. Livesey, M. Talaat, A. (2009). A novel cell wall lipopeptide is important for biofilm formation and pathogenicity of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Microbial pathogenesis, 46(4). Pp: 222–230 Yu, Y. Rodriguez, J. (2017). Clinical presentation of Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis, and indeterminate colitis: Symptoms, extraintestinal manifestations, and disease phenotypes. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery, 26(6). Pp: 349–355 Zamani, S. Zali, M. Aghdaei, H. Sechi, L. Niegowska, M. Caggiu, E. Feizabadi, M. (2017). Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and associated risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease in Iranian patients. Gut pathogens, 9, 1 Zanten, G. Knudsen, A. Röytiö, H. Forssten, S. Lawther, M. Blennow, A. Jespersen, L. (2012). The effect of selected synbiotics on microbial composition and short-chain fatty acid production in a model system of the human colon. PloS one, 7(10), e47212 Zarei, F. Geramizadeh, B. Khodakaram, A. (2019). Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis IS 900 DNA in biopsy tissues from patients with Crohn's disease: histopathological and molecular comparison with Johne's disease in Fars province of Iran. BMC infectious diseases, 19(1), 23 Zhang, P. Minardi, L. Kuenstner, J. Kruzelock, R. (2017). Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis in Crohn's disease: a case report. Gastroenterology report, 5(4), Pp: 316–319 Zielińska, A. Siwiński, P. Sobolewska, A. Wiśniewska, M. Fichna, J. Włodarczyk, M. (2019). The role of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. Pharmacological Reports, Volume 71, (1). Pp: 105-111 Zielińska, M. Jarmuż, A. Wasilewski, A. Sałaga, M. Fichna, J. (2015). Role of Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Intestinal Inflammation and Visceral Pain: Novel Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Volume 21, Issue 2, 1, Pp: 419–427
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv	Derechos Reservados - Universidad de los Llanos 2019
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv	Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv	Derechos Reservados - Universidad de los Llanos 2019 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv	openAccess
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv	109 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv	application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv	Universidad de los Llanos
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv	Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv	Villavicencio
institution	Universidad de los Llanos
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv	https://dspace7-unillanos.metacatalogo.org/bitstreams/2ab3b2f7-819f-4f49-af6e-5c1e77299152/download https://dspace7-unillanos.metacatalogo.org/bitstreams/d88c96d1-2393-4da4-95b7-31d6ec237110/download https://dspace7-unillanos.metacatalogo.org/bitstreams/5697045f-f7b4-4c4e-a4b1-85e13cf488db/download https://dspace7-unillanos.metacatalogo.org/bitstreams/60c6145b-7ac0-4e02-b6c6-84571dc3be50/download https://dspace7-unillanos.metacatalogo.org/bitstreams/6936b5fb-efab-4f9c-b360-3a99c6025c20/download https://dspace7-unillanos.metacatalogo.org/bitstreams/8fdf65f5-03b7-45b4-935c-becd8bb7be82/download https://dspace7-unillanos.metacatalogo.org/bitstreams/4788e7e7-082f-41d2-809b-7b1c1f9c03e6/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv	ca8530caa24fca43548e97282f0e7dab 42627d3ec746be53ef72395ffefd67b2 f661acf14bedbf9f5d13897a0387e751 d127d211b6f50062e5c59dfa164d00d8 68b329da9893e34099c7d8ad5cb9c940 7914463595a83b59cdd807347b19400a d4d163bc09d6637f2b3cfb4cc60302a2
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv	MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv	Repositorio Universidad de Los Llanos
repository.mail.fl_str_mv	repositorio@unillanos.edu.co
_version_	1812104630905077760
spelling	González Paya, Gustavo38329f90de77271b85ad650f3c213883Perdomo Bedoya, Miguel Ángel72ebc813bc705e0c76678390990aaab6Universidad de los Llanos2023-11-28T20:30:15Z2023-11-28T20:30:15Z2019Perdomo Bedoya, M. (2019). Patogénesis de la paratuberculosis y la enfermedad de Crohn ¿existe vínculo etiológico? [Trabajo de grado, Universidad de los Llanos]. Repositorio digital Universidad de los Llanos.https://repositorio.unillanos.edu.co/handle/001/3244Universidad de los LlanosRepositorio digital Universidad de los Llanoshttps://repositorio.unillanos.edu.co/Incluye figuras y tablas.El Mycobacterium avium subespecie paratuberculosis (MAP) es el agente causal de la enfermedad de Johne en rumiantes, una enteritis granulomatosa crónica y se ha sugerido desde hace más de un siglo el posible vínculo zoonótico del MAP como agente etiologico de la Enfermedad de Crohn (EC) en humanos, debido, a las similitudes histopatológicas de las dos enfermedades, sin embargo, aún no se ha establecido un vínculo etiológico del MAP en la patogénesis de la Enfermedad de Crohn, con una etiología que puede ser multifactorial, las complicadas pruebas disganosticas y la dificultad del aislamiento por cultivo del MAP no ha permitido dilucidar la asociación causal del MAP y humanos con Enfermedad de Crohn. Buscando dar respuesta a la pregunta ¿Existe un vínculo etiológico entre la paratuberculosis y la Enfermedad de Crohn?, se realizó una investigación documental crítica y actualizada de las evidencias científicas expuestas en los últimos cinco años sobre lo hallazgos más representativos del posible vínculo de MAP en la etiopatogenia de la Enfermedad de Crohn, se encontró en algúnos reportes de casos e investigaciones realizadas en este periodo de tiempo la presencia de MAP en tejidos de pacientes con EC mediante distintas técnicas diagnósticas confirmando la posibilidad que el MAP es un patógeno zoonótico.Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causal agent of Johne's disease in ruminants, a chronic granulomatous enteritis, and the possible zoonotic link of MAP as an etiological agent of Crohn's disease (CD) has been suggested for more than a century. ) in humans, due to the histopathological similarities of the two diseases, however, an etiological link of MAP in the pathogenesis of Crohn's Disease has not yet been established, with an etiology that may be multifactorial, The complicated diagnostic tests and the difficulty of isolating MAP by culture have not allowed us to elucidate the causal association of MAP and humans with Crohn's Disease. Seeking to answer the question: Is there an etiological link between paratuberculosis and Crohn's Disease?, a critical and updated documentary investigation of the scientific evidence presented in the last five years was carried out on the most recent findings. representative of the possible link of MAP in the etiopathogenesis of Crohn's Disease, the presence of MAP in tissues of patients with CD was found in some case reports and investigations carried out in this period of time using different techniques. diagnostics confirming the possibility that MAP is a zoonotic pathogen.Resumen. -- Introducción. -- justificación. -- Objetivos. -- General. -- Específicos. -- Marco teórico. -- Generalidades. -- Características del mycobacterium avium subespecie paratuberculosis. -- Clasificación taxonómica. -- Características morfológicas. -- Características bioquímicas. -- Características microbiológicas. -- Genotipificación. -- Factores de virulencia mycobacterium avium subespecie paratuberculosis. -- Vías de transmisión del mycobacterium avium subespecie Paratuberculosis. -- Transmisión horizontal (fecal-oral . -- Transmisión horizontal (contacto sexual). -- Transmisión vertical. -- Transmisión vertical (fetal). -- Fisiopatología de la paratuberculosis. -- Etapas de la infeccion por mycobacterium avium subespecie Paratuberculosis. -- Respuesta inflamatoria. -- Mecanismo de supervivencia intracelular del mycobacterium . -- Avium subespecie paratuberculosis. -- Fisiopatología de la enfermedad de crohn. -- 4.5.1. Factores genéticos. -- Factores inmunológicos. -- Alteración de la microbiota intestinal. -- Alteración del tejido adiposo. -- Signos clínicos. -- Signos clínicos de la paratuberculosis. -- Signos clínicos de la enfermedad de crohn. -- Lesiones macroscópicas. -- Lesiones macroscópicas de la paratuberculosis. -- Lesiones macroscopicas de la enfermedad de crohn. -- Lesiones microscópicas. -- Lesiones microscópicas de la paratuberculosis. -- Lesiones microscópicas de la enfermedad de Crohn. -- Epidemiología. -- Situación mundial de la paratuberculosis. -- Situación de la paratuberculosis en Colombia. -- Control de la paratuberculosis. -- Ensayos diagnósticos en los últimos 5 años (2015-2019). -- Cronología de la enfermedad de Johne. -- Discusión. -- Conclusiones. -- Recomendaciones. -- Referencia bibliografía.PregradoMedico(a) Veterinario(a) ZootecnistaMedicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia109 páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad de los LlanosFacultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos NaturalesVillavicencioDerechos Reservados - Universidad de los Llanos 2019https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Patogénesis de la paratuberculosis y la enfermedad de Crohn ¿existe vínculo etiológico?Trabajo de grado - Pregradoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fTexthttps://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TPhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Abrahams, K. Besra, G. (2018). Mycobacterial cell walls biosynthesis: a multifaceted antibiotic target. Parasitology, 145(2). Pp: 116–133.Agrawal, G. Borody, T. Turner, R. Leis, S. Campbell, J. (2015). Combining infliximab, anti-MAP and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for resistant fistulizing Crohn's disease. Future science OA, 1(4)Alcedo, K. Thanigachalam, S. Naser, S. (2016). RHB-104 triple antibiotics combination in culture is bactericidal and should be effective for treatment of Crohn's disease associated with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Gut pathogens, 8, 32Alegbeleye B. (2019). Crohn's disease in a developing African mission hospital: a case report. Journal of medical case reports, 13(1).Al-Mamun, M. Smith, R. Nigsch, A. Schukken, Y. Gröhn, Y. (2018). A data-driven individual-based model of infectious disease in livestock operation: A validation study for paratuberculosis. PLoS ONE. Pp. 13(12).Al-Mamun, M. Smith, R. Schukken, Y. Gröhn, Y. (2017). Use of an Individual-based Model to Control Transmission Pathways of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis Infection in Cattle Herds. Sci Rep. Nature Publishing Group. 7 Pp. 11845.Atreya, R. Bülte, M. Gerlach, G. Goethe, R. Hornef, M. Köhler, H. Meens, J. Möbius, P. Siegfried, E. (2014). Facts, myths and hypotheses on the zoonotic nature of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, Volume 304, Issue 7. Pp: 858-867Ayele, W. Bartos, M. Svastova, P. Pavlik, I. (2004). Distribution of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in organs of naturally infected bull-calves’ y breeding bulls. Veterinary Microbiology, 103(3-4), Pp. 209–217Baars, J. Nuij, V. Oldenburg, B. Kuipers, E. Woude, C. (2012). Majority of patients with inflammatory bowel disease in clinical remission have mucosal inflammation. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 18(9). Pp: 1634–1640Bach, H. (2015). What Role Does Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Play in Crohn’s Disease? Current Infectious Disease Reports, 17(2)Balasubramanian, I. Gao, N. (2017). From sensing to shaping microbiota: insights into the role of NOD2 in intestinal homeostasis and progression of Crohn's disease. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 313(1)- Pp: G7–G13Bannantine, J. Huntley, J. Miltner, E. Stabel, J. Bermudez, L. (2003). The Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 35 kDa protein plays a role in invasion of bovine epithelial cell Microbiology 149(8). Pp:2061-2069Bannantine, J. Radosevich, T. Stabel, J. Berger, S. Griffin, J. Paustian, M. (2007). Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against a major membrane protein of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Clinical and vaccine immunology: CVI, 14(3). Pp: 312–317Barratt, A Arnoult, M. Ahmadi, B. Rich, K. Gunn, G. Stott, A. W. (2018). A framework for estimating society's economic welfare following the introduction of an animal disease: The case of Johne's disease. PloS one, 13(6)Baumgart, D. Sandborn, W. (2012). Crohn’s disease. The Lancet, 380(9853), 1590–1605Beaver, A. Sweeney, R. Hovingh, E. Wolfgang, D. Grohn, Y. Schukken, Y. (2017). Longitudinal relationship between fecal culture, fecal quantitative PCR, y milk ELISA in Mycobacterium avium sspParatuberculosis infected cows from low-prevalence dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(9), Pp. 7507-7521Begg, D. Silva, K. Carter, N. Plain, K. Purdie, A. Whittington, R. (2011). Does a Th1 over Th2 dominancy really exist in the early stages of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections? Immunobiology. 216. Pp: 840-846Bergey, D. Harrison, F. Breed, R. Hammer, B. Huntoon, F. (1923). Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 1st ed. Baltimore, The Williams & Wilkins Co. Pp: 1-442Bharathy, S. Gunaseelan, L. Porteen, K. (2017). Exploring the potential hazard of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis as a cause for Crohn's disease. Veterinary world, 10(4), Pp: 457– 460Bielanski, J. Algire, G. Ryall, O. Surujballi, (2006). Risk of transmission of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis by embryo transfer of in vivo y in vitro fertilized bovine embryos, Theriogenology, Pp. 66(2)Boada, E. Serramito, I. Sacristán, M. Boone, D. Pimentel, F. (2016). The T300A Crohn's disease risk polymorphism impairs function of the WD40 domain of ATG16L1. Nature communications, 7, 11821Bonen, K. (2003). Crohn's disease-associated NOD2 variants share a signaling defect in response to lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. Gastroenterology, Volume 124, Issue 1. PP: 140-146Bosca, M. Tosca, J. Anton, R. Mora, M. Minguez, M. Mora, F. (2015). Pathogenesis of Crohn's disease: Bug or no bug. World journal of gastrointestinal pathophysiology, 6(1). Pp: 1–12Calderón, J. Góngora, A. (2008). Similaridades clinopatológicas entre paratuberculosis y Enfermedad de Crohn ¿posible vínculo zoonótico? Rev MVZ Córdoba; 13(1). Pp. 1226-1239Cameron, R. Stevenson, K. Inglis, N. Klausen, J. Sharp, J. (1994). Identification and characterization of a putative serine protease expressed in vivo by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Microbiology 140. Pp: 1977-1982Carvalho, I. Schwarz, Germano, D. Pietralonga, P. Faria, A. Braga, I. Carvalho, G. Valente, F. Machado, J. Guimarães, L. Ferrari, M. Abreu, Silva, J. Moreira, M. (2016). Presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in Brazilian patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and in controls. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 134(1). Pp: 13-19Castellanos, E. Aranaz, A. Alvarez, J. Rodríguez, S. Romero, B. Domínguez, L. (2009). Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IS900 sequence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis are strain type specific. Journal of clinical microbiology,47(7), Pp. 2260–2264Chastellier, C. Thilo, L. (2006). Cholesterol depletion in Mycobacterium avium-infected macrophages overcomes the block in phagosome maturation and leads to the reversible sequestration of viable mycobacteria in phagolysosome-derived autophagic vacuoles. Cellular Microbiology. 8(2). Pp: 242 – 256Cheifetz A. (2013). Management of active Crohn disease. JAMA, 309(20). Pp: 2150–2158Chiba, M. Tsuji, T. Nakane, K. Tsuda, S. Ishii, H. Ohno, H. Sugawara, T. (2017). Induction with Infliximab and a Plant-Based Diet as First-Line (IPF) Therapy for Crohn Disease: A Single-Group Trial. The Permanente journal, 21, 17–19Chiaradia, L Lefebvre, C. Parra, J. Marcoux, J. Burlet, O. Etienne, G. Tropis, M. & Daffé, M. (2017). Dissecting the mycobacterial cell envelope and defining the composition of the native mycomembrane. Scientific Reports volume 7, Article number: 12807Chiodini, R. (1996). Immunology: Resistance to Paratuberculosis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 12, (2). Pp: 313-343Chiodini, R. Kruiningen, K. Thayer, W. Merkal, R. Coutu J. (1984). Possible role of mycobacteria in inflammatory bowel disease - I. An unclassified Mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn's disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 29(12). Pp: 1073-1079Chiodini, R. Kruiningen, V. Merkal, R. (1984). Characteristics of an unclassified Mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn’s disease. J Clin Microbiol: 20 Pp. 966–971Clarke, C. (1997). The pathology y pathogenesis of paratuberculosis in ruminant’s and other species. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 116(3), 217–261Clay, H. Volkman, H. Ramakrishnan, L. (2008). Tumor necrosis factor signaling mediates resistance to mycobacteria by inhibiting bacterial growth and macrophage death. Immunity. 29. Pp: 283–294Colleen, M. McClean, D. Tobin, M. (2016). Macrophage form, function, and phenotype in mycobacterial infection: lessons from tuberculosis and other diseases. Pathogens and Disease. 74, (7), 68Cooper, A. Dalton, D. Stewart, T. Griffin, J. Russell, D. Orme, I. (1993). Disseminated tuberculosis in interferon gamma gene-disrupted mice. Journal of experimental medicine. 178 (6): 2243Corbett, C. De Buck, J. Orsel, K. Barkema, H. (2017). Fecal shedding y tissue infections demonstrate transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in group-housed dairy calves. Veterinary research. 48(1), Pp. 27Corbett, C. Naqvi, S. Bauman, C. De Buck, Orsel, K. Uehlinger, F. Barkema, H. (2018). Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infections in Canadian dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science. 101. Vol. 12Corridoni, D. Kodani, T. Rodriguez, A. Pizarro, T. Xin, W. Nickerson, K. Cominelli, F. (2014). Dysregulated NOD2 predisposes SAMP1/YitFc mice to chronic intestinal inflammation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(42), 16999–17004Dalziel, T. (1913). Chronic interstitial enteritis. British Medical Journal vol. 2, no. 2756, Pp 10681070Davis, W. (2015). On deaf ears, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in pathogenesis Crohn's y other diseases. World journal of gastroenterology, 21(48), Pp. 13411–13417Davis, W. (2015). Crohn’s Disease of the Foregut. Surgical Clinics of North America, 95(6). PP: 1183– 1193Davis, W. Kuenstner, J. Singh, S. (2017). Resolution of Crohn’s “Johne’s” disease with antibiotics: what are the next steps? Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology: 11:5. Pp. 393-396Davis, W. Ramakrishnan, L. (2009). The role of the granuloma in expansion and dissemination of early tuberculous infection. Cell. 136(1). Pp: 37-49Davis, W. Todd, J. Vir Singh, S. (2017) Resolution of Crohn’s (Johne’s) disease with antibiotics: what are the next steps? Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 11:5. Pp: 393-396Davis, W. Sally A. Madsen-Bouterse. (2012). Crohn`s disease Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: the need for a study is long overdue. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology. Volume 145(1-2) Pp:1-6Díaz, L. Hernández, R. Deshpande, A. Moshiree, B. (2015). Upper Gastrointestinal Involvement in Crohn Disease: Histopathologic and Endoscopic Findings. South Med J. 108(11). Pp: 695-700Eisenberg, S. W., Rutten, V. P. Koets, A. (2015). Dam Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection status does not predetermine calves for future shedding when raised in a contaminated environment: a cohort study. Veterinary research, 46(1), Pp. 70Epleston, J. Whittington, R. (2001). Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis from the semen of rams with clinical Johne’s disease. Australian Veterinary Journal, 79(11), Pp. 776–777Fawzy, A. Zschöckb, M. Ewersc, C. Eisenberg, T. (2018). Genotyping methods and molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine. 6(2). Pp: 258-264Fayyazy, A. Eichmeyer, B. Soruri, A. Schweyer, S. Herms, J. Schwarz, P. Radzun, H. (2000). Apoptosis of macrophages and T cells in tuberculosis associated caseous necrosis. The Journal of Pathology. 191(4). Pp: 417-25Fechner, K. (2017). Distribution of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in clinically asymptomatic bull’s y different non-ruminant species. University Göttingen, GermanyFechner, K. Schäfer, J. Wiegel, C. Ludwig, J. Münster, P. Sharifi, A. Czerny, C. (2015). Distribution of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in a Subclinical Naturally Infected German Fleckvieh Bull. Transboundary y Emerging Diseases, 64(3), Pp. 916–928Fecteau, M. (2018). Paratuberculosis in cattle. Veterinary clinics of north America: food animal practice.34(1). Pp: 209-222Fernández, M. (2017). Influencia del agente etiológico y la respuesta inmunitaria local sobre la patogenia de la paratuberculosis de los rumiantes. Universidad de León. EspañaFernández, M. Benavides, J. Castaño, P. Elguezabal, N. Fuertes, M. Muñoz, M. Pérez, V. (2017). Macrophage Subsets within Granulomatous Intestinal Lesions in Bovine paratuberculosis. Veterinary Pathology, 54(1), 82–93Fernandez, M. Fuertes, M. Elguezabal, N. Castaño, P. Royoa, M. Ferreras, C. Benavides, J. Pérez, V. (2017) Immunohistochemical expression of interferon- in different types of granulomatous lesions associated with bovine paratuberculosis. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 51. Pp: 1-8Feuerstein, J. (2017). Crohn Disease: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Clinic Proceedings, Volume 92, (7), Pp: 1088 – 1103Frade, S. Smol, T. Frenois, F. Sand, O. Vaillant, E. Dhennin, V. Vasseur, F. (2019). A Novel Rare Missense Variation of the NOD2 Gene: Evidencesof Implication in Crohn's Disease. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(4). P: 835Franchi, L. Muñoz, R. Núñez, G. (2012). Sensing and reacting to microbes through the inflammasomes. Nature immunology, 13(4). Pp: 325–332Freeman, H. (2014). Natural history and long-term clinical course of Crohn's disease. World journal of gastroenterology, 20(1). Pp: 31–36From history of Johne’s disease. Johne’s Information Center. (2014). Available from: http://www.johnes.org/history/index.htmlFrothingham, R. Wilson, K. (1993). Sequence-based differentiation of strains in the Mycobacterium avium complex. J Bacteriol 175 Pp. 2818–25García, A. Shalloo, L. (2015). Invited review: The economic impact and control of paratuberculosis in cattle J. Dairy Sci. 98. Pp: 5019–5039Garvey, M. (2018). Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: A possible causative agent in human morbidity and risk to public health safety. Open veterinary journal, 8(2). Pp:172–181Gautam, M. Ridler, A. Wilson, A review of paratuberculosis in New Zealand’s pastoral livestock systems with a focus on current control strategies Milan Gautam, Anne Ridler, Peter Wilson and Cord HeuerGeller, S. Campos, F. (2015). Crohn disease. Autopsy & case reports, 5(2), 5–8. doi:10.4322/acr.2015.001Ghosh, P. Wu, C. Talaat, A. (2013). Key role for the alternative sigma factor, SigH, in the intracellular life of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis during macrophage stress. Infection and immunity, 81(6). Pp: 2242–2257Giese, S. Ahrens, P. (2000). Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk from clinically affected cows by PCR and culture. Veterinary Microbiology. Volume 77, Issues 3–4, 20. Pp: 291-297Gilmour, N. Nisbet, D. Brotherston, J. (1965). Experimental oral infection of calves with Mycobacterium johnei. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 75(3), Pp. 281–286Glanemann, B. Schönenbrücher, H. Bridger, N. Abdulmawjood. A. Neiger, R. Bülte, M (2008). Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-specific DNA by PCR in intestinal biopsies of dogs. J Vet Intern Med. (5):1090-4Golan, A. Livneh, E. Gonen, S. Yagel, I. Rosenshine, N. Shpige, Y. (2009). Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis Invades Human Small-Intestinal Goblet Cells and Elicits Inflammation. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 199 (3,1). Pp: 350–354Gomollón, F. Dignass, A. Annese, V. Tilg, H. Van Assche, G. Lindsay, J. (2016). 3rd European Evidence-based Consensus on the Diagnosis and Management of Crohn’s Disease 2016: Part 1: Diagnosis and Medical Management. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis, 11(1). Pp: 3–25Góngora, A. Perea, J. (1984). Evaluación de tres métodos diagnósticos en paratuberculosis bovina. [Tesis]. Bogotá, Colombia. UNALGóngora, A. Villamil, J. (1999). La paratuberculosis bovina desde la óptica de la salud pública. Holstein Colomb 147:44-48González, J. Geijo, M. García, C. Verna, A. Corpa, J. Reyes, L. Ferreras, M. Juste, R. García, J. Pérez, V. (2005). Histopathological classification of lesions associated with natural paratuberculosis infection in cattle. J Comp Pathol. 133:184–196Gorocica, P. Jiménez, M. Garfias, S. Lascurain, R. (2005). Componentes glicosilados de la envoltura de Mycobacterium tuberculosis que intervienen en la patogénesis de la tuberculosis. Revista del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 18(2), 142-153Hampe, J. Franke, A. Rosenstiel, P. Till, A. Teuber, M. Huse, K. Schreiber, S. (2006). A genome-wide association scan of nonsynonymous SNPs identifies a susceptibility variant for Crohn disease in ATG16L1. Nature Genetics, 39(2). Pp: 207–211Harris, N. Barletta, R. (2001). Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Veterinary Medicine. Clinical microbiology reviews, 14(3). Pp: 489–512Hemati, Z. Haghkhah, M. Derakhshandeh, A. Singh, S. Chaubey, K. (2018). Cloning and characterization of MAP2191 gene, a mammalian cell entry antigen of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Molecular biology research communications, 7(4). Pp: 165–172Hett, E. Rubin, E. (2008) Bacterial growth and cell division: a mycobacterial perspective. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 72. Pp: 126-56Hirst, H. Garry, F. Salman, M. (2002). Assessment of test results when using a commercial enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in repeated samples collected from adult dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 220(11), Pp.1685-9Homuth, M. Valentin, P. Rohde, M. Gerlach, G. (1998). Identification and characterization of a novel extracellular ferric reductase from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Infection and immunity, 66(2)- Pp: 710–716Jo, E. Kim, J. Shin, D. M. Sasakawa, C. (2016). Molecular mechanisms regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Cellular & molecular immunology, 13(2). Pp: 148–159Johansen, M. de Silva, K. Karren M. Whittington, J. Purdie, A. (2019) Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is able to manipulate host lipid metabolism and accumulate cholesterol within macrophages. Microbial Pathogenesis. 130, 44-53Kampen, H. Johansen T. Valheim, M. HoPp, P. (2015). The surveillance programme for paratuberculosis in Norway 2014. Surveillance programmes for terrestrial y aquatic animals in Norway. Annual report 2014. Oslo. Norwegian Veterinary InstituteKhamesipour, F. Doosti, A. Mazrouei S., M. (2014). Survey for the Presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the Bull Frozen Semen Samples y Blood Samples of Cattle, Sheep y Camel by Nested-PCR. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi 20, Pp. 681-686Khan, I. Pilli, S. Rampal, R. Chauhan, S. Tiwari, V. Ahuja, V. (2016). Prevalence and Association of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis with Disease Course in Patients with UlceroConstrictive Ileocolonic Disease. PloS one, 11(3)Khanna, S. Raffals, L. (2017). The Microbiome in Crohn’s Disease. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 46(3). Pp: 481–492Khol, J. Kralik, P. Slana, I. Beran, V. Aurich, C. Baumgartner, W. Pavlik, I. (2010). Consecutive Excretion of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis in Semen of a Breeding Bull Compared to the Distribution in Feces, Tissue y Blood by IS900 y F57 Quantitative Real-Time PCR y Culture Examinations. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 72(10), Pp. 1283–1288Khol, J. Wassertheurer, M. Sodoma, E. Revilla-Fernyez, S. Damoser J. Osterreicher, E. Dunser, M. Baumgartner W. (2013). Long-term detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in individual y bulk tank milk from a dairy herd with a low prevalence of Johne's disease Journal of Dairy Science, 96(6), Pp. 3517-3524Kindt, T. J., Goldsby, R. A., Osborne, B. A., & Kuby, J. (2007). Kuby immunology. New York: W.H. FreemanKoets, A. Hoek, A. Langelaar, M. Overdijk, M. Santema, W. Franken, P. Eden, W. Rutten V. (2006). Mycobacterial 70 kD heat-shock protein is an effective subunit vaccine against bovine paratuberculosis. Vaccine, 24(14)Koch, R. 1876. The etiology of anthrax, based on the life history of Bacillus anthracis. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 2(2), 277-310Köhler, H. Soschinka, A. Meyer, M. Kather, A. Reinhold, P. Liebler-Tenorio, E. (2015). Characterization of a caprine model for the subclinical initial phase of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. BMC veterinary research, 11, 74. doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0381-1Kredel, L. Jödicke, L. Scheffold, A. Gröne, J. Glauben, R. Erben, U. Siegmund, B. (2018). T-cell composition in ileal and colonic creeping fat - separating ileal from colonic Crohn´s disease. Journal of Crohn’s and ColitisKrüger, C. Köhler, H. Liebler, E. (2015). Cellular composition of granulomatous lesions in gutassociated lymphoid tissues of goats during the first year after experimental infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Veterinary Immunology y Immunopathology, 163(12), Pp. 33–45Kruip, T. Muskens, J. Roermund, H. Bakker, D. Stockhofe-Zurwieden, N. (2003). Lack of association of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis with oocytes y embryos from moderate shedders of the pathogen. Theriogenology, 59(7), 2003, Pp. 1651-1660Kruiningen, H. (2011). Where are the weapons of mass destruction — the Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis in Crohn's disease? Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, Volume 5, Issue 6. Pp: 638–644Kruiningen H. Chiodini, R. Thayer, W. Coutu, J. Merkal, R. (1986). Experimental disease in infant goats induced by a Mycobacterium isolated from a patient with Crohn's disease. A preliminary report. Dig Dis Sci 31. Pp: 1351-1360Kuehnel, M. Goethe, R. Habermann, A. Mueller, E. Rohde, M. Griffiths, G. Weigand, P. (2001). Characterization of the intracellular survival of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis: phagosomal pH and fusogenicity in J774 macrophages compared with other mycobacteria. Cellular Microbiology. 3(8). Pp: 551-566Kuenstner, J. Chamberlin, W. Naser, S. Collins, M. Dow, C. Aitken, J. Petrie, T. (2015). Resolution of Crohn's disease and complex regional pain syndrome following treatment of paratuberculosis. World journal of gastroenterology, 21(13). Pp: 4048–4062Kuenstner, J. Kali, M. Welch, C. (2019). Whole exome sequencing of patients who resolved Crohn's disease and complex regional pain syndrome following treatment for paratuberculosis. Gut pathogens, 11, 34Kuenstner, J. Naser, S. Chamberlin, W. Borody, T. Graham, D. McNees, A. Kuenstner, L. (2017). The Consensus from the Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) Conference 2017. Frontiers in public health, 5, 208Kuenstner, J. Saleh, M. Chamberlin, W. Borody, T. Graham, D. McNees, A. Hermon-Taylor, J. Hermon-Taylor, A. Dow, T. Biesecker, T. Collins, M. Sechi, L. Singh, S. Zhang, P. Shafran, I. Weg, S. Telega, G. Rothstein, R. Oken, H. Schimpff, S. Bach, H. Bull, T. Grant, I. Ellingson, J. Dahmen, H. Lipton, J. Gupta, S. Chaubey, K. Manj Singh, M. Agarwal, P. Kumar, A. Misri, J. Sohal, J. Dhama, K. Hemati, Z. Davis, W. Hier, M. Aitken, J. Pierce, E. Parrish, N. Goldberg, N. Kali, M. Bendre, S. Agrawal, G. Baldassano, R. Linn, P. Sweeney, R. Fecteau, M. Hofstaedter, C. Potula, R. Timofeeva, O. Geier, S. Zayanni, N. Malaty, H. Kahlenborn, C. Kravitz, A. Bulfon, A. Daskalopoulos, G. Mitchell, H. Neilan, B. Timms, V. Cossu, D. Mameli, G. Angermeier, P. Jelic, T. Goethe, R. Juste, R. Kuenstner, L. (2017). The Consensus from the Mycobacterium avium ssp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) Conference Frontiers in public health, 5, 208Lambrecht, R. Carriere, J. Collins, M. (1988). A model for analyzing growth kinetics of a slowly growing Mycobacterium sp. APpl Environ Microbiol 54 Pp.910–6Larsen, A. Kopecky, K. (1970). Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in reproductive organs y semen of bulls. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 31(2): Pp. 255–258Lavoie, S. Conway, K. L. Lassen, K. G. Jijon, H. B. Pan, H. Chun, E. Xavier, R. J. (2019). The Crohn's disease polymorphism, ATG16L1 T300A, alters the gut microbiota and enhances the local Th1/Th17 response. eLife, 8, e39982Lingling, Li. Bannantine, J. Zhang, Q. Amonsin, A. May, B. Alt, D. Banerji, N. Kanjilal, S. Kapur, V. (2005). The complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102(35) Pp. 12344–12349Liu, J. Barry, C. Besra, G. Nikaido, H. (1996). Mycolic acid structure determines the fluidity of the mycobacterial cell wall. J Biol Chem. 22; 271(47): Pp: 29545-51Liu, Q. Zhang, D. Hu, D. Zhou, X. Zhou, Y. (2018). The role of mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Molecular Immunology, 103. Pp: 115–124Lowe, A. cedric P. Yansouni, Marcel A Behr. (2008). Causality and gastrointestinal infections: Koch, hill and crohn`s, the lancet. Infectious diseases. Volume 8 (11), Pp: 720-726. H. Groenendaal, F.J. Zagmutt. (2008). Scenari Analysis of changes in consumption of dairy products caused by a hypothetical causal link between mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and crohn`s disease. Journal of dairy science. Volume 91 (8) Pp: 3245-3258Mahapatra, S. Scherman, H. Brennan, P. Crick, D. (2005). N Glycolylation of the nucleotide precursors of peptidoglycan biosynthesis of Mycobacterium sPp. is altered by drug treatment. Journal of bacteriology, 187(7). Pp: 2341–2347Matt, D. Silva, K. Karren, M. Whittington, R. Purdie, A. (2019). Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is able to manipulate host lipid metabolism and accumulate cholesterol within macrophages. Microbial Pathogenesis. 130. Pp: 44-53Magombedze G, Ngonghala CN, Lanzas C (2013) Correction: Evaluation of the “Iceberg Phenomenon” in Johne's Disease through Mathematical Modelling. PLOS ONE 8(11):McAloon, C. Roche, S. Ritter, C. Barkema, H. Whyte, P. More, S. Doherty, M. (2019). A review of paratuberculosis in dairy herds Part 1: Epidemiology. The Veterinary Journal.264. Pp. 59-65McClean, C. Tobin, D. (2016). Macrophage form, function, and phenotype in mycobacterial infection: lessons from tuberculosis and other diseases. Pathogens and disease, 74(7)McNees, A. Markesich, D. Zayyani, N. Graham, D. (2015). Mycobacterium paratuberculosis as a cause of Crohn's disease. Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology, 9(12). Pp: 1523–1534Mehto, S. Jena, K. Nath, P. Chauhan, S. Kolapalli, S. Das, S. Chauhan, S. (2019). The Crohn's Disease Risk Factor IRGM Limits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Impeding Its Assembly and by Mediating Its Selective Autophagy. Molecular cell, 73(3), 429–445.e7Mehto, U. Kumar, K. Nath, P. Chauhan, S. Prasad, S. Kumar, S. Kumar, P. Ashish, S. Gregory, A. Chauhan, S. (2019). The Crohn’s Disease Risk Factor IRGM Limits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Impeding Its Assembly and by Mediating Its Selective Autophagy, Molecular Cell, Volume 73, Issue 3. Pp: 429-445Mocci, G. Migaleddu, V. Cabras, F. Sirigu, D. Scanu, D. Virgilio, G. & Marzo, M. (2017). SICUS and CEUS imaging in Crohn's disease: an update. Journal of ultrasound, 20(1), 1–9Mohammad, T. Nader, M. Mohammad, Keyvan Taday M. Rouholah, K. Reza, A. Kioomars, S. Shojaat, D. (2016). Rapid identification of Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis laboratory strains by IS900-Nested polymerase chain reaction. International Journal of Mycobacteriology, 5(1), PP. S232-S233Mortier, R. Barkema, H. Orsel, K. Wolf, R. De Buck, J. (2014). Shedding patterns of dairy calves experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Veterinary research, 45(1), Pp. 71Münster, P. Völkel, I. Wemheuer, W. Schwarz, D. Döring, S. Czerny, C. (2012). A Longitudinal Study to Characterize the Distribution Patterns of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in Semen, Blood y Faeces of a Naturally Infected Bull by IS900 Semi-Nested and Quantitative Real-Time PCR. Transboundary y Emerging Diseases, 60(2), Pp. 175–187Munjal, S. Tripathi, B. Paliwal, O. (2005). Progressive immunopathological changes during early stages of experimental infection of goats with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vet. Pathol. 42, 427–436Murthy, A. Li, Y. Peng, I. Reichelt, M. Katakam, A. K. Noubade, R. Campagne, M. (2014). A Crohn’s disease variant in Atg16l1 enhances its degradation by caspase 3. Nature, 506(7489). Pp: 456–462Naylor, D. Richardson, D. Sellar, M. Harley, J. Philbey, A. Girling, S. (2018). Clinical signs, antemortem diagnostics, and pathological findings associated with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in Mishmi takin (Budorcas taxicolor taxicolor). J Zoo Wildl Med. 49(2). Pp: shin412-419National Research Council (US) Committee on Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2003. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207652/Nazareth, N. Magro, F. APpelberg, R. Silva, J. Gracio, D. Coelho, R. Sarmento, A. (2015). Increased viability but decreased culturability of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in macrophages from inflammatory bowel disease patients under Infliximab treatment. Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 204(6). Pp: 647–656Nazareth, N. Magro, F. Machado, E. Ribeiro, T. Martinho, A. Rodrigues, P. Sarmento, A. (2015). Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Escherichia coli in blood samples from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 204(6), Pp: 681–692Ni, J. Shen, T. Chen, E. Bittinger, K. Bailey, A. Roggiani, M. Wu, G. (2017). A role for bacterial urease in gut dysbiosis and Crohn's disease. Science translational medicine, 9(416)Nielsen, N. (2008). Ante mortem diagnosis of paratuberculosis: A review of accuracies of ELISA, interferon-γ assay and faecal culture techniques. Veterinary Microbiology 129 (3–4 22). Pp: 217-235Nicol, L. Wilkie, H. Gossner, A. Watkins, C. Dalziel, R., Hopkins, J. (2016). Variations in T cell transcription factor gene structure and expression associated with the two disease forms of sheep paratuberculosis. Veterinary research, 47(1), 83. doi:10.1186/s13567-016-0368-3OIE (2019). Paratuberculosis. Recuperado el 15 de mayo de 2019. Disponible en web:http://www.oie.int/es/sanidad-animal-en-el-mundo/enfermedades-de-losanimales/Paratuberculosis/OIE. (2018). Código sanitario para los animales terrestres. Volumen I. Capítulo 8.13 paratuberculosisOken, H. Saleeb, P. Redfield, R. Schimpff, S. (2017). Is Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis the Trigger in the Crohn's Disease Spectrum? Open forum infectious diseases, 4(3)Okuni, J. Kateete, D. Okee, M. Nanteza, A. Joloba, M. Ojok, L. (2017). APplication of antibodies to recombinant heat shock protein 70 in immunohistochemical diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in tissues of naturally infected cattle. Irish veterinary journal, 70, 10Pandey, A. Sassetti, C. (2008). Mycobacterial persistence requires the utilization of host cholesterol. PNAS. 105 (11). Pp: 4376-4380Paquet, N. Glickman, J. Erturk, S. Ros, P. Heverhagen, J. Patak, M. (2016). Crohn's disease Activity: Abdominal Computed Tomography Histopathology Correlation. European journal of radiology open, 3. Pp: 74–78Park, H. Park, H. Park, W. (2018). Genetic diversity of bovine Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis discriminated by IS1311 PCR-REA, MIRU-VNTR, y MLSSR genotyping.J Vet Sci. 19(5): Pp.627–634Park, J. Nam, H. Lee, J. Hong, J. Yi, D. Ryoo, E. Tchah, H. (2017). Characteristics of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Involvement in Korean Pediatric Crohn's Disease: A Multicenter Study. Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition, 20(4). Pp: 227–235Pearson, L. (1908). A note on the occurrence in America of chronic bacterial dysentery of cattle" Am. Vet. Rev. 32: Pp. 602-605-Pérez, V, García, J. Badiola, J. (1996). Description and classification of different types of lesion associated with natural paratuberculosis infection in sheep. J Comp Pathol. 114:107–122Pérez, V. Vázquez, P. Fernández, M. Ferreras, M. (2012). Control de la paratuberculosis. Pequeños Rumiantes. 13: 52- 59Peyrin, L. Gonzalez, F. Dubuquoy, L. Rousseaux, C. Dubuquoy, C. Decourcelle, C. Desreumaux, P. (2012). Mesenteric fat as a source of C reactive protein and as a target for bacterial translocation in Crohn's disease. Gut, 61(1). Pp: 78–85Pieper, L. Ulrike, I. Godkin, A. Trevor, D., Lissemore, K. Kelton, D. (2014) Management Practices Their Potential Influence on Johne’s Disease Transmission on Canadian Organic Dairy Farms—A Conceptual Analysis Sustainability. 6 Pp. 8237-8261Pimentel, A. Rocha, R. Santana, G. (2019). Crohn's disease of esophagus, stomach and duodenum. World journal of gastrointestinal pharmacology and therapeutics, 10(2). Pp: 35–49Pisanu, S. Cubeddu, T. Cacciotto, C. Pilicchi, Y. Pagnozzi, D. Uzzau, S. Addis, M. F. (2018). Characterization of paucibacillary ileal lesions in sheep with subclinical active infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Veterinary research, 49(1), 117Pospischil, A. (2015). Human y animal health on three continents a biography of the early life of Karl Friedrich Meyer (1884–1974). Pathogens y Disease, Volume 73, Issue 6, AugustPott, J. Basler, T. Duerr, C. Rohde, M. Goethe, R. Hornef, M. (2009). Internalization-dependent recognition of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis by intestinal epithelial cells. Cellular Microbiology. 11(12). Pp: 1802–1815Qasem, A. Naser, S. A. (2018). TNFα inhibitors exacerbate Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in tissue culture: a rationale for poor response of patients with Crohn's disease to current aPproved therapy. BMJ open gastroenterology, 5(1)-Qian, X. Wang, T. Shen, J. & Ran, Z. (2018). Low dose of azathioprine is effective to induce and maintain remission in active Crohn disease: A prospective observational study. Medicine, 97(34)Radostits, G. Gay, C. Hinchcliff, K. (2007). Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease). En: Veterinary Medicine. 10th ed. Elsevier Saunders. Londres. Reino Unido. Pp. 1017-1044Radostits, O. Blood, D. Gay, C. (1994). In: Veterinary Medicine, 8th Edit., Bailli6re Tindalls London, Pp. 841-850Raizman, E. Fetrow, J. WellsLoss, S. (2009). Loss of income from cows shedding Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis prior to calving compared with cows not shedding the organism on two Minnesota dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci. 92, Pp. 4929-4936Ramakrishnan, L. (2012). Revisiting the role of the granuloma in tuberculosis. Nature Reviews Immunology. 12. Pp: 352 – 366Ramírez, V. Rodríguez, B. Fernández, S. (2011). Diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico de paratuberculosis bovina en un hato lechero en Colombia. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 16(3), 2742-2753Rathnaiah, G. Zinniel, D. Bannantine, J. Stabel, J. Gröhn, Y. Collins, M. Barletta, R. (2017) Pathogenesis, Molecular Genetics, y Genomics of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the Etiologic Agent of Johne’s Disease.Front. Vet. Sci. 4:187Ratledge, C. (1982). Nutrition, Growth and Metabolism. En: Ratledge, C. y Stanford, J. editores. Physiology, Identification and Classification. The Biology of the Mycobacteria. Pp. Academic Press. London. Pp: 185-271Rosenberger, R. Sweeney, R. Whitlock, A. (1992). Mycobacterium paratuberculosis isolated from fetuses of infected cows not manifesting signs of the disease. Am. J. Vet. Res., 53. Pp.477-480Roberson, R. Oliver Cerf, Robin J. Condron, John A. Donaghy, Claus Heggum, Keiran Jordan. (2017). Review of the controversy over whether or not Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis poses a food safety risk with pasteurized dairy products dairy products. International dairy journal. Volume 73 Pp: 10-18Raja Atreya, Michael Bulte, Gerald-F Gerlach, Ralph Goethe, Mathias W. Hornef, Heike Kohler, Jochen Meens, Petra Mobius, Elke Roeb, Siegfried Weiss. (2014). Facts, myths and hypotheses on the zoonotic nature of mycobacterium avium subspecie paratuberculosis. International journal of medical microbiology. Volume 304 (7), Pp: 858-867Runyon, E. (1959). Anonymous Mycobacteria in Pulmonary Disease. Medical Clinics of North America, 43(1), 273–290.doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(16)34193-Rutgeerts, P. Feagan, B. Lichtenstein, G. Mayer, L. Schreiber, S. Colombel, J. (2004). Comparison of scheduled and episodic treatment strategies of infliximab in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 126: 402-13Salem, M. Ammitzboell, M. Nys, K. Seidelin, J. Nielsen, O. (2015). ATG16L1: A multifunctional susceptibility factor in Crohn disease. Autophagy, 11(4). Pp: 585–594Schukken, Y. Whitlock, R. Wolfgang, D. Grohn, Y. Beaver, A., VanKessel, J. Mitchell, R. (2015). Longitudinal data collection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections in dairy herds: the value of precise field data. Veterinary research, 46(1), Pp. 65Sechi, L. Dow, C. (2015). Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis Zoonosis - The Hundred Year War - Beyond Crohn's Disease. Frontiers in immunology, 6, 96Sergeant, E. McAloon, C. Tratalos, J. Citer, L. Graham, L. More, S. (2019) Evaluation of national surveillance methods for detection of Irish dairy herds infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. Paratuberculosis. Journal of Dairy Science. 102(3). Pp: 2525-2538Sevilla, I. (2007). Caracterización molecular, detección y resistencia de Mycobacterium avium subespecie paratuberculosis. Tesis doctoral. Universidad del País VascoShin, M. Seung, Shin, Myunghwan, J. Hongtae, P. Hyun, P. Han Sang, Y. (2015). Host gene expression for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in human THP-1 macrophages, Pathogens and Disease, Volume 73, Issue 5Shin, M. Park, H. Shin, S. Jung, M. Lee, S. Kim, D. Yoo, H. (2015). Host Transcriptional Profiles and Immunopathologic Response following Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection in Mice. PloS one, 10(10)Sidiq, T. Yoshihama, S. Downs, I. Kobayashi, K. (2016). Nod2: A Critical Regulator of Ileal Microbiota and Crohn's Disease. Frontiers in immunology, 7, 367Sigur, O. Dardo, T. PRESS, O. (2001). Uptake of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis through the Distal Small Intestinal Mucosa in Goats: An Ultrastructural Study. Veterinary pathology. 38. Pp:184–189Silva, K. Douglas, J. Karren, M. Auriol, C. Purdie, A. Navneet, K. Dhand, R. Whittington, R. (2013). Can early host responses to mycobacterial infection predict eventual disease outcomes? Preventive Veterinary Medicine 112 (3–4). Pp: 203-212Silva, K. Karren, A. Douglas, R. (2018). Defining resilience to mycobacterial disease: Characteristics of survivors of ovine paratuberculosis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 195. Pp: 5664Silva, F. Gatica, T. Pavez, C. (2019). Etiología y fisiopatología de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Revista medica clínica los condes. volumen 30 (4) Pp: 262-272Singh, A. Chauhan, D. Singh, S. Kumar, V. Yadav, V. (2016). Current status of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in animals & humans in India: What needs to be done? The Indian journal of medical research, 144(5). Pp: 661–671Singh, P. Katoch, V. Mohanty, K. K. & Chauhan, D. (2016). Analysis of expression profile of mce operon genes (mce1, mce2, mce3 operon) in different Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates at different growth phases. The Indian journal of medical research, 143(4). Pp: 487–494Singh, S. Davis, A. Taylor, G. Deretic, V. (2006). Human IRGM Induces Autophagy to Eliminate Intracellular Mycobacteria. Science, 313(5792). Pp: 1438–1441Singh, S. Kuenstner, J. Davis, W. Agarwal, P. Kumar, N. Singh, D. Dhama, K. (2016). Concurrent Resolution of Chronic Diarrhea Likely Due to Crohn's Disease and Infection with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. Frontiers in medicine, 3, 49Singh, S. Vihan, V. (2004). Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in goat milk, small Ruminant Research, 54, (3), Pp. 231-235Sohal, J. Arsenault, J. Labrecque, O. Fairbrother, J. Roy, J. Fecteau, G. L'Homme, Y. (2014). Genetic structure of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis population in cattle herds in Quebec as revealed by using a combination of multilocus genomic analyses. J Clin Microbiol.52. Pp. 2764–2775Stabel, J. Bradner, L. S. Robbe-Austerman, A. Beitz, D. (2014). Clinical disease y stage of lactation influence shedding of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis into milk y colostrum of naturally infected dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(10), PP. 6296-6304Stinson, K. Baquero, M. Plattner, B. (2018). Resilience to infection by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis following direct intestinal inoculation in calves. Veterinary research, 49(1), Pp. 58Sweeney, R. (2011). Pathogenesis of paratuberculosis. Veterinary clinics of north America: food animal practice. 27(3). Pp: 537-546Sweeney, R. Uzonna, A. Whitlock, R. Habecker, P. Chilton, P. Scott, P. (2006). Tissue predilection sites and effect of dose on Mycobacterium avium subs. paratuberculosis organism recovery in a shortterm bovine experimental oral infection model. Research in Veterinary Science. 80. Pp: 253–259Sweeney, R. Whitlock, R. Rosenberger, A. (1992). Mycobacterium paratuberculosis cultured from milk and supramammary lymph nodes of infected asymptomatic cows. Journal of clinical microbiology, 30(1). Pp: 166–171Teimoori, L. Samadpoor, S. Mehrtash, A. Ghadir, M. Vahedi, H. (2018). Among autophagy genes, ATG16L1 but not IRGM is associated with Crohn’s disease in Iranians. Gene, 675. Pp: 176–184Thorel, M. Krichevsky, M. Levy-Frebault, V. (1990) Numerical taxonomy of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria, emended description of Mycobacterium avium, and description of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium subsp. nov. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis subsp. nov. and Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum subsp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 40: 254-260Timms, V. Daskalopoulos, G. Mitchell, H. Neilan, B. (2016). The Association of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. PloS one, 11(2)Tiwari, A. VanLeeuwen, J. McKenna, S. Keefe, G. Barkema, H. (2006). Johne's disease in Canada Part I: clinical symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis, y prevalence in dairy herds. The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 47(9), Pp. 874–882Torres, J. Mehandru, S. Colombel, J.-F. & Peyrin-Biroulet, L. (2017). Crohn’s disease. The Lancet, 389(10080). Pp: 1741–1755Tracey, C. Pritchard, M. Coffey, K. Bond, M. Hutchings, E. (2017). Phenotypic effects of subclinical paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 100(1), Pages 679690Tschurtschenthaler, M. Adolph, T. Ashcroft, J. Niederreiter, L. Bharti, R. Saveljeva, S. Kaser, A. (2017). Defective ATG16L1-mediated removal of IRE1α drives Crohn's disease-like ileitis. The Journal of experimental medicine, 214(2). Pp: 401–422Tunkle, B. Aleraj, Z. (1965): The recovering of M. johnei in the semen of bull from one station for artificial insemination. Vet. Glasnik, 19, Pp. 845–849Twort, F. Ingram, G. Ingram, Y. (1912). A method for isolating y cultivating Mycobacterium enteritidis chronicae pseudotuberculosae bovis johne y some experiments on the preparation of a diagnostic vaccine for pseudotuberculosae enteritis of bovines. Proc Royal Soc Lond 84:517Ubhash, M. Kautilya, J. Parej, N. Swati, C. Srinivasa, P. Saroj, K. Pradyumna, K. Sahoo, A. Gregory, A. Santosh, C. (2019). The Crohn’s Disease Risk Factor IRGM Limits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Impeding Its Assembly and by Mediating Its Selective Autophagy, Molecular Cell, Volume 73, Issue 3. Pp: 429-445Uzoigwe, J. Khaitsa, M. Gibbs, P. (2007). Epidemiological evidence for mycobacterium avium subspecie paratuberculosis as cause of crohn`s disease. Epidemiology infects. Volume 135, Pp: 10571068Venkata S. Dukkipati, A. Ridler, K. Thompson, B. Buddle, B. Hedgespeth, M. Douglas J. Begg, J. Whittington, B. (2016). Experimental infection of New Zealand Merino sheep with a suspension of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) strain Telford: Kinetics of the immune response, histopathology and Map culture. Veterinary Microbiology, Volume 195, Pp: Pages 136-143Wang, J. Moolji, J. Dufort, A. Staffa, A. Domenech, P. Reed, M. Behr, M. (2015). Iron Acquisition in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Journal of bacteriology, 198(5). Pp: 857–866Waddell, L. Rajic, A. Stark, K. Mcewen, S. (2016). Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis detection in animals, food, water and other sources or vehicles of human exposure: A scoping review of the existing evidence. Preventive veterinary medicine. Volume 132 Pp: 32-48Wing Yan Mak, Ailsa L Hart, Siew C Ng. (2019). Crohn`s disease. Medicine, Volume 47 (6).Pp:377387Wayne, L. (1966) Classification and identification of mycobacteria. 3. Species within group 3. Am Rev Respir Dis 93. Pp: 919-928Whitlock, R. H., & Buergelt, C. (1996). Preclinical and Clinical Manifestations of Paratuberculosis (Including Pathology). Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 12(2), 345–356Whittington, R. Begg, D. de Silva, K. Purdie, A. Dhy, N. Plain, K. (2017). Case definition terminology for paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). BMC veterinary research, 13(1), Pp. 328Whittington, R. Begg, D. Silva, K. Karren, A. (2012). Comparative immunological and microbiological aspects of paratuberculosis as a model mycobacterial infection. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 148(1–2)- Pp: 29-47Whittington, R. Windsor, P. (2009). In utero infection of cattle with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: A critical review y meta-analysis. The Veterinary Journal.179Wu, C. Schmoller, S. Bannantine, J. Eckstein, T. Inamine, J. Livesey, M. Talaat, A. (2009). A novel cell wall lipopeptide is important for biofilm formation and pathogenicity of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Microbial pathogenesis, 46(4). Pp: 222–230Yu, Y. Rodriguez, J. (2017). Clinical presentation of Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis, and indeterminate colitis: Symptoms, extraintestinal manifestations, and disease phenotypes. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery, 26(6). Pp: 349–355Zamani, S. Zali, M. Aghdaei, H. Sechi, L. Niegowska, M. Caggiu, E. Feizabadi, M. (2017). Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and associated risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease in Iranian patients. Gut pathogens, 9, 1Zanten, G. Knudsen, A. Röytiö, H. Forssten, S. Lawther, M. Blennow, A. Jespersen, L. (2012). The effect of selected synbiotics on microbial composition and short-chain fatty acid production in a model system of the human colon. PloS one, 7(10), e47212Zarei, F. Geramizadeh, B. Khodakaram, A. (2019). Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis IS 900 DNA in biopsy tissues from patients with Crohn's disease: histopathological and molecular comparison with Johne's disease in Fars province of Iran. BMC infectious diseases, 19(1), 23Zhang, P. Minardi, L. Kuenstner, J. Kruzelock, R. (2017). Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis in Crohn's disease: a case report. Gastroenterology report, 5(4), Pp: 316–319Zielińska, A. Siwiński, P. Sobolewska, A. Wiśniewska, M. Fichna, J. Włodarczyk, M. (2019). The role of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. Pharmacological Reports, Volume 71, (1). Pp: 105-111Zielińska, M. Jarmuż, A. Wasilewski, A. Sałaga, M. Fichna, J. (2015). Role of Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Intestinal Inflammation and Visceral Pain: Novel Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Volume 21, Issue 2, 1, Pp: 419–427Enfermedades bacterianasInfecciones estreptocócicasPublicationORIGINAL11241912021124191202Trabajo de gradoapplication/pdf5206713https://dspace7-unillanos.metacatalogo.org/bitstreams/2ab3b2f7-819f-4f49-af6e-5c1e77299152/downloadca8530caa24fca43548e97282f0e7dabMD54Anexo 1Anexo 1Carta de autorizaciónapplication/pdf571797https://dspace7-unillanos.metacatalogo.org/bitstreams/d88c96d1-2393-4da4-95b7-31d6ec237110/download42627d3ec746be53ef72395ffefd67b2MD55LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814775https://dspace7-unillanos.metacatalogo.org/bitstreams/5697045f-f7b4-4c4e-a4b1-85e13cf488db/downloadf661acf14bedbf9f5d13897a0387e751MD56TEXT1124191202.txt1124191202.txtExtracted texttext/plain218519https://dspace7-unillanos.metacatalogo.org/bitstreams/60c6145b-7ac0-4e02-b6c6-84571dc3be50/downloadd127d211b6f50062e5c59dfa164d00d8MD57Anexo 1.txtAnexo 1.txtExtracted texttext/plain1https://dspace7-unillanos.metacatalogo.org/bitstreams/6936b5fb-efab-4f9c-b360-3a99c6025c20/download68b329da9893e34099c7d8ad5cb9c940MD59THUMBNAIL1124191202.jpg1124191202.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg7620https://dspace7-unillanos.metacatalogo.org/bitstreams/8fdf65f5-03b7-45b4-935c-becd8bb7be82/download7914463595a83b59cdd807347b19400aMD58Anexo 1.jpgAnexo 1.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg12035https://dspace7-unillanos.metacatalogo.org/bitstreams/4788e7e7-082f-41d2-809b-7b1c1f9c03e6/downloadd4d163bc09d6637f2b3cfb4cc60302a2MD510001/3244oai:dspace7-unillanos.metacatalogo.org:001/32442024-04-17 16:38:53.728https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Derechos Reservados - Universidad de los Llanos 2019open.accesshttps://dspace7-unillanos.metacatalogo.orgRepositorio Universidad de Los Llanosrepositorio@unillanos.edu.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

Patogénesis de la paratuberculosis y la enfermedad de Crohn ¿existe vínculo etiológico?

Publicaciones similares