Inseminación artificial en aves de corral: Una revisión de literatura

La inseminación artificial es una herramienta ampliamente usada en el país en muchas especies, sin embargo, su uso en avicultura es reducida. Esto gracias a que el avicultor comercial se limita a comprar aves terminales que se sacrifican después de la producción y se reemplaza con compra de nuevos a...

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Autores:
López Trejos, Norma Cristina
Muñoz Parra, Miguel Ángel
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2023
Institución:
Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional UTP
Idioma:
spa
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.utp.edu.co:11059/14839
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11059/14839
https://repositorio.utp.edu.co/home
Palabra clave:
630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::636 - Producción animal
Aves de corral
Reproducción animal
Producción avícola
Avicultura
Patos - Pavos
Reproducción
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
id UTP2_cb17fe74d72ef8e9cc1e171a2b353b82
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network_name_str Repositorio Institucional UTP
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Inseminación artificial en aves de corral: Una revisión de literatura
title Inseminación artificial en aves de corral: Una revisión de literatura
spellingShingle Inseminación artificial en aves de corral: Una revisión de literatura
630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::636 - Producción animal
Aves de corral
Reproducción animal
Producción avícola
Avicultura
Patos - Pavos
Reproducción
title_short Inseminación artificial en aves de corral: Una revisión de literatura
title_full Inseminación artificial en aves de corral: Una revisión de literatura
title_fullStr Inseminación artificial en aves de corral: Una revisión de literatura
title_full_unstemmed Inseminación artificial en aves de corral: Una revisión de literatura
title_sort Inseminación artificial en aves de corral: Una revisión de literatura
dc.creator.fl_str_mv López Trejos, Norma Cristina
Muñoz Parra, Miguel Ángel
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Echeverry López, Juan Carlos
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv López Trejos, Norma Cristina
Muñoz Parra, Miguel Ángel
dc.subject.ddc.none.fl_str_mv 630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::636 - Producción animal
topic 630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::636 - Producción animal
Aves de corral
Reproducción animal
Producción avícola
Avicultura
Patos - Pavos
Reproducción
dc.subject.lemb.none.fl_str_mv Aves de corral
Reproducción animal
Producción avícola
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Avicultura
Patos - Pavos
Reproducción
description La inseminación artificial es una herramienta ampliamente usada en el país en muchas especies, sin embargo, su uso en avicultura es reducida. Esto gracias a que el avicultor comercial se limita a comprar aves terminales que se sacrifican después de la producción y se reemplaza con compra de nuevos animales a compañías que se encargan de esta función y surten a los avicultores. Esta biotecnología se puede usar específicamente en la creación de nuevas líneas (Por parte de los productores y proveedores), y en animales exóticos como avestruces, patos, pavos y codornices, así como en la salvación de aves silvestres en vía de extinción. Esta técnica, sin embargo, es poco conocida. Este trabajo describe la técnica de colecta de semen en aves y su posterior uso por medio de inseminación artificial. Para la recopilación de la información se investigó en bases de datos como Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Académico utilizando palabras claves, criterios de inclusión como reportes del 2019 hasta la fecha actual y artículos de todos los países. Los criterios de exclusión fueron artículos anteriores al 2019 y artículos que se enfoquen en especies diferentes a las aves. Se describen los criopreservantes utilizados y los aditivos nuevos que se están empleando para mejorar las tasas de fertilidad. Se recomienda realizar trabajos de investigación en animales silvestres en cautiverio y en razas nativas con el fin de preservar estas especies.
publishDate 2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2023-10-23T15:44:12Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2023-10-23T15:44:12Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2023
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
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status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11059/14839
dc.identifier.instname.none.fl_str_mv Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
dc.identifier.reponame.none.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.utp.edu.co/home
url https://hdl.handle.net/11059/14839
https://repositorio.utp.edu.co/home
identifier_str_mv Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
Repositorio Institucional Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv Vaziri E, Maghsoudi A, Feizabadi M, Faraji-Arough H, Rokouei M. Scientometric evaluation of 100-year history of Poultry Science (1921–2020). Poult Sci [Internet]. 2022;101(11). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102134
Santiago-Moreno J, Blesbois E. Animal board invited review: Germplasm technologies for use with poultry. Animal [Internet]. 2022;16(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2022.100475
Fouad AM, El-Senousey HAK, Ruan D, Xia W, Chen W, Wang S, et al. Nutritional modulation of fertility in male poultry. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2020;99(11):5637–46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.083
Zanussi HP, Shariatmadari F, Sharafi M, Ahmadi H. Dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil as source of Omega-3 fatty acids improves seminal quality and reproductive performance in aged broiler breeder roosters. Theriogenology. 2019;130:41–8.
Thélie A, Grasseau I, Grimaud-Jottreau I, Seigneurin F, Blesbois E. Semen biotechnology optimization for successful fertilization in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Theriogenology. 2019;139:98–105.
Muvhali PT, Bonato M, Malecki IA, Cloete SWP. Minimum sperm dose for optimal fertility after artificial insemination in ostriches. Theriogenology [Internet]. 2022;187:34–41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.04.013
Matsuzaki M, Hirohashi N, Tsudzuki M, Haqani MI, Maeda T, Mizushima S, et al. Longer and faster sperm exhibit better fertilization success in Japanese quail. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2021;100(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.01.003
Huang HL, Liu HL, Cheng YS. Development of innovative marker detection methods for high-fertility ducks (Anas plastyrhynchos). Theriogenology [Internet]. 2023;197:275–82. Available from:
Tang B, Xie G, Hu X, Zhang X, Hu S, Hu J, et al. A comparative proteomic study of high and low semen quality seminal plasma in drakes. Poult Sci. 2022;101(11):1–9.
Brady K, Krasnec K, Long JA. Transcriptome analysis of inseminated sperm storage tubules throughout the duration of fertility in the domestic turkey, Meleagris gallopavo. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2022;101(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.101704
Izanloo H, Soleimanzadeh A, Bucak MN, Imani M, Zhandi M. The effects of glutathione supplementation on post-thawed Turkey semen quality and oxidative stress parameters and fertilization, and hatching potential. Theriogenology [Internet]. 2022;179:32–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.11.010
Fischer D, de Oliveira MJ, Baumgartner K, Will H, Wu S, Bosso P, et al. A pilot study about assisted reproduction in harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja) in the course of species conservation including collection, storage, and analysis of semen. Theriogenology. 2022;181:190–201.
Hu J, Hu B, Hu S, He H, Li L, Liu H, et al. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified crucial genes and pathways affecting sperm motility in the reproductive tract of drakes with different libido . Scientific section : Physiology and Reproduction. Poult Sci. 2023;
Thelie A, Bailliard A, Seigneurin F, Zerjal T, Tixier-Boichard M, Blesbois E. Chicken semen cryopreservation and use for the restoration of rare genetic resources. Poult Sci. 2019;98(1):447–55.
Petričáková K, Janošíková M, Ptáček M, Zita L, Savvulidi FG. Comparison of commercial poultry extenders modified for cryopreservation procedure in genetic resource program of Czech golden spotted hen. Anim Reprod Sci [Internet]. 2022;247. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107139
Blank MH, Ruivo LP, Novaes GA, Lemos EC, Losano JDA, Siqueira AFP, et al. Assessing different liquid-storage temperatures for rooster spermatozoa. Anim Reprod Sci. 2021;233.
Stanishevskaya O, Silyukova Y, Pleshanov N, Kurochkin A, Fedorova E, Radaev AA. A successful protocol for achieving anhydrobiosis of Gallus Gallus Domesticus spermatozoa while maintaining their fertility IN VIVO. Cryobiology [Internet]. 2022;104:102–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.11.002
Polsang S, Thananurak P, Polsang P, Inchaya S, Ponchunchoovong S, Chapanya J, et al. Effects of extenders and cryoprotectants on cryopreservation of Thai red junglefowl (Gallus gallus gallus) spermatozoa. Cryobiology [Internet]. 2022;106:48–54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.04.004
Łukaszewicz E, Jerysz A, Kowalczyk A. Effect of semen extenders on viability of ISA Brown and Hubbard Flex roosters’ sperm stored for 24 h. Poult Sci. 2020;99(5):2766–74.
Raei H, Karimi Torshizi MA, Sharafi M, Ahmadi H. Improving seminal quality and reproductive performance in male broiler breeder by supplementation of camphor. Theriogenology. 2021;166:1–8.
Behnamifar A, Rahimi S, Karimi Torshizi MA, Sharafi M, Grimes JL. Effects of dietary alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on the seminal parameters and fertility potential in aging broiler breeder roosters. Poult Sci. 2021;100(2):1221–38.
Sabzian-Melei R, Zare-Shahneh A, Zhandi M, Yousefi AR, Rafieian-Naeini HR. Effects of dietary supplementation of different sources and levels of selenium on the semen quality and reproductive performance in aged broiler breeder roosters. Poult Sci. 2022;101(10).
Yousefi M, Narchi M, Sharafi M, Borghei-Rad SM, Shahverdi A, Masoudi R. Rooster frozen-thawed semen quality following sublethal xanthine oxidase treatments. Anim Reprod Sci [Internet]. 2021;235. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106883
Sharideh H, Zhandi M, Zenioaldini S, Zaghari M, Sadeghi M. The effect of coenzyme Q10 on rooster semen preservation in cooling condition. Theriogenology [Internet]. 2019;129:103–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.02.028
Thananurak P, Chuaychu-noo N, Thélie A, Phasuk Y, Vongpralub T, Blesbois E. Sucrose increases the quality and fertilizing ability of cryopreserved chicken sperms in contrast to raffinose. Poult Sci. 2019;98(9):4161–71.
Masoudi R, Sharafi M, Pourazadi L, Dadashpour Davachi N, Asadzadeh N, Esmaeilkhanian S, et al. Supplementation of chilling storage medium with glutathione protects rooster sperm quality. Cryobiology [Internet]. 2020;92:260– 2. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.10.005
Pellegrini S, Orso GA, Marin RH, Guzman DA. The insemination status and social context influences quail laying and social behavior: A novel experimental set up. Poult Sci. 2023;102(2):1–11
Shaheen MS, Mehmood S, Mahmud A, Riaz A, Ahmad S. Interventions in mating strategies of broiler breeder during peak and post peak phase influence hatching traits. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2021;100(7). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101095
Shaheen MS, Mehmood S, Mahmud A, Riaz A. Effects of different mating strategies in broiler breeder during peak and postpeak phase on subsequent broiler performance. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2020;99(7):3501–10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.038
Partyka A, Niżański W. Advances in storage of poultry semen. Anim Reprod Sci. 2022;246.
Shaheen MS, Mehmood S, Mahmud A, Riaz A. Effects of different mating strategies in broiler breeder during peak and postpeak phase on subsequent broiler performance. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2020;99(7):3501–10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.038
Partyka A, Niżański W. Advances in storage of poultry semen. Anim Reprod Sci. 2022;246.
Najafi A, Daghigh-Kia H, Mehdipour M, Mohammadi H, Hamishehkar H. Comparing the effect of rooster semen extender supplemented with gamma oryzanol and its nano form on post-thaw sperm quality and fertility. Poult Sci. 2022;101(3):1–7.
Nazari M, Daghigh-Kia H, Mehdipour M, Najafi A. Comparison of the performance of targeted mitochondrial antioxidant mitoquinone and non- targeted antioxidant pentoxifylline in improving rooster sperm parameters during freezing and thawing. Poult Sci. 2022;101(9).
Surai PF, Kochish II, Romanov MN, Griffin DK. Nutritional modulation of the antioxidant capacities in poultry: the case of vitamin E. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2019;98(9):4030–41. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez072
Chauychu-noo N, Thananurak P, Boonkum W, Vongpralub T, Chankitisakul V. Effect of organic selenium dietary supplementation on quality and fertility of cryopreserved chicken sperm. Cryobiology [Internet]. 2021;98:57–62. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.12.008
Tyler NC, Namntu M, Ciacciariello M. Research Note: The effect of crude protein and calcium intake on fertility of male broiler breeders. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2021;100(9). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101284
Cheng X, Ma Y, Li X, Liu Y, Zhang R, Zhang Y, et al. Structural characteristics of speckled chicken eggshells and their effect on reproductive performance. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2023;102(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102376
Pourazadi L, Sharafi M, Torshizi MAK, Shahverdi A, Alizadeh AR. Modulatory effects of pioglitazone as a ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor on semen quality and fertility potential of broiler breeder roosters. Poult Sci. 2022;101(5):1–8.
Elokil AA, Abouelezz K, Adetula AA, Ahmad HI, Mo C, Sun C, et al. Investigation of the impact of gut microbiotas on fertility of stored sperm by types of hens. Poult Sci. 2020;99(2):1174–84.
Yang L, Li S, Mo C, Zhou B, Fan S, Shi F, et al. Transcriptome analysis and identification of age-associated fertility decreased genes in hen uterovaginal junction. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2021;100(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.005
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Oberska P, Michałek K. Aquaporins: New markers for male (in)fertility in livestock and poultry? Anim Reprod Sci. 2021;231.
Tesfay HH, Sun Y, Li Y, Shi L, Fan J, Wang P, et al. Comparative studies of semen quality traits and sperm kinematic parameters in relation to fertility rate between 2 genetic groups of breed lines. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2020;99(11):6139– 46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.088
Behnamifar A, Bernal B, Torres O, Luis-Chincoya H, GGil M, García-Casado P, et al. Research Note: Evaluation of two methods for adding cryoprotectant to semen and effects of bovine serum albumin on quality characteristics of cryopreserved rooster spermatozoa. Poult Sci. 2021;100(6):1–5.
Janosikova M, Petricakova K, Ptacek M, Savvulidi FG, Rychtarova J, Fulka J. New approaches for long-term conservation of rooster spermatozoa. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2023;102(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102386
Zong Y, Sun Y, Li Y, Mehaisen GMK, Yuan J, Ma H, et al. Effect of glycerol concentration, glycerol removal method, and straw type on the quality and fertility of frozen chicken semen. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2022;101(6). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.101840
Zaniboni L, Madeddu M, Mosca F, Abdel Sayed A, Marelli SP, Di Iorio M, et al. Concentration dependent effect of dimethylacetamide and N-methylacetamide on the quality and fertility of cryopreserved chicken semen. Cryobiology [Internet]. 2022;106:66–72. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.04.001
Mosca F, Zaniboni L, Abdel Sayed A, Madeddu M, Iaffaldano N, Cerolini S. Effect of dimethylacetamide and N-methylacetamide on the quality and fertility of frozen/thawed chicken semen. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2019;98(11):6071–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez303
Pérez-Marín CC, Arando A, Mora C, Cabello A. Fertility after insemination with frozen-thawed sperm using N-methylacetamide extender on the Combatiente Español avian breed. Anim Reprod Sci [Internet]. 2019;208. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106111
Rakha BA, Ansari MS, Akhter S, Akhter A, Blesbois E, Santiago-Moreno J. Effect of dimethylformamide on sperm quality and fertilizing ability of Indian red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus murghi). Theriogenology [Internet]. 2020;149:55–61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.03.023
Win Maung EE, Sushadi PS, Asano A. Polymyxin B neutralizes endotoxin and improves the quality of chicken semen during liquid storage. Theriogenology [Internet]. 2023;198:107–13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.027
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spelling Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)Manifiesto (Manifestamos) en este documento la voluntad de autorizar a la Biblioteca Jorge Roa Martínez de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira la publicación en el Repositorio institucional (http://biblioteca.utp.edu.co), la versión electrónica de la OBRA titulada: ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ La Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, entidad académica sin ánimo de lucro, queda por lo tanto facultada para ejercer plenamente la autorización anteriormente descrita en su actividad ordinaria de investigación, docencia y publicación. La autorización otorgada se ajusta a lo que establece la Ley 23 de 1982. Con todo, en mi (nuestra) condición de autor (es) me (nos) reservo (reservamos) los derechos morales de la OBRA antes citada con arreglo al artículo 30 dehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessEcheverry López, Juan CarlosLópez Trejos, Norma CristinaMuñoz Parra, Miguel Ángel2023-10-23T15:44:12Z2023-10-23T15:44:12Z2023https://hdl.handle.net/11059/14839Universidad Tecnológica de PereiraRepositorio Institucional Universidad Tecnológica de Pereirahttps://repositorio.utp.edu.co/homeLa inseminación artificial es una herramienta ampliamente usada en el país en muchas especies, sin embargo, su uso en avicultura es reducida. Esto gracias a que el avicultor comercial se limita a comprar aves terminales que se sacrifican después de la producción y se reemplaza con compra de nuevos animales a compañías que se encargan de esta función y surten a los avicultores. Esta biotecnología se puede usar específicamente en la creación de nuevas líneas (Por parte de los productores y proveedores), y en animales exóticos como avestruces, patos, pavos y codornices, así como en la salvación de aves silvestres en vía de extinción. Esta técnica, sin embargo, es poco conocida. Este trabajo describe la técnica de colecta de semen en aves y su posterior uso por medio de inseminación artificial. Para la recopilación de la información se investigó en bases de datos como Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Académico utilizando palabras claves, criterios de inclusión como reportes del 2019 hasta la fecha actual y artículos de todos los países. Los criterios de exclusión fueron artículos anteriores al 2019 y artículos que se enfoquen en especies diferentes a las aves. Se describen los criopreservantes utilizados y los aditivos nuevos que se están empleando para mejorar las tasas de fertilidad. Se recomienda realizar trabajos de investigación en animales silvestres en cautiverio y en razas nativas con el fin de preservar estas especies.Artificial insemination is a tool widely used in the country in many species, however, its use in poultry farming is limited. This is thanks to the fact that the commercial poultry farmer is limited to buying terminal birds that are slaughtered after production and replaced with the purchase of new animals from companies that are in charge of this function and supply the poultry farmers. This biotechnology can be used specifically in the creation of new lines (by producers and suppliers), and in exotic animals such as ostriches, ducks, turkeys and quails, as well as in the salvation of wild birds in danger of extinction. This technique, however, is little known. This work describes the technique of semen collection in birds and its subsequent use by means of artificial insemination. For the collection of information, databases such as Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar were investigated using keywords, inclusion criteria such as reports from 2019 to the current date and articles from all countries. The exclusion criteria were articles prior to 2019 and articles that focus on species other than birds. The cryopreservatives used and the new additives that are being used to improve fertility rates are described. It is recommended to carry out research work on wild animals in captivity and on native breeds in order to preserve these species.PregradoMédico(a) Veterinario(a) y Zootecnista19 Páginasapplication/pdfspaUniversidad Tecnológica de PereiraMedicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaFacultad de Ciencias de la SaludPereira630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::636 - Producción animalAves de corralReproducción animalProducción avícolaAviculturaPatos - PavosReproducciónInseminación artificial en aves de corral: Una revisión de literaturaTrabajo de grado - Pregradoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisVaziri E, Maghsoudi A, Feizabadi M, Faraji-Arough H, Rokouei M. Scientometric evaluation of 100-year history of Poultry Science (1921–2020). Poult Sci [Internet]. 2022;101(11). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102134Santiago-Moreno J, Blesbois E. Animal board invited review: Germplasm technologies for use with poultry. Animal [Internet]. 2022;16(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2022.100475Fouad AM, El-Senousey HAK, Ruan D, Xia W, Chen W, Wang S, et al. Nutritional modulation of fertility in male poultry. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2020;99(11):5637–46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.083Zanussi HP, Shariatmadari F, Sharafi M, Ahmadi H. Dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil as source of Omega-3 fatty acids improves seminal quality and reproductive performance in aged broiler breeder roosters. Theriogenology. 2019;130:41–8.Thélie A, Grasseau I, Grimaud-Jottreau I, Seigneurin F, Blesbois E. Semen biotechnology optimization for successful fertilization in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Theriogenology. 2019;139:98–105.Muvhali PT, Bonato M, Malecki IA, Cloete SWP. Minimum sperm dose for optimal fertility after artificial insemination in ostriches. Theriogenology [Internet]. 2022;187:34–41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.04.013Matsuzaki M, Hirohashi N, Tsudzuki M, Haqani MI, Maeda T, Mizushima S, et al. Longer and faster sperm exhibit better fertilization success in Japanese quail. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2021;100(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.01.003Huang HL, Liu HL, Cheng YS. Development of innovative marker detection methods for high-fertility ducks (Anas plastyrhynchos). Theriogenology [Internet]. 2023;197:275–82. Available from:Tang B, Xie G, Hu X, Zhang X, Hu S, Hu J, et al. A comparative proteomic study of high and low semen quality seminal plasma in drakes. Poult Sci. 2022;101(11):1–9.Brady K, Krasnec K, Long JA. Transcriptome analysis of inseminated sperm storage tubules throughout the duration of fertility in the domestic turkey, Meleagris gallopavo. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2022;101(4). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.101704Izanloo H, Soleimanzadeh A, Bucak MN, Imani M, Zhandi M. The effects of glutathione supplementation on post-thawed Turkey semen quality and oxidative stress parameters and fertilization, and hatching potential. Theriogenology [Internet]. 2022;179:32–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.11.010Fischer D, de Oliveira MJ, Baumgartner K, Will H, Wu S, Bosso P, et al. A pilot study about assisted reproduction in harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja) in the course of species conservation including collection, storage, and analysis of semen. Theriogenology. 2022;181:190–201.Hu J, Hu B, Hu S, He H, Li L, Liu H, et al. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified crucial genes and pathways affecting sperm motility in the reproductive tract of drakes with different libido . Scientific section : Physiology and Reproduction. Poult Sci. 2023;Thelie A, Bailliard A, Seigneurin F, Zerjal T, Tixier-Boichard M, Blesbois E. Chicken semen cryopreservation and use for the restoration of rare genetic resources. Poult Sci. 2019;98(1):447–55.Petričáková K, Janošíková M, Ptáček M, Zita L, Savvulidi FG. Comparison of commercial poultry extenders modified for cryopreservation procedure in genetic resource program of Czech golden spotted hen. Anim Reprod Sci [Internet]. 2022;247. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107139Blank MH, Ruivo LP, Novaes GA, Lemos EC, Losano JDA, Siqueira AFP, et al. Assessing different liquid-storage temperatures for rooster spermatozoa. Anim Reprod Sci. 2021;233.Stanishevskaya O, Silyukova Y, Pleshanov N, Kurochkin A, Fedorova E, Radaev AA. A successful protocol for achieving anhydrobiosis of Gallus Gallus Domesticus spermatozoa while maintaining their fertility IN VIVO. Cryobiology [Internet]. 2022;104:102–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.11.002Polsang S, Thananurak P, Polsang P, Inchaya S, Ponchunchoovong S, Chapanya J, et al. Effects of extenders and cryoprotectants on cryopreservation of Thai red junglefowl (Gallus gallus gallus) spermatozoa. Cryobiology [Internet]. 2022;106:48–54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.04.004Łukaszewicz E, Jerysz A, Kowalczyk A. Effect of semen extenders on viability of ISA Brown and Hubbard Flex roosters’ sperm stored for 24 h. Poult Sci. 2020;99(5):2766–74.Raei H, Karimi Torshizi MA, Sharafi M, Ahmadi H. Improving seminal quality and reproductive performance in male broiler breeder by supplementation of camphor. Theriogenology. 2021;166:1–8.Behnamifar A, Rahimi S, Karimi Torshizi MA, Sharafi M, Grimes JL. Effects of dietary alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on the seminal parameters and fertility potential in aging broiler breeder roosters. Poult Sci. 2021;100(2):1221–38.Sabzian-Melei R, Zare-Shahneh A, Zhandi M, Yousefi AR, Rafieian-Naeini HR. Effects of dietary supplementation of different sources and levels of selenium on the semen quality and reproductive performance in aged broiler breeder roosters. Poult Sci. 2022;101(10).Yousefi M, Narchi M, Sharafi M, Borghei-Rad SM, Shahverdi A, Masoudi R. Rooster frozen-thawed semen quality following sublethal xanthine oxidase treatments. Anim Reprod Sci [Internet]. 2021;235. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106883Sharideh H, Zhandi M, Zenioaldini S, Zaghari M, Sadeghi M. The effect of coenzyme Q10 on rooster semen preservation in cooling condition. Theriogenology [Internet]. 2019;129:103–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.02.028Thananurak P, Chuaychu-noo N, Thélie A, Phasuk Y, Vongpralub T, Blesbois E. Sucrose increases the quality and fertilizing ability of cryopreserved chicken sperms in contrast to raffinose. Poult Sci. 2019;98(9):4161–71.Masoudi R, Sharafi M, Pourazadi L, Dadashpour Davachi N, Asadzadeh N, Esmaeilkhanian S, et al. Supplementation of chilling storage medium with glutathione protects rooster sperm quality. Cryobiology [Internet]. 2020;92:260– 2. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.10.005Pellegrini S, Orso GA, Marin RH, Guzman DA. The insemination status and social context influences quail laying and social behavior: A novel experimental set up. Poult Sci. 2023;102(2):1–11Shaheen MS, Mehmood S, Mahmud A, Riaz A, Ahmad S. Interventions in mating strategies of broiler breeder during peak and post peak phase influence hatching traits. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2021;100(7). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101095Shaheen MS, Mehmood S, Mahmud A, Riaz A. Effects of different mating strategies in broiler breeder during peak and postpeak phase on subsequent broiler performance. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2020;99(7):3501–10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.038Partyka A, Niżański W. Advances in storage of poultry semen. Anim Reprod Sci. 2022;246.Shaheen MS, Mehmood S, Mahmud A, Riaz A. Effects of different mating strategies in broiler breeder during peak and postpeak phase on subsequent broiler performance. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2020;99(7):3501–10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.038Partyka A, Niżański W. Advances in storage of poultry semen. Anim Reprod Sci. 2022;246.Najafi A, Daghigh-Kia H, Mehdipour M, Mohammadi H, Hamishehkar H. Comparing the effect of rooster semen extender supplemented with gamma oryzanol and its nano form on post-thaw sperm quality and fertility. Poult Sci. 2022;101(3):1–7.Nazari M, Daghigh-Kia H, Mehdipour M, Najafi A. Comparison of the performance of targeted mitochondrial antioxidant mitoquinone and non- targeted antioxidant pentoxifylline in improving rooster sperm parameters during freezing and thawing. Poult Sci. 2022;101(9).Surai PF, Kochish II, Romanov MN, Griffin DK. Nutritional modulation of the antioxidant capacities in poultry: the case of vitamin E. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2019;98(9):4030–41. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez072Chauychu-noo N, Thananurak P, Boonkum W, Vongpralub T, Chankitisakul V. Effect of organic selenium dietary supplementation on quality and fertility of cryopreserved chicken sperm. Cryobiology [Internet]. 2021;98:57–62. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.12.008Tyler NC, Namntu M, Ciacciariello M. Research Note: The effect of crude protein and calcium intake on fertility of male broiler breeders. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2021;100(9). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101284Cheng X, Ma Y, Li X, Liu Y, Zhang R, Zhang Y, et al. Structural characteristics of speckled chicken eggshells and their effect on reproductive performance. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2023;102(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102376Pourazadi L, Sharafi M, Torshizi MAK, Shahverdi A, Alizadeh AR. Modulatory effects of pioglitazone as a ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor on semen quality and fertility potential of broiler breeder roosters. Poult Sci. 2022;101(5):1–8.Elokil AA, Abouelezz K, Adetula AA, Ahmad HI, Mo C, Sun C, et al. Investigation of the impact of gut microbiotas on fertility of stored sperm by types of hens. Poult Sci. 2020;99(2):1174–84.Yang L, Li S, Mo C, Zhou B, Fan S, Shi F, et al. Transcriptome analysis and identification of age-associated fertility decreased genes in hen uterovaginal junction. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2021;100(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.005Yang L, Zheng X, Mo C, Li S, Liu Z, Yang G, et al. Transcriptome analysis and identification of genes associated with chicken sperm storage duration. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2020;99(2):1199–208. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.021Oberska P, Michałek K. Aquaporins: New markers for male (in)fertility in livestock and poultry? Anim Reprod Sci. 2021;231.Tesfay HH, Sun Y, Li Y, Shi L, Fan J, Wang P, et al. Comparative studies of semen quality traits and sperm kinematic parameters in relation to fertility rate between 2 genetic groups of breed lines. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2020;99(11):6139– 46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.088Behnamifar A, Bernal B, Torres O, Luis-Chincoya H, GGil M, García-Casado P, et al. Research Note: Evaluation of two methods for adding cryoprotectant to semen and effects of bovine serum albumin on quality characteristics of cryopreserved rooster spermatozoa. Poult Sci. 2021;100(6):1–5.Janosikova M, Petricakova K, Ptacek M, Savvulidi FG, Rychtarova J, Fulka J. New approaches for long-term conservation of rooster spermatozoa. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2023;102(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102386Zong Y, Sun Y, Li Y, Mehaisen GMK, Yuan J, Ma H, et al. Effect of glycerol concentration, glycerol removal method, and straw type on the quality and fertility of frozen chicken semen. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2022;101(6). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.101840Zaniboni L, Madeddu M, Mosca F, Abdel Sayed A, Marelli SP, Di Iorio M, et al. Concentration dependent effect of dimethylacetamide and N-methylacetamide on the quality and fertility of cryopreserved chicken semen. Cryobiology [Internet]. 2022;106:66–72. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.04.001Mosca F, Zaniboni L, Abdel Sayed A, Madeddu M, Iaffaldano N, Cerolini S. Effect of dimethylacetamide and N-methylacetamide on the quality and fertility of frozen/thawed chicken semen. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2019;98(11):6071–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez303Pérez-Marín CC, Arando A, Mora C, Cabello A. Fertility after insemination with frozen-thawed sperm using N-methylacetamide extender on the Combatiente Español avian breed. Anim Reprod Sci [Internet]. 2019;208. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106111Rakha BA, Ansari MS, Akhter S, Akhter A, Blesbois E, Santiago-Moreno J. Effect of dimethylformamide on sperm quality and fertilizing ability of Indian red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus murghi). Theriogenology [Internet]. 2020;149:55–61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.03.023Win Maung EE, Sushadi PS, Asano A. Polymyxin B neutralizes endotoxin and improves the quality of chicken semen during liquid storage. Theriogenology [Internet]. 2023;198:107–13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.027PublicationORIGINALTRABAJO DE GRADO.pdfTRABAJO DE GRADO.pdfapplication/pdf130310https://dspace7-utp.metabuscador.org/bitstreams/251a49a2-1f67-4ed8-ab87-95ba0132c830/downloaddd45c578689529f6b2e91cbe4809ec5bMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://dspace7-utp.metabuscador.org/bitstreams/22937524-7fd8-437a-84d5-02544727362b/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTTRABAJO DE GRADO.pdf.txtTRABAJO DE GRADO.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain39693https://dspace7-utp.metabuscador.org/bitstreams/85c75b2e-2e31-4c33-a2c3-ca9344c111e2/downloadfc9da85a60cc0f837738b942ff5ff938MD53THUMBNAILTRABAJO DE GRADO.pdf.jpgTRABAJO DE GRADO.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg13562https://dspace7-utp.metabuscador.org/bitstreams/bb6e8c81-53d6-4de0-af8d-66d6d868efd2/download3e3fe41346e51f531f3c03e9a85401baMD5411059/14839oai:dspace7-utp.metabuscador.org:11059/148392024-09-05 16:50:10.047https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Manifiesto (Manifestamos) en este documento la voluntad de autorizar a la Biblioteca Jorge Roa Martínez de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira la publicación en el Repositorio institucional (http://biblioteca.utp.edu.co), la versión electrónica de la OBRA titulada: ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ La Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, entidad académica sin ánimo de lucro, queda por lo tanto facultada para ejercer plenamente la autorización anteriormente descrita en su actividad ordinaria de investigación, docencia y publicación. La autorización otorgada se ajusta a lo que establece la Ley 23 de 1982. Con todo, en mi (nuestra) condición de autor (es) me (nos) reservo (reservamos) los derechos morales de la OBRA antes citada con arreglo al artículo 30 deopen.accesshttps://dspace7-utp.metabuscador.orgRepositorio de la Universidad Tecnológica de 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