Experimental spray characterization of pyrolysis oil-diesel blend by effervescent atomization using high speed imaging

The utilization of plastic in everyday life has significantly increased due to its affordability, durability, versatility, lightweight, and hardness. However, the non-biodegradable nature of plastic has led to environmental pollution. Hence, this research focused on converting plastic waste into use...

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Autores:
P, Sai Karthik
N, Tamilarasan
Kalaiarasu, Balaji
R, Sakthivel
K A, Rameshkumar
P, Maadeswaran
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2025
Institución:
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional UTB
Idioma:
eng
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oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/14265
Acceso en línea:
https://doi.org/10.32397/tesea.vol6.n2.663
Palabra clave:
Pyrolysis, Polypropylene, Activation energy, kinetic parameters, diesel blending, Effervescent atomization
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openAccess
License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
id UTB2_cc66817564a0f074395f7a106a844393
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/14265
network_acronym_str UTB2
network_name_str Repositorio Institucional UTB
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Experimental spray characterization of pyrolysis oil-diesel blend by effervescent atomization using high speed imaging
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv Experimental spray characterization of pyrolysis oil-diesel blend by effervescent atomization using high speed imaging
title Experimental spray characterization of pyrolysis oil-diesel blend by effervescent atomization using high speed imaging
spellingShingle Experimental spray characterization of pyrolysis oil-diesel blend by effervescent atomization using high speed imaging
Pyrolysis, Polypropylene, Activation energy, kinetic parameters, diesel blending, Effervescent atomization
title_short Experimental spray characterization of pyrolysis oil-diesel blend by effervescent atomization using high speed imaging
title_full Experimental spray characterization of pyrolysis oil-diesel blend by effervescent atomization using high speed imaging
title_fullStr Experimental spray characterization of pyrolysis oil-diesel blend by effervescent atomization using high speed imaging
title_full_unstemmed Experimental spray characterization of pyrolysis oil-diesel blend by effervescent atomization using high speed imaging
title_sort Experimental spray characterization of pyrolysis oil-diesel blend by effervescent atomization using high speed imaging
dc.creator.fl_str_mv P, Sai Karthik
N, Tamilarasan
Kalaiarasu, Balaji
R, Sakthivel
K A, Rameshkumar
P, Maadeswaran
dc.contributor.author.eng.fl_str_mv P, Sai Karthik
N, Tamilarasan
Kalaiarasu, Balaji
R, Sakthivel
K A, Rameshkumar
P, Maadeswaran
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Pyrolysis, Polypropylene, Activation energy, kinetic parameters, diesel blending, Effervescent atomization
topic Pyrolysis, Polypropylene, Activation energy, kinetic parameters, diesel blending, Effervescent atomization
description The utilization of plastic in everyday life has significantly increased due to its affordability, durability, versatility, lightweight, and hardness. However, the non-biodegradable nature of plastic has led to environmental pollution. Hence, this research focused on converting plastic waste into useful renewable energy through an environmentally friendly process. Specifically, the decomposition of polypropylene waste from PPE kits, which contains a high proportion of polypropylene plastic, was investigated. Proximate, ultimate and TGA analyses were conducted to understand the chemical composition and the decomposition temperature of polypropylene. The activation energy and kinetic parameters of decomposition were calculated using three different methods: Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), and Starink model, yielding values in the range of 175 to 190 kJ/mol. The pyrolysis of polypropylene resulted in an oil yield of 31.1 percentage. The collected oil was analyzed using FTIR Spectroscopy. Furthermore, blending of pyrolyzed oil with diesel was carried out and assessed for fuel properties, which were compared to diesel properties. To characterize the spray of the biodiesel blend, an effervescent atomizer was fabricated, and stability variables were extracted from flow visualization using a high-speed camera. Therefore, it was concluded the decomposition of polypropylene plastic waste offers an opportunity to extract pyrolyzed oil, which can be blended with diesel for combustion by achieving fine sprays using an atomizer. This study can be further extended to investigate the development of new kind of atomizers to disintegrate the pyrolytic blend diesel oil. This study will also assist to examine breakup morphology and spray characterization using high speed imaging techniques.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2025-09-15 00:00:00
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2025-09-15 00:00:00
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2025-09-15
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.driver.eng.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.coar.eng.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.local.eng.fl_str_mv Journal article
dc.type.content.eng.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.version.eng.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.coarversion.eng.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.url.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.32397/tesea.vol6.n2.663
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.32397/tesea.vol6.n2.663
dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv 2745-0120
url https://doi.org/10.32397/tesea.vol6.n2.663
identifier_str_mv 10.32397/tesea.vol6.n2.663
2745-0120
dc.language.iso.eng.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.eng.fl_str_mv Kotiba Hamad, Mosab Kaseem, and Fawaz Deri. Recycling of waste from polymer materials: An overview of the recent works. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 98(12):2801–2812, December 2013. [2] Maocai Shen, Biao Song, Guangming Zeng, Yaxin Zhang, Wei Huang, Xiaofeng Wen, and Wangwang Tang. Are biodegradable plastics a promising solution to solve the global plastic pollution? Environmental Pollution, 263:114469, August 2020. [3] A. Aboulkas, K. El harfi, and A. El Bouadili. Thermal degradation behaviors of polyethylene and polypropylene. part i: Pyrolysis kinetics and mechanisms. Energy Conversion and Management, 51(7):1363–1369, July 2010. [4] Raaj R. Bora, Ralph Wang, and Fengqi You. Waste polypropylene plastic recycling toward climate change mitigation and circular economy: Energy, environmental, and technoeconomic perspectives. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 8(43):16350–16363, October 2020. [5] Oluniyi O. Fadare and Elvis D. Okoffo. Covid-19 face masks: A potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment. Science of The Total Environment, 737:140279, October 2020. [6] SATYENDRA SINGH Tomar, KRISHNA KANT KUMAR Singh, and SURESH PRASAD Singh. Low cost catalyst synthesized from coal fly-ash for regaining liquid fuel from hdpe and its kinetic analysis. Int. J. Chem. Petrochem. Technol, 3(2):31–40, 2013. [7] J Gersten. Kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of polypropylene, oil shale, and their mixture. Fuel, 79(13):1679–1686, October 2000. [8] Chunfei Wu and Paul T. Williams. Hydrogen production by steam gasification of polypropylene with various nickel catalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 87(3–4):152–161, April 2009. [9] YB Sonawane, MR Shindikar, and MY Khaladkar. Onsite conversion of thermoplastic waste into fuel by catalytic pyrolysis. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 03(09):15903–15908, September 2014. [10] Jeong-Geol Na, Byung-Hwan Jeong, Soo Hyun Chung, and Seong-Soo Kim. Pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene using synthetic catalysts produced from fly ash. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 8(2):126–132, September 2006. [11] Xianbin Xiao, Duc Dung Le, Liuyun Li, Xianliang Meng, Jingpei Cao, Kayoko Morishita, and Takayuki Takarada. Catalytic steam gasification of biomass in fluidized bed at low temperature: Conversion from livestock manure compost to hydrogen-rich syngas. Biomass and Bioenergy, 34(10):1505–1512, October 2010. [12] Su-Hwa Jung, Min-Hwan Cho, Bo-Sung Kang, and Joo-Sik Kim. Pyrolysis of a fraction of waste polypropylene and polyethylene for the recovery of btx aromatics using a fluidized bed reactor. Fuel Processing Technology, 91(3):277–284, March 2010. [13] Funda Ate¸s, Norbert Miskolczi, and Nikolett Borsodi. Comparision of real waste (msw and mpw) pyrolysis in batch reactor over different catalysts. part i: Product yields, gas and pyrolysis oil properties. Bioresource Technology, 133:443–454, April 2013. [14] J Ceamanos, J.F Mastral, A Millera, and M.E Aldea. Kinetics of pyrolysis of high density polyethylene. comparison of isothermal and dynamic experiments. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 65(2):93–110, December 2002. [15] R. W. J. Westerhout, J. Waanders, J. A. M. Kuipers, and W. P. M. van Swaaij. Kinetics of the low-temperature pyrolysis of polyethene, polypropene, and polystyrene modeling, experimental determination, and comparison with literature models and data. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 36(6):1955–1964, June 1997. [16] J. Yang, R. Miranda, and C. Roy. Using the dtg curve fitting method to determine the apparent kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition of polymers. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 73(3):455–461, January 2001. [17] Zhiming Gao, Tsuyoshi Kaneko, Iwao Amasaki, and Masahiro Nakada. A kinetic study of thermal degradation of polypropylene. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 80(2):269–274, January 2003. [18] Jin Woo Park, Sea Cheon Oh, Hae Pyeong Lee, Hee Taik Kim, and Kyong Ok Yoo. A kinetic analysis of thermal degradation of polymers using a dynamic method. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 67(3):535–540, March 2000. [19] J.R. Opfermann, E. Kaisersberger, and H.J. Flammersheim. Model-free analysis of thermoanalytical data-advantages and limitations. Thermochimica Acta, 391(1–2):119–127, August 2002. [20] V.L. Mangesh, S. Padmanabhan, P. Tamizhdurai, S. Narayanan, and A. Ramesh. Combustion and emission analysis of hydrogenated waste polypropylene pyrolysis oil blended with diesel. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 386:121453, March 2020. [21] S.D Sovani, P.E Sojka, and A.H Lefebvre. Effervescent atomization. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 27(4):483–521, January 2001. [22] Marc O. Wittner, Heike P. Karbstein, and Volker Gaukel. Spray performance and steadiness of an effervescent atomizer and an air-core-liquid-ring atomizer for application in spray drying processes of highly concentrated feeds. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, 128:96–102, June 2018. [23] V. Sivadas, K. Balaji, Antriksha Vishwakarma, and Sundar Ram Manikandan. Experimental characterization of a liquid jet emanating from an effervescent atomizer. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 142(6), March 2020. [24] C. Prabha, S. P. Arunkumar, H. Sharon, R. Vijay, A. Mohammed Niyas, P. Stanley, and K. Sumanth Ratna. Performance and combustion analysis of diesel engine fueled by blends of diesel + pyrolytic oil from polyalthia longifolia seeds. In NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND CHEMICALS FROM BIOMASS (NCECB), volume 2225, page 030002. AIP Publishing, 2020. [25] T. Sathish, Ümit A˘gbulut, Vinod Kumari, G. Rathinasabapathi, K. Karthikumar, N. Rama Jyothi, Sumanth Ratna Kandavalli, T. Vijay Muni, and R. Saravanan. Energy recovery from waste animal fats and detailed testing on combustion, performance, and emission analysis of ic engine fueled with their blends enriched with metal oxide nanoparticles. Energy, 284:129287, December 2023. [26] Ümit A˘gbulut, T. Sathish, Tiong Sieh Kiong, S. Sambath, G. Mahendran, Sumanth Ratna Kandavalli, P. Sharma, T. Gunasekar, P Suresh Kumar, and R. Saravanan. Production of waste soybean oil biodiesel with various catalysts, and the catalyst role on the ci engine behaviors. Energy, 290:130157, March 2024. [27] Suresh Vellaiyan. Optimization of pyrolysis process parameters for a higher yield of plastic oil with enhanced physicochemical properties derived from medical plastic wastes. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 36:101310, December 2023. [28] Suresh Vellaiyan. Energy extraction from waste plastics and its optimization study for effective combustion and cleaner exhaust engaging with water and cetane improver: A response surface methodology approach. Environmental Research, 231:116113, August 2023. [29] Suresh Vellaiyan, Davannendran Chandran, Ravikumar Venkatachalam, Krishnamoorthy Ramalingam, Raghunatha Rao, and Revathi Raviadaran. Maximizing waste plastic oil yield and enhancing energy and environmental metrics through pyrolysis process optimization and fuel modification. Results in Engineering, 22:102066, June 2024. [30] Fang Zhao, Zebin Ren, Bingbing Xu, Haiyang Zhang, and Cheng Fu. Brief overview of effervescent atomizer application. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1300(1):012043, August 2019. [31] Ibrahim Gbolahan Hakeem, Folorunsho Aberuagba, and Umaru Musa. Catalytic pyrolysis of waste polypropylene using ahoko kaolin from nigeria. Applied Petrochemical Research, 8(4):203–210, September 2018. [32] Sergey Vyazovkin, Alan K. Burnham, Loic Favergeon, Nobuyoshi Koga, Elena Moukhina, Luis A. Pérez-Maqueda, and Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli. Ictac kinetics committee recommendations for analysis of multi-step kinetics. Thermochimica Acta, 689:178597, July 2020. [33] Ranjeet Kumar Mishra, Abhisek Sahoo, and Kaustubha Mohanty. Pyrolysis kinetics and synergistic effect in co-pyrolysis of samanea saman seeds and polyethylene terephthalate using thermogravimetric analyser. Bioresource Technology, 289:121608, October 2019. [34] Rajnish Kumar Singh, Deeksha Pandey, Trilok Patil, and Ashish N. Sawarkar. Pyrolysis of banana leaves biomass: Physico-chemical characterization, thermal decomposition behavior, kinetic and thermodynamic analyses. Bioresource Technology, 310:123464, August 2020. [35] Kagdi Dhruvin Nileshkumar, RJ Jani, Tushar M Patel, and Gaurav P Rathod. Effect of blend ratio of plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel fuel on the performance of single cylinder ci engine. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Eng, 1(11):195–203, 2015. [36] J. S. Chin and A. H. Lefebvre. A design procedure for effervescent atomizers. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 117(2):266–271, April 1995. [37] Jan Nisar, Muhammad Anas Khan, Munawar Iqbal, Afzal Shah, Rafaqat Ali Khan, Murtaza Sayed, and Tariq Mahmood. Comparative study of kinetics of the thermal decomposition of polypropylene using different methods. Advances in Polymer Technology, 37(4):1168–1175, October 2016. [38] Jan Nisar, Maria Aziz, Afzal Shah, Iltaf Shah, and Munawar Iqbal. Conversion of polypropylene waste into value-added products: A greener approach. Molecules, 27(9):3015, May 2022. [39] Jhon Briceno, Maria Amélia Lemos, and Francisco Lemos. Kinetic analysis of the degradation of hdpe+pp polymer mixtures. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 53(5):660–674, January 2021. [40] S. Ch. Turmanova, S. D. Genieva, A. S. Dimitrova, and L. T. Vlaev. Non-isothermal degradation kinetics of filled with rise husk ash polypropene composites. Express Polymer Letters, 2(2):133–146, 2008. [41] Achyut Kumar Panda and Raghubansh Kumar Singh. Thermo-catalytic degradation of low density polyethylene to liquid fuel over kaolin catalyst. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 13(1):104, 2014.
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.eng.fl_str_mv Transactions on Energy Systems and Engineering Applications
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dc.relation.citationedition.eng.fl_str_mv Núm. 2 , Año 2025 : (In progress) Transactions on Energy Systems and Engineering Applications
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dc.rights.accessrights.eng.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.creativecommons.eng.fl_str_mv This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
dc.rights.coar.eng.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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dc.publisher.eng.fl_str_mv Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
dc.source.eng.fl_str_mv https://revistas.utb.edu.co/tesea/article/view/663
institution Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Digital Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
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spelling P, Sai KarthikN, TamilarasanKalaiarasu, BalajiR, SakthivelK A, RameshkumarP, Maadeswaran2025-09-15 00:00:002025-09-15 00:00:002025-09-15The utilization of plastic in everyday life has significantly increased due to its affordability, durability, versatility, lightweight, and hardness. However, the non-biodegradable nature of plastic has led to environmental pollution. Hence, this research focused on converting plastic waste into useful renewable energy through an environmentally friendly process. Specifically, the decomposition of polypropylene waste from PPE kits, which contains a high proportion of polypropylene plastic, was investigated. Proximate, ultimate and TGA analyses were conducted to understand the chemical composition and the decomposition temperature of polypropylene. The activation energy and kinetic parameters of decomposition were calculated using three different methods: Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), and Starink model, yielding values in the range of 175 to 190 kJ/mol. The pyrolysis of polypropylene resulted in an oil yield of 31.1 percentage. The collected oil was analyzed using FTIR Spectroscopy. Furthermore, blending of pyrolyzed oil with diesel was carried out and assessed for fuel properties, which were compared to diesel properties. To characterize the spray of the biodiesel blend, an effervescent atomizer was fabricated, and stability variables were extracted from flow visualization using a high-speed camera. Therefore, it was concluded the decomposition of polypropylene plastic waste offers an opportunity to extract pyrolyzed oil, which can be blended with diesel for combustion by achieving fine sprays using an atomizer. This study can be further extended to investigate the development of new kind of atomizers to disintegrate the pyrolytic blend diesel oil. This study will also assist to examine breakup morphology and spray characterization using high speed imaging techniques.application/pdfengUniversidad Tecnológica de BolívarSai Karthik P, Tamilarasan N, Balaji Kalaiarasu, Sakthivel R, Rameshkumar K A, Maadeswaran P - 2025https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://revistas.utb.edu.co/tesea/article/view/663Pyrolysis, Polypropylene, Activation energy, kinetic parameters, diesel blending, Effervescent atomizationExperimental spray characterization of pyrolysis oil-diesel blend by effervescent atomization using high speed imagingExperimental spray characterization of pyrolysis oil-diesel blend by effervescent atomization using high speed imagingArtículo de revistainfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Journal articleTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85https://doi.org/10.32397/tesea.vol6.n2.66310.32397/tesea.vol6.n2.6632745-0120Kotiba Hamad, Mosab Kaseem, and Fawaz Deri. Recycling of waste from polymer materials: An overview of the recent works. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 98(12):2801–2812, December 2013. [2] Maocai Shen, Biao Song, Guangming Zeng, Yaxin Zhang, Wei Huang, Xiaofeng Wen, and Wangwang Tang. Are biodegradable plastics a promising solution to solve the global plastic pollution? Environmental Pollution, 263:114469, August 2020. [3] A. Aboulkas, K. El harfi, and A. El Bouadili. Thermal degradation behaviors of polyethylene and polypropylene. part i: Pyrolysis kinetics and mechanisms. Energy Conversion and Management, 51(7):1363–1369, July 2010. [4] Raaj R. Bora, Ralph Wang, and Fengqi You. Waste polypropylene plastic recycling toward climate change mitigation and circular economy: Energy, environmental, and technoeconomic perspectives. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 8(43):16350–16363, October 2020. [5] Oluniyi O. Fadare and Elvis D. Okoffo. Covid-19 face masks: A potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment. Science of The Total Environment, 737:140279, October 2020. [6] SATYENDRA SINGH Tomar, KRISHNA KANT KUMAR Singh, and SURESH PRASAD Singh. Low cost catalyst synthesized from coal fly-ash for regaining liquid fuel from hdpe and its kinetic analysis. Int. J. Chem. Petrochem. Technol, 3(2):31–40, 2013. [7] J Gersten. Kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of polypropylene, oil shale, and their mixture. Fuel, 79(13):1679–1686, October 2000. [8] Chunfei Wu and Paul T. Williams. Hydrogen production by steam gasification of polypropylene with various nickel catalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 87(3–4):152–161, April 2009. [9] YB Sonawane, MR Shindikar, and MY Khaladkar. Onsite conversion of thermoplastic waste into fuel by catalytic pyrolysis. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 03(09):15903–15908, September 2014. [10] Jeong-Geol Na, Byung-Hwan Jeong, Soo Hyun Chung, and Seong-Soo Kim. Pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene using synthetic catalysts produced from fly ash. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 8(2):126–132, September 2006. [11] Xianbin Xiao, Duc Dung Le, Liuyun Li, Xianliang Meng, Jingpei Cao, Kayoko Morishita, and Takayuki Takarada. Catalytic steam gasification of biomass in fluidized bed at low temperature: Conversion from livestock manure compost to hydrogen-rich syngas. Biomass and Bioenergy, 34(10):1505–1512, October 2010. [12] Su-Hwa Jung, Min-Hwan Cho, Bo-Sung Kang, and Joo-Sik Kim. Pyrolysis of a fraction of waste polypropylene and polyethylene for the recovery of btx aromatics using a fluidized bed reactor. Fuel Processing Technology, 91(3):277–284, March 2010. [13] Funda Ate¸s, Norbert Miskolczi, and Nikolett Borsodi. Comparision of real waste (msw and mpw) pyrolysis in batch reactor over different catalysts. part i: Product yields, gas and pyrolysis oil properties. Bioresource Technology, 133:443–454, April 2013. [14] J Ceamanos, J.F Mastral, A Millera, and M.E Aldea. Kinetics of pyrolysis of high density polyethylene. comparison of isothermal and dynamic experiments. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 65(2):93–110, December 2002. [15] R. W. J. Westerhout, J. Waanders, J. A. M. Kuipers, and W. P. M. van Swaaij. Kinetics of the low-temperature pyrolysis of polyethene, polypropene, and polystyrene modeling, experimental determination, and comparison with literature models and data. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 36(6):1955–1964, June 1997. [16] J. Yang, R. Miranda, and C. Roy. Using the dtg curve fitting method to determine the apparent kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition of polymers. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 73(3):455–461, January 2001. [17] Zhiming Gao, Tsuyoshi Kaneko, Iwao Amasaki, and Masahiro Nakada. A kinetic study of thermal degradation of polypropylene. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 80(2):269–274, January 2003. [18] Jin Woo Park, Sea Cheon Oh, Hae Pyeong Lee, Hee Taik Kim, and Kyong Ok Yoo. A kinetic analysis of thermal degradation of polymers using a dynamic method. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 67(3):535–540, March 2000. [19] J.R. Opfermann, E. Kaisersberger, and H.J. Flammersheim. Model-free analysis of thermoanalytical data-advantages and limitations. Thermochimica Acta, 391(1–2):119–127, August 2002. [20] V.L. Mangesh, S. Padmanabhan, P. Tamizhdurai, S. Narayanan, and A. Ramesh. Combustion and emission analysis of hydrogenated waste polypropylene pyrolysis oil blended with diesel. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 386:121453, March 2020. [21] S.D Sovani, P.E Sojka, and A.H Lefebvre. Effervescent atomization. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 27(4):483–521, January 2001. [22] Marc O. Wittner, Heike P. Karbstein, and Volker Gaukel. Spray performance and steadiness of an effervescent atomizer and an air-core-liquid-ring atomizer for application in spray drying processes of highly concentrated feeds. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, 128:96–102, June 2018. [23] V. Sivadas, K. Balaji, Antriksha Vishwakarma, and Sundar Ram Manikandan. Experimental characterization of a liquid jet emanating from an effervescent atomizer. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 142(6), March 2020. [24] C. Prabha, S. P. Arunkumar, H. Sharon, R. Vijay, A. Mohammed Niyas, P. Stanley, and K. Sumanth Ratna. Performance and combustion analysis of diesel engine fueled by blends of diesel + pyrolytic oil from polyalthia longifolia seeds. In NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND CHEMICALS FROM BIOMASS (NCECB), volume 2225, page 030002. AIP Publishing, 2020. [25] T. Sathish, Ümit A˘gbulut, Vinod Kumari, G. Rathinasabapathi, K. Karthikumar, N. Rama Jyothi, Sumanth Ratna Kandavalli, T. Vijay Muni, and R. Saravanan. Energy recovery from waste animal fats and detailed testing on combustion, performance, and emission analysis of ic engine fueled with their blends enriched with metal oxide nanoparticles. Energy, 284:129287, December 2023. [26] Ümit A˘gbulut, T. Sathish, Tiong Sieh Kiong, S. Sambath, G. Mahendran, Sumanth Ratna Kandavalli, P. Sharma, T. Gunasekar, P Suresh Kumar, and R. Saravanan. Production of waste soybean oil biodiesel with various catalysts, and the catalyst role on the ci engine behaviors. Energy, 290:130157, March 2024. [27] Suresh Vellaiyan. Optimization of pyrolysis process parameters for a higher yield of plastic oil with enhanced physicochemical properties derived from medical plastic wastes. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 36:101310, December 2023. [28] Suresh Vellaiyan. Energy extraction from waste plastics and its optimization study for effective combustion and cleaner exhaust engaging with water and cetane improver: A response surface methodology approach. Environmental Research, 231:116113, August 2023. [29] Suresh Vellaiyan, Davannendran Chandran, Ravikumar Venkatachalam, Krishnamoorthy Ramalingam, Raghunatha Rao, and Revathi Raviadaran. Maximizing waste plastic oil yield and enhancing energy and environmental metrics through pyrolysis process optimization and fuel modification. Results in Engineering, 22:102066, June 2024. [30] Fang Zhao, Zebin Ren, Bingbing Xu, Haiyang Zhang, and Cheng Fu. Brief overview of effervescent atomizer application. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1300(1):012043, August 2019. [31] Ibrahim Gbolahan Hakeem, Folorunsho Aberuagba, and Umaru Musa. Catalytic pyrolysis of waste polypropylene using ahoko kaolin from nigeria. Applied Petrochemical Research, 8(4):203–210, September 2018. [32] Sergey Vyazovkin, Alan K. Burnham, Loic Favergeon, Nobuyoshi Koga, Elena Moukhina, Luis A. Pérez-Maqueda, and Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli. Ictac kinetics committee recommendations for analysis of multi-step kinetics. 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Thermo-catalytic degradation of low density polyethylene to liquid fuel over kaolin catalyst. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 13(1):104, 2014.Transactions on Energy Systems and Engineering Applications6118https://revistas.utb.edu.co/tesea/article/download/663/460Núm. 2 , Año 2025 : (In progress) Transactions on Energy Systems and Engineering Applications220.500.12585/14265oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/142652025-11-06 09:15:12.806https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0Sai Karthik P, Tamilarasan N, Balaji Kalaiarasu, Sakthivel R, Rameshkumar K A, Maadeswaran P - 2025metadata.onlyhttps://repositorio.utb.edu.coRepositorio Digital Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívarbdigital@metabiblioteca.com

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