Application of the Crow Search Algorithm to the Problem of the Parametric Estimation in Transformers Considering Voltage and Current Measures

The problem of the electrical characterization of single-phase transformers is addressed in this research through the application of the crow search algorithm (CSA). A nonlinear programming model to determine the series and parallel impedances of the transformer is formulated using the mean square e...

Full description

Autores:
Gracia-Velásquez, David Gilberto
Morales-Rodríguez, Andrés Steven
Montoya, Oscar Danilo
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2022
Institución:
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional UTB
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/11112
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/11112
https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11010009
Palabra clave:
Crow search algorithm
Single-phase transformers
Parametric estimation
Mathematical optimization
LEMB
Rights
openAccess
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
id UTB2_ca495448a9abd9fa4e5bd158681dd3c2
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/11112
network_acronym_str UTB2
network_name_str Repositorio Institucional UTB
repository_id_str
dc.title.es_CO.fl_str_mv Application of the Crow Search Algorithm to the Problem of the Parametric Estimation in Transformers Considering Voltage and Current Measures
title Application of the Crow Search Algorithm to the Problem of the Parametric Estimation in Transformers Considering Voltage and Current Measures
spellingShingle Application of the Crow Search Algorithm to the Problem of the Parametric Estimation in Transformers Considering Voltage and Current Measures
Crow search algorithm
Single-phase transformers
Parametric estimation
Mathematical optimization
LEMB
title_short Application of the Crow Search Algorithm to the Problem of the Parametric Estimation in Transformers Considering Voltage and Current Measures
title_full Application of the Crow Search Algorithm to the Problem of the Parametric Estimation in Transformers Considering Voltage and Current Measures
title_fullStr Application of the Crow Search Algorithm to the Problem of the Parametric Estimation in Transformers Considering Voltage and Current Measures
title_full_unstemmed Application of the Crow Search Algorithm to the Problem of the Parametric Estimation in Transformers Considering Voltage and Current Measures
title_sort Application of the Crow Search Algorithm to the Problem of the Parametric Estimation in Transformers Considering Voltage and Current Measures
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Gracia-Velásquez, David Gilberto
Morales-Rodríguez, Andrés Steven
Montoya, Oscar Danilo
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Gracia-Velásquez, David Gilberto
Morales-Rodríguez, Andrés Steven
Montoya, Oscar Danilo
dc.subject.keywords.es_CO.fl_str_mv Crow search algorithm
Single-phase transformers
Parametric estimation
Mathematical optimization
topic Crow search algorithm
Single-phase transformers
Parametric estimation
Mathematical optimization
LEMB
dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv LEMB
description The problem of the electrical characterization of single-phase transformers is addressed in this research through the application of the crow search algorithm (CSA). A nonlinear programming model to determine the series and parallel impedances of the transformer is formulated using the mean square error (MSE) between the voltages and currents measured and calculated as the objective function. The CSA is selected as a solution technique since it is efficient in dealing with complex nonlinear programming models using penalty factors to explore and exploit the solution space with minimum computational effort. Numerical results in three single-phase transformers with nominal sizes of 20 kVA, 45 kVA, 112.5 kVA, and 167 kVA demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach to define the transformer parameters when compared with the large-scale nonlinear solver fmincon in the MATLAB programming environment. Regarding the final objective function value, the CSA reaches objective functions lower than 2.75 × 10−11 for all the simulation cases, which confirms their effectiveness in minimizing the MSE between real (me asured) and expected (calculated) voltage and current variables in the transformer
publishDate 2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-09-23T21:09:09Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-09-23T21:09:09Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2022-06-06
dc.date.submitted.none.fl_str_mv 2022-09-22
dc.type.driver.es_CO.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.hasversion.es_CO.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.type.spa.es_CO.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.identifier.citation.es_CO.fl_str_mv Gracia-Velásquez DG, Morales-Rodríguez AS, Montoya OD. Application of the Crow Search Algorithm to the Problem of the Parametric Estimation in Transformers Considering Voltage and Current Measures. Computers. 2022; 11(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11010009
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/11112
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11010009
dc.identifier.instname.es_CO.fl_str_mv Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
dc.identifier.reponame.es_CO.fl_str_mv Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
identifier_str_mv Gracia-Velásquez DG, Morales-Rodríguez AS, Montoya OD. Application of the Crow Search Algorithm to the Problem of the Parametric Estimation in Transformers Considering Voltage and Current Measures. Computers. 2022; 11(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11010009
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/11112
https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11010009
dc.language.iso.es_CO.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.es_CO.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.cc.*.fl_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv 19 Páginas
dc.format.mimetype.es_CO.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.place.es_CO.fl_str_mv Cartagena de Indias
dc.source.es_CO.fl_str_mv Computers Vol. 11 N° 1 (2022)
institution Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/11112/1/computers-11-00009.pdf
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/11112/2/license_rdf
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/11112/3/license.txt
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/11112/4/computers-11-00009.pdf.txt
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/11112/5/computers-11-00009.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv d36672149dfa73d6d9da2441c7d17ea4
4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347
e20ad307a1c5f3f25af9304a7a7c86b6
c86da98b47b926db0865d8d1498b2e48
d95b3ccf4dd45d7b7f9e4aad50c95074
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional UTB
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorioutb@utb.edu.co
_version_ 1814021637972951040
spelling Gracia-Velásquez, David Gilberto80cc9da1-e5fd-4ce7-ac1b-31df3df77f26Morales-Rodríguez, Andrés Stevenad145c90-3910-4313-9027-a5838cb1fac7Montoya, Oscar Danilo8a59ede1-6a4a-4d2e-abdc-d0afb14d44802022-09-23T21:09:09Z2022-09-23T21:09:09Z2022-06-062022-09-22Gracia-Velásquez DG, Morales-Rodríguez AS, Montoya OD. Application of the Crow Search Algorithm to the Problem of the Parametric Estimation in Transformers Considering Voltage and Current Measures. Computers. 2022; 11(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11010009https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/11112https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11010009Universidad Tecnológica de BolívarRepositorio Universidad Tecnológica de BolívarThe problem of the electrical characterization of single-phase transformers is addressed in this research through the application of the crow search algorithm (CSA). A nonlinear programming model to determine the series and parallel impedances of the transformer is formulated using the mean square error (MSE) between the voltages and currents measured and calculated as the objective function. The CSA is selected as a solution technique since it is efficient in dealing with complex nonlinear programming models using penalty factors to explore and exploit the solution space with minimum computational effort. Numerical results in three single-phase transformers with nominal sizes of 20 kVA, 45 kVA, 112.5 kVA, and 167 kVA demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach to define the transformer parameters when compared with the large-scale nonlinear solver fmincon in the MATLAB programming environment. Regarding the final objective function value, the CSA reaches objective functions lower than 2.75 × 10−11 for all the simulation cases, which confirms their effectiveness in minimizing the MSE between real (me asured) and expected (calculated) voltage and current variables in the transformer19 Páginasapplication/pdfenghttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacionalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Computers Vol. 11 N° 1 (2022)Application of the Crow Search Algorithm to the Problem of the Parametric Estimation in Transformers Considering Voltage and Current Measuresinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Crow search algorithmSingle-phase transformersParametric estimationMathematical optimizationLEMBCartagena de IndiasGarcía, J.D.M.; Jimenez, J.D.M.; Quintero, S.X.C. Implementation of an Energy Management System in Colombian Manufacturing— A Methodological Approach. Trans. Energy Syst. Eng. Appl. 2021, 2, 9–14Guarín, S.; Velarde, S.; Castaño, E.; Molina-Cabrera, A. Construction and Simulation of a Planar Transformer Prototype. Trans. Energy Syst. Eng. Appl. 2021, 2, 1–7.Echeverri, M.G.; Rendón, R.A.G.; Lezama, J.M.L. Optimal Phase Balancing Planning for Loss Reduction in Distribution Systems using a Specialized Genetic Algorithm. Ing. Cienc. 2012, 8, 121–140Bocanegra, S.Y.; Montoya, O.D.; Molina-Cabrera, A. Sine-cosine optimization approach applied to the parametric estimation in single-phase transformers by considering voltage and current measures. Dyna 2021, 88, 19–27Biçen, Y.; Aras, F. Loadability of power transformer under regional climate conditions: The case of Turkey. Electr. Eng. 2014, 96, 347–358Al-Badi, A.H.; Elmoudi, A.; Metwally, I.; Al-Wahaibi, A.; Al-Ajmi, H.; Al Bulushi, M. Losses reduction in distribution transformers. In Proceedings of the International Multi Conference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, Hong Kong, China, 16–18 March 2011; Volume 2, pp. 948–952.Cortés-Caicedo, B.; Avellaneda-Gómez, L.S.; Montoya, O.D.; Alvarado-Barrios, L.; Chamorro, H.R. Application of the Vortex Search Algorithm to the Phase-Balancing Problem in Distribution Systems. Energies 2021, 14, 1282.Bocanegra, S.Y.; Montoya, O.D.; Molina-Cabrera, A. Parameter estimation in singe-phase transformers employing voltage and current measures (In Spanish). Rev. UIS Ing. 2020, 19, 63–75Mgunda, M.C. Optimization of Power Transformer Design: Losses, Voltage Regulation and Tests. J. Power Energy Eng. 2017, 5, 45–74.Illias, H.; Mou, K.; Bakar, A. Estimation of transformer parameters from nameplate data by imperialist competitive and gravitational search algorithms. Swarm Evol. Comput. 2017, 36, 18–26Icontec. NTC-3445 Transformadores Trifásicos Autorefrigerados, Tipo Seco Abierto y Encapsulado en Resina, Corriente sin Carga, Pérdidas y Tensión de Cortocircuito; Bogotá, Colombia, 1992Chapman, S. Electric Machinery Fundamentals; McGraw-Hill Series in Electrical and Computer Engineering; McGraw-Hill Companies: New York, NY, USA, 2005Calasan, M.; Mujiˇci´c, D.; Rubeži´c, V.; Radulovi´c, M. Estimation of Equivalent Circuit Parameters of Single-Phase Transformer by ´ Using Chaotic Optimization Approach. Energies 2019, 12, 1697Zhang, Z.; Kang, N.; Mousavi, M.J. Real-time transformer parameter estimation using terminal measurements. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Denver, CO, USA, 26–30 July 2015Feyzi, M.; Sabahi, M. Online Dynamic Parameter Estimation of Transformer Equivalent Circuit. In Proceedings of the 2006 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Shanghai, China, 14–16 August 2006.Krishan, R.; Mishra, A.K.; Rajpurohit, B.S. Real-time parameter estimation of single-phase transformer. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 7th Power India International Conference (PIICON), Bikaner, India, 25–27 November 2016Arenas-Acuña, C.A.; Rodriguez-Contreras, J.A.; Montoya, O.D.; Rivas-Trujillo, E. Black-Hole Optimization Applied to the Parametric Estimation in Distribution Transformers Considering Voltage and Current Measures. Computers 2021, 10, 124.Mossad, M.I.; Azab, M.; Abu-Siada, A. Transformer Parameters Estimation From Nameplate Data Using Evolutionary Programming Techniques. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 2014, 29, 2118–2123.Abdelwanis, M.I.; Abaza, A.; El-Sehiemy, R.A.; Ibrahim, M.N.; Rezk, H. Parameter Estimation of Electric Power Transformers Using Coyote Optimization Algorithm With Experimental Verification. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 50036–50044Calasan, M.; Jovanovic, A.; Rubezic, V.; Mujicic, D.; Deriszadeh, A. Notes on parameter estimation for single-phase transformer. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2020, 56, 3710–3718Elsayed, S.K.; Agwa, A.M.; El-Dabbah, M.A.; Elattar, E.E. Slime Mold Optimizer for Transformer Parameters Identification with Experimental Validation. Intell. Autom. Soft Comput. 2021, 28, 639–651Montoya, O.D.; Ramírez-Vanegas, C.A.; Grisales-Noreña, L.F. Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithm. Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2022, 12, 82. [Díaz, P.; Pérez-Cisneros, M.; Cuevas, E.; Avalos, O.; Gálvez, J.; Hinojosa, S.; Zaldivar, D. An Improved Crow Search Algorithm Applied to Energy Problems. Energies 2018, 11, 571Cortés-Caicedo, B.; Avellaneda-Gómez, L.S.; Montoya, O.D.; Alvarado-Barrios, L.; Álvarez-Arroyo, C. An Improved Crow Search Algorithm Applied to the Phase Swapping Problem in Asymmetric Distribution Systems. Symmetry 2021, 13, 1329.Oliva, D.; Hinojosa, S.; Cuevas, E.; Pajares, G.; Avalos, O.; Gálvez, J. Cross entropy based thresholding for magnetic resonance brain images using Crow Search Algorithm. Expert Syst. Appl. 2017, 79, 164–180Hussien, A.G.; Amin, M.; Wang, M.; Liang, G.; Alsanad, A.; Gumaei, A.; Chen, H. Crow Search Algorithm: Theory, Recent Advances, and Applications. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 173548–173565Chaudhary, A.; Agarwal, A.P.; Rana, A.; Kumar, V. Crow Search Optimization Based Approach for Parameter Estimation of SRGMs. In Proceedings of the 2019 Amity International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AICAI), Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 4–6 February 2019Shirke, S.; Udayakumar, R. Evaluation of Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) for Optimization in Discrete Applications. In Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI), Tirunelveli, India, 23–25 April 2019http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1ORIGINALcomputers-11-00009.pdfcomputers-11-00009.pdfapplication/pdf516986https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/11112/1/computers-11-00009.pdfd36672149dfa73d6d9da2441c7d17ea4MD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/11112/2/license_rdf4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83182https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/11112/3/license.txte20ad307a1c5f3f25af9304a7a7c86b6MD53TEXTcomputers-11-00009.pdf.txtcomputers-11-00009.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain56132https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/11112/4/computers-11-00009.pdf.txtc86da98b47b926db0865d8d1498b2e48MD54THUMBNAILcomputers-11-00009.pdf.jpgcomputers-11-00009.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg8105https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/11112/5/computers-11-00009.pdf.jpgd95b3ccf4dd45d7b7f9e4aad50c95074MD5520.500.12585/11112oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/111122022-09-24 00:18:37.938Repositorio Institucional UTBrepositorioutb@utb.edu.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