Detection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digital Social Networks for the Detection of Communities

The emergence of digital social networks has transformed society, social groups, and institutions in terms of the communi cation and expression of their opinions. Determining how language variations allow the detection of communities, together with the relevance of specifc vocabulary (proposed by th...

Full description

Autores:
Puertas, Edwin
Moreno-Sandoval, Luis Gabriel
Redondo, Javier
Alvarado‑Valencia, Jorge Andres
Pomares Quimbaya, Alexandra
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional UTB
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/10325
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/10325
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-021-09818-9
Palabra clave:
Sociolinguistic
Community discovery
Natural language processing
Social networks
Community detection
Rights
openAccess
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
id UTB2_71c4e00f6cdb61b4d7678b4fe31485a7
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/10325
network_acronym_str UTB2
network_name_str Repositorio Institucional UTB
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Detection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digital Social Networks for the Detection of Communities
title Detection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digital Social Networks for the Detection of Communities
spellingShingle Detection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digital Social Networks for the Detection of Communities
Sociolinguistic
Community discovery
Natural language processing
Social networks
Community detection
title_short Detection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digital Social Networks for the Detection of Communities
title_full Detection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digital Social Networks for the Detection of Communities
title_fullStr Detection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digital Social Networks for the Detection of Communities
title_full_unstemmed Detection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digital Social Networks for the Detection of Communities
title_sort Detection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digital Social Networks for the Detection of Communities
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Puertas, Edwin
Moreno-Sandoval, Luis Gabriel
Redondo, Javier
Alvarado‑Valencia, Jorge Andres
Pomares Quimbaya, Alexandra
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Puertas, Edwin
Moreno-Sandoval, Luis Gabriel
Redondo, Javier
Alvarado‑Valencia, Jorge Andres
Pomares Quimbaya, Alexandra
dc.subject.keywords.spa.fl_str_mv Sociolinguistic
Community discovery
Natural language processing
Social networks
Community detection
topic Sociolinguistic
Community discovery
Natural language processing
Social networks
Community detection
description The emergence of digital social networks has transformed society, social groups, and institutions in terms of the communi cation and expression of their opinions. Determining how language variations allow the detection of communities, together with the relevance of specifc vocabulary (proposed by the National Council of Accreditation of Colombia (Consejo Nacional de Acreditación - CNA) to determine the quality evaluation parameters for universities in Colombia) in digital assemblages could lead to a better understanding of their dynamics and social foundations, thus resulting in better communication policies and intervention where necessary. The approach presented in this paper intends to determine what are the semantic spaces (sociolinguistic features) shared by social groups in digital social networks. It includes fve layers based on Design Science Research, which are integrated with Natural Language Processing techniques (NLP), Computational Linguistics (CL), and Artifcial Intelligence (AI). The approach is validated through a case study wherein the semantic values of a series of “Twit ter” institutional accounts belonging to Colombian Universities are analyzed in terms of the 12 quality factors established by CNA. In addition, the topics and the sociolect used by diferent actors in the university communities are also analyzed. The current approach allows determining the sociolinguistic features of social groups in digital social networks. Its application allows detecting the words or concepts to which each actor of a social group (university) gives more importance in terms of vocabulary
publishDate 2020
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020-03-13
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-07-29T18:04:29Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-07-29T18:04:29Z
dc.date.submitted.none.fl_str_mv 2021-07-28
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.hasVersion.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.type.spa.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv Puertas, E., Moreno-Sandoval, L.G., Redondo, J. et al. Detection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digital Social Networks for the Detection of Communities. Cogn Comput 13, 518–537 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-021-09818-9
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/10325
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-021-09818-9
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
identifier_str_mv Puertas, E., Moreno-Sandoval, L.G., Redondo, J. et al. Detection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digital Social Networks for the Detection of Communities. Cogn Comput 13, 518–537 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-021-09818-9
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/10325
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-021-09818-9
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessRights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.cc.*.fl_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.format.size.none.fl_str_mv 20 páginas
dc.coverage.temporal.none.fl_str_mv Colombia
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Cartagena de Indias
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv Cognitive Computation 13(1):20
institution Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10325/1/Detection%20of%20Sociolinguistic%20Features%20in%20Digi_Edwin%20Alexander%20Puer.pdf
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10325/2/license_rdf
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10325/3/license.txt
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10325/4/Detection%20of%20Sociolinguistic%20Features%20in%20Digi_Edwin%20Alexander%20Puer.pdf.txt
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10325/5/Detection%20of%20Sociolinguistic%20Features%20in%20Digi_Edwin%20Alexander%20Puer.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 68e2aa0185cffe8dde3fccde3779dbaf
4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347
e20ad307a1c5f3f25af9304a7a7c86b6
8d02c0f7c8900387743acb45c9eaa67b
6cabb2fd50f7e14ece2d7cbb9bafa158
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional UTB
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorioutb@utb.edu.co
_version_ 1808397586623627264
spelling Puertas, Edwin5a1b1566-e112-43dc-8ac7-310ea9af8f05600Moreno-Sandoval, Luis Gabrielebd4011f-e093-46cc-97aa-9e841c4c41e2600Redondo, Javierbab4323b-be13-4e46-9eb9-11457622117eAlvarado‑Valencia, Jorge Andres902a19a4-4028-4417-95b1-293c7f1169cbPomares Quimbaya, Alexandraf50a0d31-dc2f-4e05-aa15-e82c9c3c60f0600Colombia2021-07-29T18:04:29Z2021-07-29T18:04:29Z2020-03-132021-07-28Puertas, E., Moreno-Sandoval, L.G., Redondo, J. et al. Detection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digital Social Networks for the Detection of Communities. Cogn Comput 13, 518–537 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-021-09818-9https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/10325https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-021-09818-9Universidad Tecnológica de BolívarRepositorio Universidad Tecnológica de BolívarThe emergence of digital social networks has transformed society, social groups, and institutions in terms of the communi cation and expression of their opinions. Determining how language variations allow the detection of communities, together with the relevance of specifc vocabulary (proposed by the National Council of Accreditation of Colombia (Consejo Nacional de Acreditación - CNA) to determine the quality evaluation parameters for universities in Colombia) in digital assemblages could lead to a better understanding of their dynamics and social foundations, thus resulting in better communication policies and intervention where necessary. The approach presented in this paper intends to determine what are the semantic spaces (sociolinguistic features) shared by social groups in digital social networks. It includes fve layers based on Design Science Research, which are integrated with Natural Language Processing techniques (NLP), Computational Linguistics (CL), and Artifcial Intelligence (AI). The approach is validated through a case study wherein the semantic values of a series of “Twit ter” institutional accounts belonging to Colombian Universities are analyzed in terms of the 12 quality factors established by CNA. In addition, the topics and the sociolect used by diferent actors in the university communities are also analyzed. The current approach allows determining the sociolinguistic features of social groups in digital social networks. Its application allows detecting the words or concepts to which each actor of a social group (university) gives more importance in terms of vocabularyapplication/pdf20 páginasenghttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacionalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Cognitive Computation 13(1):20Detection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digital Social Networks for the Detection of Communitiesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1SociolinguisticCommunity discoveryNatural language processingSocial networksCommunity detectionCartagena de IndiasInvestigadoresDumbill E. A revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think: An interview with the authors of big data. Big data. 2013;1(2):73–7.Meyerhoff M. Introducing sociolinguistics. Taylor & Francis Group: Routledge; 2015.Meyerhoff M. Introducing sociolinguistics. Routledge; 2018.Scott J. Social network analysis: developments, advances, and prospects. Social network analysis and mining. 2011;1(1):21–6.Zeinab Kafi, Khalil Motallebzadeh. An introduction to sociolinguistics. International Journal of Society, Culture & Language. 2016;4(2):134–40.Bryden J, Funk S, Jansen VA. Word usage mirrors community structure in the online social network twitter. EPJ Data Science, 2013;2(1):3.Ríos SA, Muñoz R. Dark web portal overlapping community detection based on topic models. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD workshop on intelligence and security informatics. 2012. p. 1–7.Nguyen D. A Seza Doğruöz, Carolyn P Rosé, and Franciska de Jong. Computational sociolinguistics: A survey Computational linguistics. 2016;42(3):537–93.Reynolds WN, Salter WJ, Farber RM, Corley C, Dowling CP, Beeman WO, et al. Sociolect-based community detection. In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics. 2013. p. 221–226, IEEE.Mansouri F, Abdelalim S, Ikram EA. A modeling framework for the moroccan sociolect recognition used on the social media. In Proceedings of the 2nd international Conference on Big Data, Cloud and Applications. ACM. 2017. p. 34.Gibson KR. Tool use, language and social behavior in relationship to information processing capacities. Tools, language and cognition in human evolution. 1993. p. 251-269.K Adnan, R Akbar. An analytical study of information extraction from unstructured and multidimensional big data. Journal of Big Data. 2019;6(1):91.Louwerse MM. Semantic variation in idiolect and sociolect: Corpus linguistic evidence from literary texts. Computers and the Humanities. 2004;38(2):207–21.Paradis RD, Davenport D, Menaker D, Taylor SM. Detection of groups in non-structured data. Procedia Computer Science. 2012;12:412–7.A Hussain, E Cambria. Semi-supervised learning for big social data analysis. Neurocomputing. 2018;275:1662–733.Li L, Wu L, Evans JA. Social centralization and semantic collapse: Hyperbolic embeddings of networks and text. CoRR, abs/2001.09493, 2020.Balaanand M, Karthikeyan N, Karthik S, Varatharajan R, Manogaran G, Sivaparthipan C. An enhanced graph-based semi-supervised learning algorithm to detect fake users on twitter. The Journal of Supercomputing. 2019;75(9):6085–105.Cavallari S, Cambria E, Cai H, Chang KC, Zheng VW. Embedding both finite and infinite communities on graphs [application notes]. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine. 2019;14(3):39–50.H Fani, E Jiang, E Bagheri, F Al-Obeidat, W Du, M Kargar. User community detection via embedding of social network structure and temporal content. Information Processing & Management. 2020;57(2):102056.Park C, Han J, Yu H. Deep multiplex graph infomax: Attentive multiplex network embedding using global information. Knowledge-Based Systems. 2020. p.105861.Liu P, Zhang L, Gulla JA. Real-time social recommendation based on graph embedding and temporal context. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 2019;121:58–72.Tkachenko N, Guo W. Conflict detection in linguistically diverse on-line social networks: A russia-ukraine case study. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Management of Digital EcoSystems, MEDES ’19. Association for Computing Machinery. New York, NY, USA. 2019. p. 23-28.E Cambria. Affective computing and sentiment analysis. IEEE intelligent systems. 2016;31(2):102–7.Poria S, Chaturvedi I, Cambria E, Bisio F. Sentic lda: Improving on lda with semantic similarity for aspect-based sentiment analysis. In 2016 international joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN). 2016. p. 4465–4473, IEEE.Hevner A, Chatterjee S. Design research in information systems: theory and practice. Springer Science & Business Media. 2010;2.González RA, Pomares A. La investigación científica basada en el diseño como eje de proyectos de investigación en ingeniería. Reunión Nacional ACOFI. 2012. p. 12–14.Kietzmann JH, Hermkens K, McCarthy IP, Silvestre BS. Social media? get serious! understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business horizons. 2011;54(3):241–51.Española RA. Banco de datos (CREA). Corpus de referencia del español actual. 2015. p. 2011–10.Spitkovsky VI, Alshawi H, Chang AX, Jurafsky D. Unsupervised dependency parsing without gold part-of-speech tags. In Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics. Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. 2011. p. 1281–1290Khurshid A, Gillam L, Tostevin L. University of surrey participation in trec8: Weirdness indexing for logical document extrapolation and retrieval (wilder). In The Eighth Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-8). Gaithersburg, Maryland. 1999. p. 1–8.Joseph K, Carley KM, Hong JI. Check-ins in blau space applying blau macrosociological theory to foursquare check-ins from new york city. ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST). 2014;5(3):1–22.Park Y, Alam MH, Ryu WJ, and Sangkeun Lee. Bl-lda: Bringing bigram to supervised topic model. In 2015 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI). 2015. p. 83–88, IEEECamacho D, Panizo-LLedot A, Bello-Orgaz G, Gonzalez-Pardo A, Cambria E. The four dimensions of social network analysis: An overview of research methods, applications, and software tools. Information Fusion. 2020;63:88–120.Varelo AR. Hacia un modelo de aseguramiento de la calidad en la educación superior en colombia: estándares básicos y acreditación de excelencia. Educación superior, calidad y acreditación. CNA., 2003.Park Y, Alam MH, Ryu WJ, and Sangkeun Lee. Bl-lda: Bringing bigram to supervised topic model. In 2015 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI). 2015. p. 83–88, IEEEDamani OP, Ghonge S. Appropriately incorporating statistical significance in pmi. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics. 2013. p. 163–169.Arora S, Li Y, Liang Y, Ma T, Risteski A. A latent variable model approach to pmi-based word embeddings. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 2016;4:385–99.Ahmad K, Gillman L, Tostevin L. Weirdness indexing for logical document extrapolation and retrieval. In Proceedings of the Eighth Text Retrieval Conference (TREC-8). 2000. p. 1–8.http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1ORIGINALDetection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digi_Edwin Alexander Puer.pdfDetection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digi_Edwin Alexander Puer.pdfapplication/pdf4257871https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10325/1/Detection%20of%20Sociolinguistic%20Features%20in%20Digi_Edwin%20Alexander%20Puer.pdf68e2aa0185cffe8dde3fccde3779dbafMD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10325/2/license_rdf4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83182https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10325/3/license.txte20ad307a1c5f3f25af9304a7a7c86b6MD53TEXTDetection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digi_Edwin Alexander Puer.pdf.txtDetection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digi_Edwin Alexander Puer.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain46569https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10325/4/Detection%20of%20Sociolinguistic%20Features%20in%20Digi_Edwin%20Alexander%20Puer.pdf.txt8d02c0f7c8900387743acb45c9eaa67bMD54THUMBNAILDetection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digi_Edwin Alexander Puer.pdf.jpgDetection of Sociolinguistic Features in Digi_Edwin Alexander Puer.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg104665https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10325/5/Detection%20of%20Sociolinguistic%20Features%20in%20Digi_Edwin%20Alexander%20Puer.pdf.jpg6cabb2fd50f7e14ece2d7cbb9bafa158MD5520.500.12585/10325oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/103252021-07-31 02:07:18.452Repositorio Institucional UTBrepositorioutb@utb.edu.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