Characterization of the Morphological and Chemical Profile of Different Families of Microplastics in Samples of Breathable Air

Microplastic (MP) contamination has become a problem of great interest to the community at large. The detection of these particles in different ecosystems and foods has been the subject of study. However, the focus of these investigations has been on the identification and quantification of PM by DS...

Full description

Autores:
Hernandez-Fernandez, Joaquín
Puello-Polo, Esneyder
Castro-Suarez, John R
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2023
Institución:
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional UTB
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/12089
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/12089
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031042
Palabra clave:
Microplastics
Respirable air
Morphological profile
Pollution
DSC
Pyr-GC/MS
LEMB
Rights
openAccess
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
id UTB2_66241c6ae0dcc3bf129afd045c524b2d
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/12089
network_acronym_str UTB2
network_name_str Repositorio Institucional UTB
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Characterization of the Morphological and Chemical Profile of Different Families of Microplastics in Samples of Breathable Air
title Characterization of the Morphological and Chemical Profile of Different Families of Microplastics in Samples of Breathable Air
spellingShingle Characterization of the Morphological and Chemical Profile of Different Families of Microplastics in Samples of Breathable Air
Microplastics
Respirable air
Morphological profile
Pollution
DSC
Pyr-GC/MS
LEMB
title_short Characterization of the Morphological and Chemical Profile of Different Families of Microplastics in Samples of Breathable Air
title_full Characterization of the Morphological and Chemical Profile of Different Families of Microplastics in Samples of Breathable Air
title_fullStr Characterization of the Morphological and Chemical Profile of Different Families of Microplastics in Samples of Breathable Air
title_full_unstemmed Characterization of the Morphological and Chemical Profile of Different Families of Microplastics in Samples of Breathable Air
title_sort Characterization of the Morphological and Chemical Profile of Different Families of Microplastics in Samples of Breathable Air
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Hernandez-Fernandez, Joaquín
Puello-Polo, Esneyder
Castro-Suarez, John R
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Hernandez-Fernandez, Joaquín
Puello-Polo, Esneyder
Castro-Suarez, John R
dc.subject.keywords.spa.fl_str_mv Microplastics
Respirable air
Morphological profile
Pollution
DSC
Pyr-GC/MS
topic Microplastics
Respirable air
Morphological profile
Pollution
DSC
Pyr-GC/MS
LEMB
dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv LEMB
description Microplastic (MP) contamination has become a problem of great interest to the community at large. The detection of these particles in different ecosystems and foods has been the subject of study. However, the focus of these investigations has been on the identification and quantification of PM by DSC and Pyr-GC/MS and not on how they are transported to reach the air we breathe. In this study, the values of morphological parameters for plastic particles in a range between 1 and 2000 µm, present in the breathable air of 20 neighborhoods in the city of Cartagena, Colombia, were obtained to determine the characteristics that make these particles airborne. The values of parameters were obtained, such as roundness, sphericity, curvature, and the convexity of the particle, as well as its compactness and size, which influence its transport through the air and its ability to be ingested and inhaled. The data obtained in this study allows for simulations and the analysis of the behavior of microplastics once in the environment to predict future settlements. The DSC showed us the melting temperatures of PP, PE, PET, and PS, the Pyr-GC/MS showed the fragmentation patterns, and the presence of these MPs in the samples was confirmed.
publishDate 2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2023-06-15T13:44:21Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2023-06-15T13:44:21Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2023-01-20
dc.date.submitted.none.fl_str_mv 2023-06-14
dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcce
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.hasversion.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/draft
dc.type.spa.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
status_str draft
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv Hernández-Fernández, J.; Puello-Polo, E.; Castro-Suarez, J.R. Characterization of the Morphological and Chemical Profile of Different Families of Microplastics in Samples of Breathable Air. Molecules 2023,28,1042.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031042
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/12089
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031042
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
identifier_str_mv Hernández-Fernández, J.; Puello-Polo, E.; Castro-Suarez, J.R. Characterization of the Morphological and Chemical Profile of Different Families of Microplastics in Samples of Breathable Air. Molecules 2023,28,1042.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031042
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/12089
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031042
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.cc.*.fl_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv 15 Páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Cartagena de Indias
dc.publisher.sede.spa.fl_str_mv Campus Tecnológico
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv Molecules - Vol. 28 No. 3 (2023)
institution Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12089/1/molecules-28-01042-v3.pdf
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12089/2/license_rdf
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12089/3/license.txt
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12089/4/molecules-28-01042-v3.pdf.txt
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12089/5/molecules-28-01042-v3.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv f647561412164f27dc95220e242afa3a
4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347
e20ad307a1c5f3f25af9304a7a7c86b6
e16365eaab84f34eb8f0d668bfe373e2
a5468e18a015a4080b906f14c6fa7eaa
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional UTB
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorioutb@utb.edu.co
_version_ 1814021576310390784
spelling Hernandez-Fernandez, Joaquín3d23cc40-8b37-40e5-b3e2-314ba827d68dPuello-Polo, Esneyderc7c2c83b-c3c0-4db0-a37b-0e98f7da05c0Castro-Suarez, John Re2326948-21b0-4572-aa06-ed6fc206a6e92023-06-15T13:44:21Z2023-06-15T13:44:21Z2023-01-202023-06-14Hernández-Fernández, J.; Puello-Polo, E.; Castro-Suarez, J.R. Characterization of the Morphological and Chemical Profile of Different Families of Microplastics in Samples of Breathable Air. Molecules 2023,28,1042.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031042https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/12089https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031042Universidad Tecnológica de BolívarRepositorio Universidad Tecnológica de BolívarMicroplastic (MP) contamination has become a problem of great interest to the community at large. The detection of these particles in different ecosystems and foods has been the subject of study. However, the focus of these investigations has been on the identification and quantification of PM by DSC and Pyr-GC/MS and not on how they are transported to reach the air we breathe. In this study, the values of morphological parameters for plastic particles in a range between 1 and 2000 µm, present in the breathable air of 20 neighborhoods in the city of Cartagena, Colombia, were obtained to determine the characteristics that make these particles airborne. The values of parameters were obtained, such as roundness, sphericity, curvature, and the convexity of the particle, as well as its compactness and size, which influence its transport through the air and its ability to be ingested and inhaled. The data obtained in this study allows for simulations and the analysis of the behavior of microplastics once in the environment to predict future settlements. The DSC showed us the melting temperatures of PP, PE, PET, and PS, the Pyr-GC/MS showed the fragmentation patterns, and the presence of these MPs in the samples was confirmed.15 Páginasapplication/pdfenghttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacionalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Molecules - Vol. 28 No. 3 (2023)Characterization of the Morphological and Chemical Profile of Different Families of Microplastics in Samples of Breathable Airinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/drafthttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcceMicroplasticsRespirable airMorphological profilePollutionDSCPyr-GC/MSLEMBCartagena de IndiasCampus TecnológicoChen, G.; Feng, Q.; Wang, J. Mini-Review of Microplastics in the Atmosphere and Their Risks to Humans. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 703, 135504Cox, K.D.; Covernton, G.A.; Davies, H.L.; Dower, J.F.; Juanes, F.; Dudas, S.E. Human Consumption of Microplastics. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 7068–7074.Eerkes-Medrano, D.; Leslie, H.A.; Quinn, B. Microplastics in Drinking Water: A Review and Assessment. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health 2019, 7, 69–75Castelvetro, V.; Corti, A.; Biale, G.; Ceccarini, A.; Degano, I.; La Nasa, J.; Lomonaco, T.; Manariti, A.; Manco, E.; Modugno, F.; et al. New Methodologies for the Detection, Identification, and Quantification of Microplastics and Their Environmental Degradation by-Products. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021, 28, 46764–46780Leslie, H.A.; van Velzen, M.J.M.; Brandsma, S.H.; Vethaak, A.D.; Garcia-Vallejo, J.J.; Lamoree, M.H. Discovery and Quantification of Plastic Particle Pollution in Human Blood. Environ. Int. 2022, 163, 107199Yuan, Z.; Nag, R.; Cummins, E. Human Health Concerns Regarding Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment—From Marine to Food Systems. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 823, 153730Jiang, B.; Kauffman, A.E.; Li, L.; McFee, W.; Cai, B.; Weinstein, J.; Lead, J.R.; Chatterjee, S.; Scott, G.I.; Xiao, S. Health Impacts of Environmental Contamination of Micro- and Nanoplastics: A Review. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2020, 25, 29Kannan, K.; Vimalkumar, K. A Review of Human Exposure to Microplastics and Insights Into Microplastics as Obesogens. Front. Endocrinol. 2021, 12, 724989.Pironti, C.; Ricciardi, M.; Motta, O.; Miele, Y.; Proto, A.; Montano, L. Microplastics in the Environment: Intake through the Food Web, Human Exposure and Toxicological Effects. Toxics 2021, 9, 224Campanale, C.; Massarelli, C.; Savino, I.; Locaputo, V.; Uricchio, V.F. A Detailed Review Study on Potential Effects of Microplastics and Additives of Concern on Human Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2020, 17, 1212.Kumar, R.; Sharma, P.; Verma, A.; Jha, P.K.; Singh, P.; Gupta, P.K.; Chandra, R.; Prasad, P.V.V. Effect of Physical Characteristics and Hydrodynamic Conditions on Transport and Deposition of Microplastics in Riverine Ecosystem. Water 2021, 13, 2710.Chubarenko, I.; Bagaev, A.; Zobkov, M.; Esiukova, E. On Some Physical and Dynamical Properties of Microplastic Particles in Marine Environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2016, 108, 105–112.Chubarenko, I.; Esiukova, E.; Bagaev, A.; Isachenko, I.; Demchenko, N.; Zobkov, M.; Efimova, I.; Bagaeva, M.; Khatmullina, L. Chapter 6—Behavior of Microplastics in Coastal Zones. In Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments; Zeng, E.Y., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2018; pp. 175–223. ISBN 978-0-12-813747-5.Sitti, M. Physical Intelligence as a New Paradigm. Extreme Mech. Lett. 2021, 46, 101340.Rocha-Santos, T.; Duarte, A.C. Characterization and Analysis of Microplastics; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; ISBN 978-0-444-63899-1.Cowger, W.; Gray, A.; Christiansen, S.H.; De Frond, H.; Deshpande, A.D.; Hemabessiere, L.; Lee, E.; Mill, L.; Munno, K.; Sarau, G.; et al. Critical Review of Processing and Classification Techniques for Images and Spectra in Microplastic Research. Appl. Spectrosc. 2020, 74, 989–1010Dierkes, G.; Lauschke, T.; Földi, C. Analytical Methods for Plastic (Microplastic) Determination in Environmental Samples. In Plastics in the Aquatic Environment–Part I: Current Status and Challenges; Stock, F., Reifferscheid, G., Brennholt, N., Kostianaia, E., Eds.; The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2022; pp. 43–67. ISBN 978-3-030-84118-8.Shim, W.J.; Hong, S.H.; Eo, S.E. Identification Methods in Microplastic Analysis: A Review. Anal. Methods 2017, 9, 1384–1391.Chen, G.; Fu, Z.; Yang, H.; Wang, J. An Overview of Analytical Methods for Detecting Microplastics in the Atmosphere. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2020, 130, 115981Primpke, S.; Christiansen, S.H.; Cowger, W.; De Frond, H.; Deshpande, A.; Fischer, M.; Holland, E.B.; Meyns, M.; O’Donnell, B.A.; Ossmann, B.E.; et al. Critical Assessment of Analytical Methods for the Harmonized and Cost-Efficient Analysis of Microplastics. 2020. Available online: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0003702820921465 (accessed on 13 October 2022).. Hernández, J.; Guerra, Y.; Cano, H. Detection of Bisphenol A and Four Analogues in Atmospheric Emissions in Petrochemical Complexes Producing Polypropylene in South America. Molecules 2022, 27, 4832.Hernández-Fernandez, J.; Rodríguez, E. Determination of Phenolic Antioxidants Additives in Industrial Wastewater from Polypropylene Production Using Solid Phase Extraction with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2019, 1607, 460442.3. Hernández-Fernández, J.; Guerra, Y.; Puello-Polo, E.; Marquez, E. Effects of Different Concentrations of Arsine on the Synthesis and Final Properties of Polypropylene. Polymers 2022, 14, 3123.Hernández Fernández, J.; Cano, H.; Guerra, Y.; Puello Polo, E.; Ríos-Rojas, J.F.; Vivas-Reyes, R.; Oviedo, J. Identification and Quantification of Microplastics in Effluents of Wastewater Treatment Plant by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Sustainability 2022, 14, 4920Hernández-Fernández, J. Quantification of Oxygenates, Sulphides, Thiols and Permanent Gases in Propylene. A Multiple Linear Regression Model to Predict the Loss of Efficiency in Polypropylene Production on an Industrial Scale. J. Chromatogr. A 2020, 1628, 461478.Hernández-Fernández, J. Quantification of Arsine and Phosphine in Industrial Atmospheric Emissions in Spain and Colombia. Implementation of Modified Zeolites to Reduce the Environmental Impact of Emissions. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 2021, 12, 167–176.Hernández-Fernández, J.; Lopez-Martinez, J.; Barceló, D. Quantification and Elimination of Substituted Synthetic Phenols and Volatile Organic Compounds in the Wastewater Treatment Plant during the Production of Industrial Scale Polypropylene. Chemosphere 2021, 263, 128027.Joaquin, H.-F.; Juan, L. Quantification of Poisons for Ziegler Natta Catalysts and Effects on the Production of Polypropylene by Gas Chromatographic with Simultaneous Detection: Pulsed Discharge Helium Ionization, Mass Spectrometry and Flame Ionization. J. Chromatogr. A 2020, 1614, 460736.Hernández-Fernández, J.; López-Martínez, J. Experimental study of the auto-catalytic effect of triethylaluminum and TiCl4 residuals at the onset of non-additive polypropylene degradation and their impact on thermo-oxidative degradation and pyrolysis. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2021, 155, 105052.Hernandez-Fernandez, J.; Rayon, E.; Lopez, J.; Arrieta, M.P. Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Polypropylene by Blending with Low Amounts of Natural Antioxidants. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2019, 304, 1900379Chacon, H.; Cano, H.; Hernández Fernández, J.; Guerra, Y.; Puello-Polo, E.; Ríos-Rojas, J.; Ruiz, Y. Effect of Addition of Polyurea as an Aggregate in Mortars: Analysis of Microstructure and Strength. Polymers 2022, 14, 1753Pavon, C.; Aldas, M.; Hernandez-Fernandez, J.; Lopez-Martínez, J. Comparative characterization of gum rosins for their use as sustainable additives in polymeric matrices. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2021, 139, e51734.Pavon, C.; Aldas, M.; López-Martínez, J.; Hernández-Fernández, J.; Arrieta, M. Films Based on Thermoplastic Starch Blended with Pine Resin Derivatives for Food Packaging. Foods 2021, 10, 1171.Joaquin, H.-F.; Juan, L.-M. Autocatalytic influence of different levels of arsine on the thermal stability and pyrolysis of polypropy lene. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2022, 161, 10538Hernández-Fernández, J.; Castro-Suarez, J.; Toloza, C. Iron Oxide Powder as Responsible for the Generation of Industrial Polypropylene Waste and as a Co-Catalyst for the Pyrolysis of Non-Additive Resins. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 11708.Hernández-Fernández, J.; Vivas-Reyes, R.; Toloza, C. Experimental Study of the Impact of Trace Amounts of Acetylene and Methylacetylene on the Synthesis, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polypropylene. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 12148.Hernández-Fernández, J.; Cano, H.; Aldas, M. Impact of Traces of Hydrogen Sulfide on the Efficiency of Ziegler–Natta Catalyst on the Final Properties of Polypropylene. Polymers 2022, 14, 3910.Hernández-Fernández, J.; Guerra, Y.; Espinosa, E. Development and Application of a Principal Component Analysis Model to Quantify the Green Ethylene Content in Virgin Impact Copolymer Resins During Their Synthesis on an Industrial Scale. J. Polym. Environ. 2022, 30, 4800–4808.Cui, J.; Chen, C.; Gan, Q.; Wang, T.; Li, W.; Zeng, W.; Xu, X.; Chen, G.; Wang, L.; Lu, L.; et al. Indoor microplastics and bacteria in the atmospheric fallout in urban homes. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 852, 158233.Abràmoff, M.D. Image Processing with ImageJ. Biophotonics Int. 2004, 11, 36–42.Igathinathane, C.; Pordesimo, L.O.; Batchelor, W.D. Major Orthogonal Dimensions Measurement of Food Grains by Machine Vision Using ImageJ. Food Res. Int. 2009, 42, 76–84.Igathinathane, C.; Pordesimo, L.O.; Columbus, E.P.; Batchelor, W.D.; Methuku, S.R. Shape Identification and Particles Size Distribution from Basic Shape Parameters Using ImageJ. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2008, 63, 168–182.Stolze, N.; Bader, C.; Henning, C.; Mastin, J.; Holmes, A.E.; Sutlief, A.L. Automated Image Analysis with ImageJ of Yeast Colony Forming Units from Cannabis Flowers. J. Microbiol. Methods 2019, 164, 105681.Guida, G.; Viggiani, G.M.B.; Casini, F. Multi-Scale Morphological Descriptors from the Fractal Analysis of Particle Contour. Acta Geotech. 2020, 15, 1067–1080.dos Reis, E.; Canales, B.G.; de Andrade, M.F.F. Assessment of Mathematical Expressions for Morphological Parameters of Solid Particles Based on Common Geometric Shapes. Powder Technol. 2020, 370, 215–225DeCarlo, P.F.; Slowik, J.G.; Worsnop, D.R.; Davidovits, P.; Jimenez, J.L. Particle Morphology and Density Characterization by Combined Mobility and Aerodynamic Diameter Measurements. Part 1: Theory. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 1185–1205.Zhou, B.; Wang, J.; Wang, H. Three-Dimensional Sphericity, Roundness and Fractal Dimension of Sand Particles. Géotechnique 2018, 68, 18–30.Zhang, Q.; Xu, E.G.; Li, J.; Chen, Q.; Ma, L.; Zeng, E.Y.; Shi, H. A Review of Microplastics in Table Salt, Drinking Water, and Air: Direct Human Exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 3740–3751.Prata, J.C. Airborne Microplastics: Consequences to Human Health? Environ. Pollut. 2018, 234, 115–126Law, B.D.; Bunn, W.B.; Hesterberg, T.W. Solubility of Polymeric Organic Fibers and Manmade Vitreous Fibers in Gambles Solution. Inhal. Toxicol. 1990, 2, 321–339.Schirinzi, G.F.; Pérez-Pomeda, I.; Sanchís, J.; Rossini, C.; Farré, M.; Barceló, D. Cytotoxic Effects of Commonly Used Nanomaterials and Microplastics on Cerebral and Epithelial Human Cells. Environ. Res. 2017, 159, 579–587.Deng, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Lemos, B.; Ren, H. Tissue Accumulation of Microplastics in Mice and Biomarker Responses Suggest Widespread Health Risks of Exposure. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 46687Efimova, I.; Bagaeva, M.; Bagaev, A.; Kileso, A.; Chubarenko, I.P. Secondary Microplastics Generation in the Sea Swash Zone With Coarse Bottom Sediments: Laboratory Experiments. Front. Mar. Sci. 2018, 5, 313Ngo, P.L.; Pramanik, B.K.; Shah, K.; Roychand, R. Pathway, Classification and Removal Efficiency of Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants. Environ. Pollut. 2019, 255, 113326Martínez Silva, P.; Nanny, M.A. Impact of Microplastic Fibers from the Degradation of Nonwoven Synthetic Textiles to the Magdalena River Water Column and River Sediments by the City of Neiva, Huila (Colombia). Water 2020, 12, 1210.Ding, L.; Zhang, S.; Wang, X.; Yang, X.; Zhang, C.; Qi, Y.; Guo, X. The Occurrence and Distribution Characteristics of Microplastics in the Agricultural Soils of Shaanxi Province, in North-Western China. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 720, 137525.http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1ORIGINALmolecules-28-01042-v3.pdfmolecules-28-01042-v3.pdfapplication/pdf3147974https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12089/1/molecules-28-01042-v3.pdff647561412164f27dc95220e242afa3aMD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12089/2/license_rdf4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83182https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12089/3/license.txte20ad307a1c5f3f25af9304a7a7c86b6MD53TEXTmolecules-28-01042-v3.pdf.txtmolecules-28-01042-v3.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain55752https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12089/4/molecules-28-01042-v3.pdf.txte16365eaab84f34eb8f0d668bfe373e2MD54THUMBNAILmolecules-28-01042-v3.pdf.jpgmolecules-28-01042-v3.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg8097https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12089/5/molecules-28-01042-v3.pdf.jpga5468e18a015a4080b906f14c6fa7eaaMD5520.500.12585/12089oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/120892023-06-16 00:17:19.796Repositorio Institucional UTBrepositorioutb@utb.edu.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