Optimal selection and location of fixed-step capacitor banks in distribution networks using a discrete version of the vortex search algorithm

This paper deals with the problem of the optimal selection of capacitor banks in electrical AC distribution systems for minimizing the costs of energy losses during a year of operation through a discrete version of the vortex search algorithm (DVSA). This algorithm works with a hypersphere with a va...

Full description

Autores:
Gil-González, Walter
Montoya, Oscar Danilo
Rajagopalan, Arul
Grisales-Noreña, Luis Fernando
Hernández, Jesus C.
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional UTB
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/9550
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/9550
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/18/4914
Palabra clave:
Optimal location of capacitor banks
Discrete vortex search algorithm
Metaheuristic optimization
Energy losses minimization
Radial distribution networks
Medium-voltage distribution levels
Rights
openAccess
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
id UTB2_4691d6b93c0bd85f3ab117688fab37a8
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/9550
network_acronym_str UTB2
network_name_str Repositorio Institucional UTB
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Optimal selection and location of fixed-step capacitor banks in distribution networks using a discrete version of the vortex search algorithm
title Optimal selection and location of fixed-step capacitor banks in distribution networks using a discrete version of the vortex search algorithm
spellingShingle Optimal selection and location of fixed-step capacitor banks in distribution networks using a discrete version of the vortex search algorithm
Optimal location of capacitor banks
Discrete vortex search algorithm
Metaheuristic optimization
Energy losses minimization
Radial distribution networks
Medium-voltage distribution levels
title_short Optimal selection and location of fixed-step capacitor banks in distribution networks using a discrete version of the vortex search algorithm
title_full Optimal selection and location of fixed-step capacitor banks in distribution networks using a discrete version of the vortex search algorithm
title_fullStr Optimal selection and location of fixed-step capacitor banks in distribution networks using a discrete version of the vortex search algorithm
title_full_unstemmed Optimal selection and location of fixed-step capacitor banks in distribution networks using a discrete version of the vortex search algorithm
title_sort Optimal selection and location of fixed-step capacitor banks in distribution networks using a discrete version of the vortex search algorithm
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Gil-González, Walter
Montoya, Oscar Danilo
Rajagopalan, Arul
Grisales-Noreña, Luis Fernando
Hernández, Jesus C.
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Gil-González, Walter
Montoya, Oscar Danilo
Rajagopalan, Arul
Grisales-Noreña, Luis Fernando
Hernández, Jesus C.
dc.subject.keywords.spa.fl_str_mv Optimal location of capacitor banks
Discrete vortex search algorithm
Metaheuristic optimization
Energy losses minimization
Radial distribution networks
Medium-voltage distribution levels
topic Optimal location of capacitor banks
Discrete vortex search algorithm
Metaheuristic optimization
Energy losses minimization
Radial distribution networks
Medium-voltage distribution levels
description This paper deals with the problem of the optimal selection of capacitor banks in electrical AC distribution systems for minimizing the costs of energy losses during a year of operation through a discrete version of the vortex search algorithm (DVSA). This algorithm works with a hypersphere with a variable radius defined by an exponential function where a Gaussian distribution is used to generate a set of candidate solutions uniformly distributed around the center of this hypersphere. This center corresponds to the best solution obtained at the iteration t, which is initialized at the center of the solution space at the iterative search beginning. The main advantage of combining the exponential function with the Gaussian distribution is the correct balance between the exploration and exploitation of the solution space, which allows reaching the global optimal solution of the optimization problem with a low standard deviation, i.e., guaranteeing repeatability at each simulation. Two classical distribution networks composed of 33 and 69 nodes were used to validate the proposed DVSA algorithm. They demonstrated that the DVSA improves numerical reports found in specialized literature regarding the optimal selection and location of fixed-step capacitor banks with a low computational burden. All the simulations were carried out in MATLAB software.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2020-11-04T21:45:47Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2020-11-04T21:45:47Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020-09-19
dc.date.submitted.none.fl_str_mv 2020-11-04
dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.hasVersion.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.spa.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv Gil-González, W.; Montoya, O.D.; Rajagopalan, A.; Grisales-Noreña, L.F.; Hernández, J.C. Optimal Selection and Location of Fixed-Step Capacitor Banks in Distribution Networks Using a Discrete Version of the Vortex Search Algorithm. Energies 2020, 13, 4914.
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/9550
dc.identifier.url.none.fl_str_mv https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/18/4914
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.3390/en13184914
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
identifier_str_mv Gil-González, W.; Montoya, O.D.; Rajagopalan, A.; Grisales-Noreña, L.F.; Hernández, J.C. Optimal Selection and Location of Fixed-Step Capacitor Banks in Distribution Networks Using a Discrete Version of the Vortex Search Algorithm. Energies 2020, 13, 4914.
10.3390/en13184914
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/9550
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/18/4914
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessRights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.cc.*.fl_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv 21 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Cartagena de Indias
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv Energies 2020, 13(18), 4914
institution Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/9550/1/96.pdf
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/9550/2/license_rdf
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/9550/3/license.txt
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/9550/4/96.pdf.txt
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/9550/5/96.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 87e8a7e0bcb04d68f6892c47743de745
4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347
e20ad307a1c5f3f25af9304a7a7c86b6
5637e9e4550b4824376d4a0ee4460850
3896f7099f231304bc57a5889241c57c
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional UTB
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorioutb@utb.edu.co
_version_ 1814021589054783488
spelling Gil-González, Walterce1f5078-74c6-4b5c-b56a-784f85e52a08Montoya, Oscar Danilo8a59ede1-6a4a-4d2e-abdc-d0afb14d4480Rajagopalan, Arul6d04d6b3-17a1-49be-a90b-6ea66be6d1c6Grisales-Noreña, Luis Fernando7c27cda4-5fe4-4686-8f72-b0442c58a5d1Hernández, Jesus C.349b3120-388b-42be-8bea-32156f0dc09d2020-11-04T21:45:47Z2020-11-04T21:45:47Z2020-09-192020-11-04Gil-González, W.; Montoya, O.D.; Rajagopalan, A.; Grisales-Noreña, L.F.; Hernández, J.C. Optimal Selection and Location of Fixed-Step Capacitor Banks in Distribution Networks Using a Discrete Version of the Vortex Search Algorithm. Energies 2020, 13, 4914.https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/9550https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/18/491410.3390/en13184914Universidad Tecnológica de BolívarRepositorio Universidad Tecnológica de BolívarThis paper deals with the problem of the optimal selection of capacitor banks in electrical AC distribution systems for minimizing the costs of energy losses during a year of operation through a discrete version of the vortex search algorithm (DVSA). This algorithm works with a hypersphere with a variable radius defined by an exponential function where a Gaussian distribution is used to generate a set of candidate solutions uniformly distributed around the center of this hypersphere. This center corresponds to the best solution obtained at the iteration t, which is initialized at the center of the solution space at the iterative search beginning. The main advantage of combining the exponential function with the Gaussian distribution is the correct balance between the exploration and exploitation of the solution space, which allows reaching the global optimal solution of the optimization problem with a low standard deviation, i.e., guaranteeing repeatability at each simulation. Two classical distribution networks composed of 33 and 69 nodes were used to validate the proposed DVSA algorithm. They demonstrated that the DVSA improves numerical reports found in specialized literature regarding the optimal selection and location of fixed-step capacitor banks with a low computational burden. All the simulations were carried out in MATLAB software.21 páginasapplication/pdfenghttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacionalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Energies 2020, 13(18), 4914Optimal selection and location of fixed-step capacitor banks in distribution networks using a discrete version of the vortex search algorithminfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Optimal location of capacitor banksDiscrete vortex search algorithmMetaheuristic optimizationEnergy losses minimizationRadial distribution networksMedium-voltage distribution levelsCartagena de IndiasPúblico generalPoudineh, R.; Peng, D.; Mirnezami, S. Electricity Networks: Technology, Future Role and Economic Incentives for Innovation; Technical Report; The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies: Oxford, UK, 201Lavorato, M.; Franco, J.F.; Rider, M.J.; Romero, R. Imposing Radiality Constraints in Distribution System Optimization Problems. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2012, 27, 172–18Montoya, O.D.; Gil-González, W. Dynamic active and reactive power compensation in distribution networks with batteries: A day-ahead economic dispatch approach. Comput. Electr. Eng. 2020, 85, 106710Sultana, S.; Roy, P.K. Krill herd algorithm for optimal location of distributed generator in radial distribution system. Appl. Soft Comput. 2016, 40, 391 – 404Soltani, S.; Rashidinejad, M.; Abdollahi, A. Stochastic Multiobjective Distribution Systems Phase Balancing Considering Distributed Energy Resources. IEEE Syst. J. 2018, 12, 2866–2877Abdelaziz, A.; Ali, E.; Elazim, S.A. Optimal sizing and locations of capacitors in radial distribution systems via flower pollination optimization algorithm and power loss index. Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 2016, 19, 610–618Grisales-Noreña, L.; Montoya, O.D.; Gil-González, W. Integration of energy storage systems in AC distribution networks: Optimal location, selecting, and operation approach based on genetic algorithms. J. Energy Storage 2019, 25, 100891Verma, H.K.; Singh, P. Optimal Reconfiguration of Distribution Network Using Modified Culture Algorithm. J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. B 2018, 99, 613–622Grisales-Noreña, L.; Montoya, O.D.; Ramos-Paja, C.A. An energy management system for optimal operation of BSS in DC distributed generation environments based on a parallel PSO algorithm. J. Energy Storage 2020, 29, 101488Ghosh, A.; Ledwich, G. Series Compensation of Power Distribution System. In Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices; Springer: Boston, MA, USA, 2002; pp. 333–37Abdelaziz, A.; Mohamed, F.; Mekhamer, S.; Badr, M. Distribution system reconfiguration using a modified Tabu Search algorithm. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2010, 80, 943–95Khodr, H.; Olsina, F.; De Oliveira-De Jesus, P.; Yusta, J. Maximum savings approach for location and sizing of capacitors in distribution systems. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2008, 78, 1192–1203Nojavan, S.; Jalali, M.; Zare, K. Optimal allocation of capacitors in radial/mesh distribution systems using mixed integer nonlinear programming approach. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2014, 107, 119–124Ramadan, H.A.; Wahab, M.A.; El-Sayed, A.H.M.; Hamada, M.M. A fuzzy-based approach for optimal allocation and sizing of capacitor banks. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2014, 106, 232–240Elsheikh, A.; Helmy, Y.; Abouelseoud, Y.; Elsherif, A. Optimal capacitor placement and sizing in radial electric power systems. Alex. Eng. J. 2014, 53, 809–816Devabalaji, K.R.; Ravi, K.; Kothari, D. Optimal location and sizing of capacitor placement in radial distribution system using bacterial foraging optimization algorithm. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2015, 71, 383–390Shuaib, Y.M.; Kalavathi, M.S.; Rajan, C.C.A. Optimal capacitor placement in radial distribution system using Gravitational Search Algorithm. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2015, 64, 384–397Lee, C.S.; Ayala, H.V.H.; dos Santos Coelho, L. Capacitor placement of distribution systems using particle swarm optimization approaches. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2015, 64, 839–851.Ali, E.; Abd Elazim, S.; Abdelaziz, A. Improved Harmony Algorithm for optimal locations and sizing of capacitors in radial distribution systems. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2016, 79, 275–284Abul’Wafa, A.R. Optimal capacitor allocation in radial distribution systems for loss reduction: A two stage method. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2013, 95, 168–174.Tamilselvan, V.; Jayabarathi, T.; Raghunathan, T.; Yang, X.S. Optimal capacitor placement in radial distribution systems using flower pollination algorithm. Alex. Eng. J. 2018, 57, 2775–2786.Sultana, S.; Roy, P.K. Optimal capacitor placement in radial distribution systems using teaching learning based optimization. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2014, 54, 387–398.Asl, T.S.; Jamali, S. Optimal capacitor placement size and location of shunt capacitor for reduction of losses on distribution feeders. In Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power, Capri, Italy, 9–11 June 2009; pp. 223–226Guimarães, M.A.; Castro, C.A. An efficient method for distribution systems reconfiguration and capacitor placement using a Chu-Beasley based genetic algorithm. In Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Trondheim PowerTech, Trondheim, Norway, 19–23 June 2011; pp. 1–7Rao, R.S.; Narasimham, S.; Ramalingaraju, M. Optimal capacitor placement in a radial distribution system using plant growth simulation algorithm. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2011, 33, 1133–1139.Raju, M.R.; Murthy, K.R.; Ravindra, K. Direct search algorithm for capacitive compensation in radial distribution systems. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2012, 42, 24–30Das, P.; Banerjee, S. Placement of capacitor in a radial distribution system using loss sensitivity factor and cuckoo search algorithm. Int. J. Sci. Res. Manag. 2013, 2, 751–757.Das, P.; Banerjee, S. Optimal Sizing And Placement Of Capacitor In A Radial Distribution System Using Loss Sensitivity Factor And Firefly Algorithm. Int. J. Eng. Comput. Sci. 2014, 3, 5346–5352.El-Fergany, A.A.; Abdelaziz, A.Y. Capacitor placement for net saving maximization and system stability enhancement in distribution networks using artificial bee colony-based approach. Int. Jo. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2014, 54, 235–243.Aydin, O.; Tezcan, S.; Eke, I.; Taplamacioglu, M. Solving the Optimal Power Flow Quadratic Cost Functions using Vortex Search Algorithm. IFAC-PapersOnLine 2017, 50, 239–244.Montoya, O.D.; Grisales-Noreña, L.F.; Amin, W.T.; Rojas, L.A.; Campillo, J. Vortex Search Algorithm for Optimal Sizing of Distributed Generators in AC Distribution Networks with Radial Topology. Commun. Comput. Inf. Sci. 2019, 1052, 235–249.Montoya, O.D.; Gil-González, W.; Grisales-Noreña, L.F. Vortex Search Algorithm for Optimal Power Flow Analysis in DC Resistive Networks with CPLs. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II 2019, 67, 1439–1443.Dogan, B.; Olmez, T. Vortex search algorithm for the analog active filter component selection problem. AEU Int. J. Electr. Commun. 2015, 69, 1243–1253.Dogan, B. A Modified Vortex Search Algorithm for Numerical Function Optimization. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Appl. 2016, 7, 37–54Razavi, S.F.; Sajedi, H. SVSA: A Semi-Vortex Search Algorithm for solving optimization problems. Int. J. Data Sci. Anal. 2018, 8, 15–32.Li, P.; Zhao, Y. A quantum-inspired vortex search algorithm with application to function optimization. Nat. Comput. 2018, 18, 647–674.Qyyum, M.A.; Yasin, M.; Nawaz, A.; He, T.; Ali, W.; Haider, J.; Qadeer, K.; Nizami, A.S.; Moustakas, K.; Lee, M. Single-Solution-Based Vortex Search Strategy for Optimal Design of Offshore and Onshore Natural Gas Liquefaction Processes. Energies 2020, 13, 1732.Toz, M. Chaos-based Vortex Search algorithm for solving inverse kinematics problem of serial robot manipulators with offset wrist. Appl. Soft Comput. 2020, 89, 106074Montoya, O.D.; Gil-González, W. On the numerical analysis based on successive approximations for power flow problems in AC distribution systems. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2020, 187, 106454Ozkıs, A.; Babalık, A. A novel metaheuristic for multi-objective optimization problems: The multi-objective vortex search algorithm. Inf. Sci. 2017, 402, 124–148.Grisales-Noreña, L.F.; Gonzalez-Montoya, D.; Ramos-Paja, C.A. Optimal Sizing and Location of Distributed Generators Based on PBIL and PSO Techniques. Energies 2018, 11, 1018.Garces, A. A Linear Three-Phase Load Flow for Power Distribution Systems. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2016, 31, 827–828.Shen, T.; Li, Y.; .; Xiang, J. A Graph-Based Power Flow Method for Balanced Distribution Systems. Energies 2018, 11, 511.http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1ORIGINAL96.pdf96.pdfArtículo principalapplication/pdf416973https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/9550/1/96.pdf87e8a7e0bcb04d68f6892c47743de745MD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/9550/2/license_rdf4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83182https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/9550/3/license.txte20ad307a1c5f3f25af9304a7a7c86b6MD53TEXT96.pdf.txt96.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain61238https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/9550/4/96.pdf.txt5637e9e4550b4824376d4a0ee4460850MD54THUMBNAIL96.pdf.jpg96.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg87737https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/9550/5/96.pdf.jpg3896f7099f231304bc57a5889241c57cMD5520.500.12585/9550oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/95502020-11-25 13:02:34.942Repositorio Institucional UTBrepositorioutb@utb.edu.coQXV0b3Jpem8gKGF1dG9yaXphbW9zKSBhIGxhIEJpYmxpb3RlY2EgZGUgbGEgSW5zdGl0dWNpw7NuIHBhcmEgcXVlIGluY2x1eWEgdW5hIGNvcGlhLCBpbmRleGUgeSBkaXZ1bGd1ZSBlbiBlbCBSZXBvc2l0b3JpbyBJbnN0aXR1Y2lvbmFsLCBsYSBvYnJhIG1lbmNpb25hZGEgY29uIGVsIGZpbiBkZSBmYWNpbGl0YXIgbG9zIHByb2Nlc29zIGRlIHZpc2liaWxpZGFkIGUgaW1wYWN0byBkZSBsYSBtaXNtYSwgY29uZm9ybWUgYSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgcGF0cmltb25pYWxlcyBxdWUgbWUobm9zKSBjb3JyZXNwb25kZShuKSB5IHF1ZSBpbmNsdXllbjogbGEgcmVwcm9kdWNjacOzbiwgY29tdW5pY2FjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSwgZGlzdHJpYnVjacOzbiBhbCBww7pibGljbywgdHJhbnNmb3JtYWNpw7NuLCBkZSBjb25mb3JtaWRhZCBjb24gbGEgbm9ybWF0aXZpZGFkIHZpZ2VudGUgc29icmUgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IgeSBkZXJlY2hvcyBjb25leG9zIHJlZmVyaWRvcyBlbiBhcnQuIDIsIDEyLCAzMCAobW9kaWZpY2FkbyBwb3IgZWwgYXJ0IDUgZGUgbGEgbGV5IDE1MjAvMjAxMiksIHkgNzIgZGUgbGEgbGV5IDIzIGRlIGRlIDE5ODIsIExleSA0NCBkZSAxOTkzLCBhcnQuIDQgeSAxMSBEZWNpc2nDs24gQW5kaW5hIDM1MSBkZSAxOTkzIGFydC4gMTEsIERlY3JldG8gNDYwIGRlIDE5OTUsIENpcmN1bGFyIE5vIDA2LzIwMDIgZGUgbGEgRGlyZWNjacOzbiBOYWNpb25hbCBkZSBEZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciwgYXJ0LiAxNSBMZXkgMTUyMCBkZSAyMDEyLCBsYSBMZXkgMTkxNSBkZSAyMDE4IHkgZGVtw6FzIG5vcm1hcyBzb2JyZSBsYSBtYXRlcmlhLgoKQWwgcmVzcGVjdG8gY29tbyBBdXRvcihlcykgbWFuaWZlc3RhbW9zIGNvbm9jZXIgcXVlOgoKLSBMYSBhdXRvcml6YWNpw7NuIGVzIGRlIGNhcsOhY3RlciBubyBleGNsdXNpdmEgeSBsaW1pdGFkYSwgZXN0byBpbXBsaWNhIHF1ZSBsYSBsaWNlbmNpYSB0aWVuZSB1bmEgdmlnZW5jaWEsIHF1ZSBubyBlcyBwZXJwZXR1YSB5IHF1ZSBlbCBhdXRvciBwdWVkZSBwdWJsaWNhciBvIGRpZnVuZGlyIHN1IG9icmEgZW4gY3VhbHF1aWVyIG90cm8gbWVkaW8sIGFzw60gY29tbyBsbGV2YXIgYSBjYWJvIGN1YWxxdWllciB0aXBvIGRlIGFjY2nDs24gc29icmUgZWwgZG9jdW1lbnRvLgoKLSBMYSBhdXRvcml6YWNpw7NuIHRlbmRyw6EgdW5hIHZpZ2VuY2lhIGRlIGNpbmNvIGHDsW9zIGEgcGFydGlyIGRlbCBtb21lbnRvIGRlIGxhIGluY2x1c2nDs24gZGUgbGEgb2JyYSBlbiBlbCByZXBvc2l0b3JpbywgcHJvcnJvZ2FibGUgaW5kZWZpbmlkYW1lbnRlIHBvciBlbCB0aWVtcG8gZGUgZHVyYWNpw7NuIGRlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBwYXRyaW1vbmlhbGVzIGRlbCBhdXRvciB5IHBvZHLDoSBkYXJzZSBwb3IgdGVybWluYWRhIHVuYSB2ZXogZWwgYXV0b3IgbG8gbWFuaWZpZXN0ZSBwb3IgZXNjcml0byBhIGxhIGluc3RpdHVjacOzbiwgY29uIGxhIHNhbHZlZGFkIGRlIHF1ZSBsYSBvYnJhIGVzIGRpZnVuZGlkYSBnbG9iYWxtZW50ZSB5IGNvc2VjaGFkYSBwb3IgZGlmZXJlbnRlcyBidXNjYWRvcmVzIHkvbyByZXBvc2l0b3Jpb3MgZW4gSW50ZXJuZXQgbG8gcXVlIG5vIGdhcmFudGl6YSBxdWUgbGEgb2JyYSBwdWVkYSBzZXIgcmV0aXJhZGEgZGUgbWFuZXJhIGlubWVkaWF0YSBkZSBvdHJvcyBzaXN0ZW1hcyBkZSBpbmZvcm1hY2nDs24gZW4gbG9zIHF1ZSBzZSBoYXlhIGluZGV4YWRvLCBkaWZlcmVudGVzIGFsIHJlcG9zaXRvcmlvIGluc3RpdHVjaW9uYWwgZGUgbGEgSW5zdGl0dWNpw7NuLCBkZSBtYW5lcmEgcXVlIGVsIGF1dG9yKHJlcykgdGVuZHLDoW4gcXVlIHNvbGljaXRhciBsYSByZXRpcmFkYSBkZSBzdSBvYnJhIGRpcmVjdGFtZW50ZSBhIG90cm9zIHNpc3RlbWFzIGRlIGluZm9ybWFjacOzbiBkaXN0aW50b3MgYWwgZGUgbGEgSW5zdGl0dWNpw7NuIHNpIGRlc2VhIHF1ZSBzdSBvYnJhIHNlYSByZXRpcmFkYSBkZSBpbm1lZGlhdG8uCgotIExhIGF1dG9yaXphY2nDs24gZGUgcHVibGljYWNpw7NuIGNvbXByZW5kZSBlbCBmb3JtYXRvIG9yaWdpbmFsIGRlIGxhIG9icmEgeSB0b2RvcyBsb3MgZGVtw6FzIHF1ZSBzZSByZXF1aWVyYSBwYXJhIHN1IHB1YmxpY2FjacOzbiBlbiBlbCByZXBvc2l0b3Jpby4gSWd1YWxtZW50ZSwgbGEgYXV0b3JpemFjacOzbiBwZXJtaXRlIGEgbGEgaW5zdGl0dWNpw7NuIGVsIGNhbWJpbyBkZSBzb3BvcnRlIGRlIGxhIG9icmEgY29uIGZpbmVzIGRlIHByZXNlcnZhY2nDs24gKGltcHJlc28sIGVsZWN0csOzbmljbywgZGlnaXRhbCwgSW50ZXJuZXQsIGludHJhbmV0LCBvIGN1YWxxdWllciBvdHJvIGZvcm1hdG8gY29ub2NpZG8gbyBwb3IgY29ub2NlcikuCgotIExhIGF1dG9yaXphY2nDs24gZXMgZ3JhdHVpdGEgeSBzZSByZW51bmNpYSBhIHJlY2liaXIgY3VhbHF1aWVyIHJlbXVuZXJhY2nDs24gcG9yIGxvcyB1c29zIGRlIGxhIG9icmEsIGRlIGFjdWVyZG8gY29uIGxhIGxpY2VuY2lhIGVzdGFibGVjaWRhIGVuIGVzdGEgYXV0b3JpemFjacOzbi4KCi0gQWwgZmlybWFyIGVzdGEgYXV0b3JpemFjacOzbiwgc2UgbWFuaWZpZXN0YSBxdWUgbGEgb2JyYSBlcyBvcmlnaW5hbCB5IG5vIGV4aXN0ZSBlbiBlbGxhIG5pbmd1bmEgdmlvbGFjacOzbiBhIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBkZSB0ZXJjZXJvcy4gRW4gY2FzbyBkZSBxdWUgZWwgdHJhYmFqbyBoYXlhIHNpZG8gZmluYW5jaWFkbyBwb3IgdGVyY2Vyb3MgZWwgbyBsb3MgYXV0b3JlcyBhc3VtZW4gbGEgcmVzcG9uc2FiaWxpZGFkIGRlbCBjdW1wbGltaWVudG8gZGUgbG9zIGFjdWVyZG9zIGVzdGFibGVjaWRvcyBzb2JyZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgcGF0cmltb25pYWxlcyBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIGNvbiBkaWNobyB0ZXJjZXJvLgoKLSBGcmVudGUgYSBjdWFscXVpZXIgcmVjbGFtYWNpw7NuIHBvciB0ZXJjZXJvcywgZWwgbyBsb3MgYXV0b3JlcyBzZXLDoW4gcmVzcG9uc2FibGVzLCBlbiBuaW5nw7puIGNhc28gbGEgcmVzcG9uc2FiaWxpZGFkIHNlcsOhIGFzdW1pZGEgcG9yIGxhIGluc3RpdHVjacOzbi4KCi0gQ29uIGxhIGF1dG9yaXphY2nDs24sIGxhIGluc3RpdHVjacOzbiBwdWVkZSBkaWZ1bmRpciBsYSBvYnJhIGVuIMOtbmRpY2VzLCBidXNjYWRvcmVzIHkgb3Ryb3Mgc2lzdGVtYXMgZGUgaW5mb3JtYWNpw7NuIHF1ZSBmYXZvcmV6Y2FuIHN1IHZpc2liaWxpZGFkCgo=