Who Participates in Popular Feasts and Festivals? An Empirical Approach from Cultural Economics Applied to the Carnival of Barranquilla (Colombia)

The empirical analysis of individual participation in local and popular feasts and festivals is a field little explored by cultural economists. This article proposes a methodological scheme to analyse the profile of the participants in local and popular feasts and carnivals, allowing the establishme...

Full description

Autores:
Espinosa Espinosa, Aarón
Palma Martos, Luis
Aguado Quintero, Luis
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional UTB
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/10659
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/10659
https://doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2021-0032
Palabra clave:
Carnival of Barranquilla
Cultural participation
Intangible heritage
Probit models
Colombia
LEMB
Rights
openAccess
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
id UTB2_398acbe7e67a6bffb1117ec02c87060e
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/10659
network_acronym_str UTB2
network_name_str Repositorio Institucional UTB
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Who Participates in Popular Feasts and Festivals? An Empirical Approach from Cultural Economics Applied to the Carnival of Barranquilla (Colombia)
title Who Participates in Popular Feasts and Festivals? An Empirical Approach from Cultural Economics Applied to the Carnival of Barranquilla (Colombia)
spellingShingle Who Participates in Popular Feasts and Festivals? An Empirical Approach from Cultural Economics Applied to the Carnival of Barranquilla (Colombia)
Carnival of Barranquilla
Cultural participation
Intangible heritage
Probit models
Colombia
LEMB
title_short Who Participates in Popular Feasts and Festivals? An Empirical Approach from Cultural Economics Applied to the Carnival of Barranquilla (Colombia)
title_full Who Participates in Popular Feasts and Festivals? An Empirical Approach from Cultural Economics Applied to the Carnival of Barranquilla (Colombia)
title_fullStr Who Participates in Popular Feasts and Festivals? An Empirical Approach from Cultural Economics Applied to the Carnival of Barranquilla (Colombia)
title_full_unstemmed Who Participates in Popular Feasts and Festivals? An Empirical Approach from Cultural Economics Applied to the Carnival of Barranquilla (Colombia)
title_sort Who Participates in Popular Feasts and Festivals? An Empirical Approach from Cultural Economics Applied to the Carnival of Barranquilla (Colombia)
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Espinosa Espinosa, Aarón
Palma Martos, Luis
Aguado Quintero, Luis
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Espinosa Espinosa, Aarón
Palma Martos, Luis
Aguado Quintero, Luis
dc.subject.keywords.spa.fl_str_mv Carnival of Barranquilla
Cultural participation
Intangible heritage
Probit models
Colombia
topic Carnival of Barranquilla
Cultural participation
Intangible heritage
Probit models
Colombia
LEMB
dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv LEMB
description The empirical analysis of individual participation in local and popular feasts and festivals is a field little explored by cultural economists. This article proposes a methodological scheme to analyse the profile of the participants in local and popular feasts and carnivals, allowing the establishment of a taxonomy that captures the heterogeneity of the participants replicable to other festivities and carnivals around the world. Similarly, participation equations that allow the analysis of the influence of context variables on individual decisions to participate in these types of events are estimated. For this, the Carnival of Barranquilla, the largest and most representative popular celebration in Colombia and declared by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, is used as a case study. The data were obtained from the Citizen Perception Survey of the Barranquilla Cómo Vamos programme, which evaluates the quality of life and the fulfilment of development plans in that city, and an empirical strategy is employed consisting of the estimation of a probit discrete choice model, which allows modelling the individual decisions of a time-intensive good, such as a carnival, with a strong influence of traditionalvariables, such as cultural capital and the availability of leisure time, and other context variables: location of people in the territory, stratification and poverty. The different profiles found offer information on the different strategies that can be implemented from public policy to stimulate greater participation by the population in popular festivities and festivals
publishDate 2021
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-12-02
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-04-06T13:12:37Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-04-06T13:12:37Z
dc.date.submitted.none.fl_str_mv 2022-04-05
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.hasversion.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.type.spa.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv spinosa Espinosa, A., Palma Martos, L., & Aguado Quintero, L. (2021). Who Participates in Popular Feasts and Festivals? An Empirical Approach from Cultural Economics Applied to the Carnival of Barranquilla (Colombia). Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 68, 79–103. https://doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2021-0032
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/10659
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2021-0032
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
identifier_str_mv spinosa Espinosa, A., Palma Martos, L., & Aguado Quintero, L. (2021). Who Participates in Popular Feasts and Festivals? An Empirical Approach from Cultural Economics Applied to the Carnival of Barranquilla (Colombia). Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 68, 79–103. https://doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2021-0032
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/10659
https://doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2021-0032
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.cc.*.fl_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv 25 Páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.coverage.spatial.none.fl_str_mv Colombia
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Cartagena de Indias
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv Scientific Annals of Economics and Business - vol. 68 (2021)
institution Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10659/1/document.pdf
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10659/2/license_rdf
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10659/3/license.txt
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10659/4/document.pdf.txt
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10659/5/document.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv bedbaa355028bde6984eeb04212bb99e
4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347
e20ad307a1c5f3f25af9304a7a7c86b6
99ef658d8c0583b9a8130feb28ce63a5
e7ec1e41c617501453e76a4c24315ce0
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional UTB
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorioutb@utb.edu.co
_version_ 1814021656416354304
spelling Espinosa Espinosa, Aarón255f191b-223c-4fea-a869-94008a17de8ePalma Martos, Luis12784179-d837-4969-b12d-296531efa229Aguado Quintero, Luisa84e40e8-5330-4fbb-8850-90412bb4d6efColombia2022-04-06T13:12:37Z2022-04-06T13:12:37Z2021-12-022022-04-05spinosa Espinosa, A., Palma Martos, L., & Aguado Quintero, L. (2021). Who Participates in Popular Feasts and Festivals? An Empirical Approach from Cultural Economics Applied to the Carnival of Barranquilla (Colombia). Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 68, 79–103. https://doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2021-0032https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/10659https://doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2021-0032Universidad Tecnológica de BolívarRepositorio Universidad Tecnológica de BolívarThe empirical analysis of individual participation in local and popular feasts and festivals is a field little explored by cultural economists. This article proposes a methodological scheme to analyse the profile of the participants in local and popular feasts and carnivals, allowing the establishment of a taxonomy that captures the heterogeneity of the participants replicable to other festivities and carnivals around the world. Similarly, participation equations that allow the analysis of the influence of context variables on individual decisions to participate in these types of events are estimated. For this, the Carnival of Barranquilla, the largest and most representative popular celebration in Colombia and declared by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, is used as a case study. The data were obtained from the Citizen Perception Survey of the Barranquilla Cómo Vamos programme, which evaluates the quality of life and the fulfilment of development plans in that city, and an empirical strategy is employed consisting of the estimation of a probit discrete choice model, which allows modelling the individual decisions of a time-intensive good, such as a carnival, with a strong influence of traditionalvariables, such as cultural capital and the availability of leisure time, and other context variables: location of people in the territory, stratification and poverty. The different profiles found offer information on the different strategies that can be implemented from public policy to stimulate greater participation by the population in popular festivities and festivals25 Páginasapplication/pdfenghttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacionalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Scientific Annals of Economics and Business - vol. 68 (2021)Who Participates in Popular Feasts and Festivals? An Empirical Approach from Cultural Economics Applied to the Carnival of Barranquilla (Colombia)info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Carnival of BarranquillaCultural participationIntangible heritageProbit modelsColombiaLEMBCartagena de IndiasAbello, J. (2020). Un tesoro atravesado por multiples tensiones. In Jaime Bonet M. & Javier Pérez V. (Eds.), 20 años de estudios sobre el Caribe colombiano (pp. 543-553): Colección de Economía Regional, Banco de la República. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/Ebook.664-409-9Abello, M., Buelvas, M., & Caballero, A. (2005). Tres culturas en el Carnaval de Barranquilla. Revista Huellas Vol. 71-72-73-74-75. Barranquilla (Colombia): Eds. UninorteAguado, L. (2011). Análisis empírico del comportamiento del consumidor de artes escénicas en Colombia. (PhD), Departamento de Economía e Historia Económica, Universidad de Sevilla, SevillaAguado, L., & Palma, L. (2015). Factores que limitan la participacion cultural. Una mirada desde la economia de la cultura. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, XXI(1), 58-71Andrade, D. (2016). Determinantes de la asistencia a museos en Colombia. Una perspectiva desde la economía de la cultura. (PhD), Departamento de Economía e Historia Económica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla.Ateca-Amestoy, V. (2008). Determining heterogeneous behavior for theater attendance. Journal of Cultural Economics, 32(2), 127-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10824-008-9065-zAteca-Amestoy, V. (2009). El capital humano como determinante del consumo cultural. Estudios de Economia Aplicada, 27(1), 87-110.Ateca-Amestoy, V. (2010). Cultural participation patterns: Evidence from the Spanish time use survey. Paper presented at the ESA Research Network Sociology of Culture Midterm Conference: Culture and the Making of Worlds. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1692024Baumol, W., & Bowen, W. G. (1966). Performing Arts: The Economic Dilemma: A study of problems common to theater, opera, music, and dance: Twentieth Century Fund.Becker, G. (1965). A Theory of the Allocation of Time. The Economic Journal, 75(299), 493-517. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2228949Becker, G. (1965). A Theory of the Allocation of Time. The Economic Journal, 75(299), 493-517. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2228949Bermúdez, J., Medina, L., & Aguado, L. (2016). La decisión de escuchar música grabada en Colombia. Un enfoque microeconométrico. Revista de Métodos Cuantitativos para la Economía y la Empresa, 21-38Borgonovi, F. (2004). Performing arts attendance: An economic approach. Applied Economics, 36(17), 1871-1885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0003684042000264010Buelvas, M. (1993). El Carnaval de Barranquilla, una filosofia del carnaval o un carnaval de filosofias. Revista Huellas, 39, 5-12Buelvas, M. (2005). El Carnaval de Barranquilla. Una filosofía del carnaval o un carnaval de filosofías (Vol. 71-72-73-74-75). Barranquilla: Eds. Uninorte.Buelvas, M. (2011). Asi es el carnaval Carnaval de Barranquilla. Fiesta sin fin (pp. 87-110). Barranquilla: Fundacion Carnaval de Barranquilla.Cámara de Comercio de Barranquilla, & Carnaval de Barranquilla SAS. (2017). Impacto económico del Carnaval de Barranquilla. Retrieved from https://www.camarabaq.org.co/carnaval-de-barranquilla-sa/Carbó, G. (1993). Al ritmo de... tambora-tambora Revista Huellas (pp. 27-58). Barranquilla (Colombia): Eds. UninorteCasarin, F., & Moretti, A. (2011). An international review of cultural consumption research. Department of Management, Universita Ca' Foscari Venezia Working Paper, 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2037466Cepeda, L. (2014). Los sures de Barranquilla: la distribucion espacial de la pobreza. In L. Cepeda (Ed.), La economia de Barranquilla a comienzos del siglo XXI (pp. 1-40): Banco de la RepublicaDaneshvary, N., Schwer, R., & Rickman, D. (1993). Determinants of demand for professional rodeo attendance. Journal of Cultural Economics, 17(2), 77-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02310584Espinosa, A., Madero, M., Rodriguez-Puello, G., & Diaz, L. (2020). Etnicidad, espacio y desarrollo humano en comunidades pobres urbanas: La comuna 6 en Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. Cuadernos de Economia (Santiago, Chile), 39(81), 635-666. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v39n81.77333Espinosa, A., & Palma, L. (2019). Cultural Participation in the Main Colombian cities, 2008-2015. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 66(Special issue - dedicated to the VIII Wo), 37-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2019-0021Espinosa, A., Palma, L., & Aguado, L. (2020). A micro-econometric approach to participation in a cultural festival. The case of Carnival of Barranquilla (Colombia). Paper presented at the IV Gijon Conference on the Economics of Leisure, Culture and Sport.Espinosa, A., Palma, L., & Aguado, L. (2020). A micro-econometric approach to participation in a cultural festival. The case of Carnival of Barranquilla (Colombia). Paper presented at the IV Gijon Conference on the Economics of Leisure, Culture and Sport.Espinosa, A., & Toro, D. (2016). La participacion en la vida cultural en Cartagena, 2008-2013. Economía&Región, 10(1), 217-248.Falk, M., & Katz-Gerro, T. (2016). Cultural participation in Europe: Can we identify common determinants? Journal of Cultural Economics, 40(2), 127-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10824- 015-9242-9Fernández-Blanco, V., & Prieto-Rodríguez, J. (2009). Analisis de los habitos de lectura como una decision economica. Estudios de Economia Aplicada, 27(1), 87-110.ernández-Blanco, V., & Prieto-Rodríguez, J. (2009). Analisis de los habitos de lectura como una decision economica. Estudios de Economia Aplicada, 27(1), 87-110.González, A. (2006). Danza, mestizaje y carnaval. Un fenomeno latinoamericano: el caso de Barranquilla. In E. Gutierrez & J. Edgar (Eds.), Fiestas y carnavales en Colombia. La puesta en escena de las identidades (pp. 43-58). Cartagena (Colombia): La Carreta Editores.González, A. (2006). Danza, mestizaje y carnaval. Un fenomeno latinoamericano: el caso de Barranquilla. In E. Gutierrez & J. Edgar (Eds.), Fiestas y carnavales en Colombia. La puesta en escena de las identidades (pp. 43-58). Cartagena (Colombia): La Carreta Editores.Greeen, W. (2012). Econometric Analisys (7th ed.). New York: PearsonGutiérrez, E. (2009). Fiesta de La Candelaria en Cartagena de Indias. Creer, poder y gozar: Universidad de Cartagena e Instituto de Patrimonio y Cultura de CartagenaHeredia-Carroza, J., Palma, L., & Marín, A. (2020). Determinants of attendance frequency to flamenco shows in Spain. A cultural economic approach. Revista de Métodos Cuantitativos para la Economía y la Empresa, 29, 79-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46661/revmetodoscuanteconempresa.3751Lévy-Garboua, L., & Montmarquette, C. (1996). A microeconometric study of theater demand. Journal of Cultural Economics, 20, 25-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10824-005-5050-yLizcano, M., & Gonzalez, D. (2007). Documentales sobre el Carnaval de Barranquilla: Una historia audiovisual. Boletín de Antropología de la Universidad de Antuiquia, 38, 357-380.Mariano, M., & Endere, M. (2017). Carnavales y patrimonios: diálogos sobre identidades y espacios de participación. Memorias: Revista Digital de Arqueología e Historia desde el Caribe, 13(32), 10-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/memor.32.10338Martinell, A. (2013). Derechos culturales y desarrollo: una propuesta de análisis de sus impactos. In A. Martinell (Ed.), Impactos de la dimensión cultural del desarrollo. Girona: Universidad de Girona y Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar.Mauri, C. A., & Wolf, A. F. (2021). Battle of the ballet household decisions on arts consumption. Journal of Cultural Economics, 45, 359-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10824-020-09395-zMcCain, R. (2003). Taste formation. In R. Towse (Ed.), A Handbook of Cultural Economics(pp. 445-450): Edward Elgar Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781781008003.00062McFadden, D. (1973). Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. In P. Zarembka (Ed.), Frontiers in Econometrics (pp. 105-142): Academic Press.Montoro-Pons, J., Cuadrado-Garcia, M., & Casasus-Estelles, T. (2013). Analysing the Popular Music Audience: Determinants of Participation and Frequency of Attendance. International Journal of Music Business Research, 2(1), 35-62.Muñoz, E. (2007). Cartagena festiva. El 11 de noviembre y sus signos culturales. Colombia: Corporacion Concurso Nacional de Belleza.Observatorio del Caribe Colombiano. (2015). Ministerio de Cultura and Alcaldia de Barranquilla. Colombia: Plan Especial de Salvaguardia del Carnaval de BarranquillaOchoa, F. (2015). La cumbia en el carnaval de Barranquilla: construccion de un metarrelato. Revista Encuentros. http://dx.doi.org/10.15665/re.v15i3.1097Palma, M., Aguado, L., & Osorio, A. (2014). Determinants of Book Reading and Library Attendance in Colombia. A microeconometric approach. Economics and Business Letters, 3(2), 79-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/ebl.3.2.2014.79-86Palma, M., Palma, L., & Aguado, L. (2013). Determinants of cultural and popular celebration attendance: The case study of Seville Spring Fiestas. Journal of Cultural Economics, 37(1), 37-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10824-012-9167-5Pérez, G. J., & Salazar Mejía, I. (2008). La pobreza en Cartagena: un analisis por barrios. In A. M. Roca (Ed.), La economia y el capital humano de Cartagena de Indias (pp. 9-49). Cartagena: Centro de Estudios Economicos Regionales, Banco de la RepublicaRey Sinning, E. (2004). Joselito carnaval. Análisis del Carnaval de Barranquilla (5th ed.). Bogotá: Plaza y Janés, Editores Colombia S.A.Reyes, V. (2011). Tiempo anómico: El carnaval de Barranquilla. Revista Colombiana de Sociología, 34(1), 103-126Ringstad, V., & Loyland, K. (2006). The demand for books estimated by means of consumer survey data. Journal of Cultural Economics, 30(2), 141-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10824-006-9006-7Ruz, G., & Abello, A. (2016). Las Fiestas de Independencia como patrimonio cultural inmaterial de la Nación colombiana. Serie de Documentos Encuentros, 1(2).Salcedo, L. (2002). Carnaval de Barranquilla. Obra Maestra del Patrimonio Oral e Intangible de la Humanidad. Barranquilla (Colombia): Ministerio de Cultura de Colombia.Salcedo, L., Ballesteros, H., Pacheco, C., Crawford, L., & Guzman, B. (2011). Carnaval, la industria cultural que se toma una ciudad. In Fundacion Carnaval de Barranquilla (Ed.), Carnaval de Barranquilla. Fiesta sin fin (pp. 215-225). Barranquilla (Colombia): Fundacion Carnaval de Barranquilla.Seaman, B. A. (2006). Empirical Studies for Demand in the Performing Arts. In V. A. Ginsburgh & D. Throsby (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture (pp. 415-472). Amsterdam: Elsevier.Stigler, G., & Becker, G. (1977). De gustibus non est disputandum. The American Economic Review, 67(2), 76-90.Throsby, D. (2001). Economics and culture. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University PressThrosby, D. (2003). Cultural capital. In R. Towse (Ed.), Handbook of Cultural Economics (pp. 166-169). USA: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. Cheltenham.hrosby, D. (2006). Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture (Vol. 1): Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0676(06)01001-5Verbeek, M., & Vella, F. (2005). Estimating Dynamic Models from Repeated Cross-Sections. Journal of Econometrics, 127, 83-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2004.06.004Villarroya, A., & Escardibul, J. O. (2010). La demanda de libros y publicaciones periodicas en Espana. Estudios de Economia Aplicada, 28(1), 1-22.http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1ORIGINALdocument.pdfdocument.pdfapplication/pdf697162https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10659/1/document.pdfbedbaa355028bde6984eeb04212bb99eMD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10659/2/license_rdf4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83182https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10659/3/license.txte20ad307a1c5f3f25af9304a7a7c86b6MD53TEXTdocument.pdf.txtdocument.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain77123https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10659/4/document.pdf.txt99ef658d8c0583b9a8130feb28ce63a5MD54THUMBNAILdocument.pdf.jpgdocument.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg57606https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10659/5/document.pdf.jpge7ec1e41c617501453e76a4c24315ce0MD5520.500.12585/10659oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/106592023-05-26 08:43:14.932Repositorio Institucional UTBrepositorioutb@utb.edu.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