A multi-road user evaluation of the acceptance of connected and automated vehicles through the lenses of safety and justice

As technological development towards connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) continues to rise, addressing the challenges associated with their integration is crucial, especially regarding public acceptance. This study explores the acceptability of CAVs, focusing on their potential role in enhancing...

Full description

Autores:
Martínez-Buelvas, Laura
Rakotonirainy, Andry
Grant-Smith, Deanna
Oviedo-Trespalacios, Oscar
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2024
Institución:
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional UTB
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/12747
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/12747
Palabra clave:
Vulnerable road users
Self-driving vehicles
Safety
Transport justice
Acceptance
LEMB
Rights
openAccess
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
id UTB2_37ac1710e963d9b8d24f5b79106b54b2
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/12747
network_acronym_str UTB2
network_name_str Repositorio Institucional UTB
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv A multi-road user evaluation of the acceptance of connected and automated vehicles through the lenses of safety and justice
title A multi-road user evaluation of the acceptance of connected and automated vehicles through the lenses of safety and justice
spellingShingle A multi-road user evaluation of the acceptance of connected and automated vehicles through the lenses of safety and justice
Vulnerable road users
Self-driving vehicles
Safety
Transport justice
Acceptance
LEMB
title_short A multi-road user evaluation of the acceptance of connected and automated vehicles through the lenses of safety and justice
title_full A multi-road user evaluation of the acceptance of connected and automated vehicles through the lenses of safety and justice
title_fullStr A multi-road user evaluation of the acceptance of connected and automated vehicles through the lenses of safety and justice
title_full_unstemmed A multi-road user evaluation of the acceptance of connected and automated vehicles through the lenses of safety and justice
title_sort A multi-road user evaluation of the acceptance of connected and automated vehicles through the lenses of safety and justice
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Martínez-Buelvas, Laura
Rakotonirainy, Andry
Grant-Smith, Deanna
Oviedo-Trespalacios, Oscar
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Martínez-Buelvas, Laura
Rakotonirainy, Andry
Grant-Smith, Deanna
Oviedo-Trespalacios, Oscar
dc.subject.keywords.spa.fl_str_mv Vulnerable road users
Self-driving vehicles
Safety
Transport justice
Acceptance
topic Vulnerable road users
Self-driving vehicles
Safety
Transport justice
Acceptance
LEMB
dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv LEMB
description As technological development towards connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) continues to rise, addressing the challenges associated with their integration is crucial, especially regarding public acceptance. This study explores the acceptability of CAVs, focusing on their potential role in enhancing safety and justice within the transport system. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a diverse participant group, including 18 car drivers (aged 20–79, M = 48.3, SD = 18.77) and 12 pedestrians (aged 18–61, M = 36.0, SD = 12.94). Thematic analysis was employed to identify and contextualise factors influencing CAV acceptability, encompassing usefulness, ease of use, effectiveness, affordability, and social acceptability. Results emphasised safety as a top priority for both drivers and pedestrians. Trust and system reliability were also common concerns, varying with participants’ roles and transport experiences. Both drivers and pedestrians identified cost and economic benefits as significant barriers to CAV acceptance. Moreover, shared apprehensions about justice in adopting CAVs acknowledged the imperfections inherent in technological advancements. Participants supported CAVs but raised concerns about potential harm to vulnerable road users. Both car drivers and pedestrians expressed concerns that introducing CAVs could exacerbate existing injustices these road users face. This study offers valuable insights into how individual differences influence CAV acceptability, contributing to understanding their preparedness to adopt advanced automotive technologies.
publishDate 2024
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-10-07T13:24:20Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-10-07T13:24:20Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2024-09-27
dc.date.submitted.none.fl_str_mv 2024-10-05
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.hasversion.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess
dc.type.spa.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv Martínez-Buelvas, L., Rakotonirainy, A., Grant-Smith, D., & Oviedo-Trespalacios, O. (2024). A multi-road user evaluation of the acceptance of connected and automated vehicles through the lenses of safety and justice. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 107, 521-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.011
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/12747
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.011
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
identifier_str_mv Martínez-Buelvas, L., Rakotonirainy, A., Grant-Smith, D., & Oviedo-Trespalacios, O. (2024). A multi-road user evaluation of the acceptance of connected and automated vehicles through the lenses of safety and justice. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 107, 521-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.011
10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.011
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/12747
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.cc.*.fl_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv 16 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Cartagena de Indias
dc.publisher.faculty.spa.fl_str_mv Ingeniería
dc.publisher.discipline.spa.fl_str_mv Ingeniería Industrial
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour
institution Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12747/1/8.%20Paper%20LMB.pdf
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12747/2/license_rdf
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12747/3/license.txt
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12747/4/8.%20Paper%20LMB.pdf.txt
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12747/5/8.%20Paper%20LMB.pdf.jpg
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv cdf2b5b3185f6fd3d5a455b92564b051
4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347
e20ad307a1c5f3f25af9304a7a7c86b6
e243087433e64c24f02dd16f3e60bbfa
e0c3792a686f2bad20d83e7e1487c399
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional UTB
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorioutb@utb.edu.co
_version_ 1814021623710220288
spelling Martínez-Buelvas, Laurab2943adc-798e-4d18-b704-1da4c27b6d16Rakotonirainy, Andry667a72a1-c265-441b-9418-40b4c05a19d1Grant-Smith, Deanna3d774bb2-b08c-4bf6-81bb-56be0177a9d9Oviedo-Trespalacios, Oscar6162e4ae-d45c-4ee2-a213-afe45cae910d2024-10-07T13:24:20Z2024-10-07T13:24:20Z2024-09-272024-10-05Martínez-Buelvas, L., Rakotonirainy, A., Grant-Smith, D., & Oviedo-Trespalacios, O. (2024). A multi-road user evaluation of the acceptance of connected and automated vehicles through the lenses of safety and justice. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 107, 521-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.011https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/1274710.1016/j.trf.2024.09.011Universidad Tecnológica de BolívarRepositorio Universidad Tecnológica de BolívarAs technological development towards connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) continues to rise, addressing the challenges associated with their integration is crucial, especially regarding public acceptance. This study explores the acceptability of CAVs, focusing on their potential role in enhancing safety and justice within the transport system. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a diverse participant group, including 18 car drivers (aged 20–79, M = 48.3, SD = 18.77) and 12 pedestrians (aged 18–61, M = 36.0, SD = 12.94). Thematic analysis was employed to identify and contextualise factors influencing CAV acceptability, encompassing usefulness, ease of use, effectiveness, affordability, and social acceptability. Results emphasised safety as a top priority for both drivers and pedestrians. Trust and system reliability were also common concerns, varying with participants’ roles and transport experiences. Both drivers and pedestrians identified cost and economic benefits as significant barriers to CAV acceptance. Moreover, shared apprehensions about justice in adopting CAVs acknowledged the imperfections inherent in technological advancements. Participants supported CAVs but raised concerns about potential harm to vulnerable road users. Both car drivers and pedestrians expressed concerns that introducing CAVs could exacerbate existing injustices these road users face. This study offers valuable insights into how individual differences influence CAV acceptability, contributing to understanding their preparedness to adopt advanced automotive technologies.16 páginasapplication/pdfenghttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacionalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and BehaviourA multi-road user evaluation of the acceptance of connected and automated vehicles through the lenses of safety and justiceinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Vulnerable road usersSelf-driving vehiclesSafetyTransport justiceAcceptanceLEMBCartagena de IndiasIngenieríaIngeniería IndustrialInvestigadoresAhmed, M. L., Iqbal, R., Karyotis, C., Palade, V., & Amin, S. A. (2021). Predicting the public adoption of connected and autonomous vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 23(2), 1680–1688. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2021.3109846Afghari, A. P., Papadimitriou, E., Li, X., Kaye, S. A., & Oviedo-Trespalacios, O. (2021). How much should a pedestrian be fined for intentionally blocking a fully automated vehicle? A random parameters beta hurdle model with heterogeneity in the variance of the beta distribution. Analytic Methods in Accident Research, 32, Article 100186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amar.2021.100186Anderson, J. M., Nidhi, K., Stanley, K. D., Sorensen, P., Samaras, C., & Oluwatola, O. A. (2014). Autonomous vehicle technology: a guide for policymakers. Rand Corporation.Asgari, H., & Jin, X. (2019). Incorporating attitudinal factors to examine adoption of and willingness to pay for autonomous vehicles. Transportation Research Record, 2673(8), 418–429. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198119839987Bansal, P., Kockelman, K. M., & Singh, A. (2016). Assessing public opinions of and interest in new vehicle technologies: an Austin perspective. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 67, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.01.019Clements, L. M., & Kockelman, K. M. (2017). Economic effects of automated vehicles. Transportation Research Record, 2606(1), 106–114. https://doi.org/10.3141/ 2606-14Chan and Lee, 2021 W.M. Chan, J.W.C. Lee 5G connected autonomous vehicle acceptance: the mediating effect of trust in the technology acceptance model Asian Journal of Business Research, 11 (1) (2021), pp. 40-60Chee, P. N. E., Susilo, Y. O., Wong, Y. D., & Pernestål, A. (2020). Which factors affect willingness-to-pay for automated vehicle services? Evidence from public road deployment in Stockholm, Sweden. European Transport Research Review, 12(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-020-00404-yChu, Y., & Liu, P. (2023). Human factor risks in driving automation crashes. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 3–12). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35678-0_1Creswell, 1998 J.W. Creswell Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five traditions Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA (1998)Davis, 1985 F.D. Davis A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems: theory and results Doctoral dissertation Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1985)Deb, S., Rahman, M. M., Strawderman, L. J., & Garrison, T. M. (2018). Pedestrians’ receptivity toward fully automated vehicles: research review and roadmap for future research. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems, 48, 279–290. https://doi.org/10.1109/THMS.2018.2799523Dennis, S., Paz, A., & Yigitcanlar, T. (2021). Perceptions and attitudes towards the deployment of autonomous and connected vehicles: insights from Las Vegas, Nevada. Journal of Urban Technology, 28(3–4), 75–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2021.1879606Dixon, L. (2020). Autonowashing: the greenwashing of vehicle automation. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 5, Article 100113. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.trip.2020.100113Dogan, E., Costantini, F., & Le Boennec, R. (2020). Ethical issues concerning automated vehicles and their implications for transport. In Advances in transport policy and planning, 5 pp. 215–233). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.atpp.2020.05.003.Duboz, A., Mourtzouchou, A., Grosso, M., Kolarova, V., Cordera, R., N¨ agele, S., … Ciuffo, B. (2022). Exploring the acceptance of connected and automated vehicles: focus group discussions with experts and non-experts in transport. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 89, 200–221. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.trf.2022.06.013Emory, K., Douma, F., & Cao, J. (2022). Autonomous vehicle policies with equity implications: patterns and gaps. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 13, Article 100521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100521Faber, K., & Van Lierop, D. (2020). How will older adults use automated vehicles? Assessing the role of AVs in overcoming perceived mobility barriers. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 133, 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.01.022Fagnant, D. J., & Kockelman, K. (2015). Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 77, 167–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.04.003Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: a hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069060050010Gill, T. (2021). Ethical dilemmas are really important to potential adopters of autonomous vehicles. Ethics and Information Technology, 23(4), 657–673. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10676-021-09605-yHaque, M. M., Oviedo-Trespalacios, O., Sharma, A., & Zheng, Z. (2021). Examining the driver-pedestrian interaction at pedestrian crossings in the connected environment: a hazard-based duration modelling approach. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 150, 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tra.2021.05.014Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1049732305276687Jiang, Z., Yu, D., Luan, S., Zhou, H., & Meng, F. (2022). Integrating traffic signal optimisation with vehicle microscopic control to reduce energy consumption in a connected and automated vehicles environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 371, Article 133694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133694Karner, A., London, J., Rowangould, D., & Manaugh, K. (2020). From transportation equity to transportation justice: within, through, and beyond the state. Journal of Planning Literature, 35, 440–459. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412220927691Kaye, S. A., Lewis, I., Buckley, L., & Rakotonirainy, A. (2020). Assessing the feasibility of the theory of planned behaviour in predicting drivers’ intentions to operate conditional and full automated vehicles. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 74, 173–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.08.015Kaye, S. A., Li, X., Oviedo-Trespalacios, O., & Afghari, A. P. (2022). Getting in the path of the robot: pedestrians acceptance of crossing roads near fully automated vehicles. Travel Behaviour and Society, 26, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2021.07.012Kelly, S., Kaye, S. A., & Oviedo-Trespalacios, O. (2023). What factors contribute to the acceptance of artificial intelligence? A systematic review. Telematics and Informatics, 77, Article 101925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2022.101925Kim, M. K., Park, J. H., Oh, J., Lee, W. S., & Chung, D. (2019). Identifying and prioritising the benefits and concerns of connected and autonomous vehicles: a comparison of individual and expert perceptions. Research in Transportation Business and Management, 32, Article 100438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. rtbm.2020.100438Kim, G., Shin, B., & Lee, H. G. (2009). Understanding dynamics between initial trust and usage intentions of mobile banking. Information Systems Journal, 19(3), 283–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2007.00269.xKonig, ¨ M., & Neumayr, L. (2017). Users’ resistance towards radical innovations: the case of the self-driving car. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 44, 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.10.013Kroesen, M., Milakis, D., & Van Wee, B. (2023). Automated vehicles: changes in expert opinions over time. Transport Policy, 136, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tranpol.2023.03.005Kyriakidis, M., Happee, R., & De Winter, J. C. (2015). Public opinion on automated driving: results of an international questionnaire among 5000 respondents. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 32, 127–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.04.014Kyriakidis, M., Sodnik, J., Stojmenova, K., Elvarsson, A. B., Pronello, C., & Thomopoulos, N. (2020). The role of human operators in safety perception of AV deployment-insights from a large European survey. Sustainability, 12(21), Article 9166. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219166Lee and Hess, 2020 D. Lee, D.J. Hess Regulations for on-road testing of connected and automated vehicles: assessing the potential for global safety harmonisation Transportation Research Part A – Policy and Practice, 136 (2020), pp. 85-98Leicht, T., Chtourou, A., & Youssef, K. B. (2018). Consumer innovativeness and intentioned autonomous car adoption. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 29(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hitech.2018.04.001Leung, L. (2015). Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 4(3), 324–327. https://doi.org/ 10.4103/2249-4863.161306Li, D., & Wagner, P. (2019). Impacts of gradual automated vehicle penetration on motorway operation: a comprehensive evaluation. European Transport Research Review, 11, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-019-0375-3Li, G., Liang, Y., Wang, H., Chen, J., & Chang, X. (2022). Factors influencing users’ willingness to adopt connected and autonomous vehicles: net and configurational effects analysis using PLS-SEM and FsQCA. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7489897Li, Afghari, Oviedo-Trespalacios, Kaye, & Haworth, 2023 X. Li, A.P. Afghari, O. Oviedo-Trespalacios, S.A. Kaye, N. Haworth Cyclists perception and self-reported behaviour towards interacting with fully automated vehicles Transportation research part A: policy and practice, 173 (2023), p. 103713Li et al., 2023 X. Li, S.A. Kaye, A.P. Afghari, O. Oviedo-Trespalacios Sharing roads with automated vehicles: a questionnaire investigation from drivers’, cyclists’ and pedestrians’ perspectives Accident Analysis & Prevention, 188 (2023), Article 107093Li, X., Oviedo-Trespalacios, O., Afghari, A. P., Kaye, S. A., & Yan, X. (2023). Yield or not to yield? An inquiry into drivers’ behaviour when a fully automated vehicle indicates a lane-changing intention. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 95, 405-417Lijarcio, I., Useche, S. A., Llamazares, J., & Montoro, L. (2019). Availability, demand, perceived constraints and disuse of ADAS technologies in Spain: findings from a national study. IEEE Access, 7, 129862–129873. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2939302Liu, N., Nikitas, A., & Parkinson, S. (2020). Exploring expert perceptions about the cyber security and privacy of connected and autonomous vehicles: a thematic analysis approach. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 75, 66–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.09.019Longhurst, 2010 R. Longhurst Semi-structured interviews and focus groups N. Clifford, M. Cope, T. Gillespie, S. French (Eds.), Key methods in geography (3rd ed.), SAGE (2010), pp. 143-156Martínez-Buelvas, L., Rakotonirainy, A., Grant-Smith, D., & Oviedo-Trespalacios, O. (2022). A transport justice approach to integrating vulnerable road users with automated vehicles. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 113, Article 103499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103499Manivasakan, H., Kalra, R., O’Hern, S., Fang, Y., Xi, Y., & Zheng, N. (2021). Infrastructure requirement for autonomous vehicle integration for future urban and suburban roads–Current practice and a case study of Melbourne, Australia. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 152, 36–53. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.tra.2021.07.012Martínez-Buelvas, L., Rakotonirainy, A., Grant-Smith, D., Oviedo-Trespalacios, O. (2024). Impact of Connected and Automated Vehicles on Transport Injustices. 2024 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), Jeju Island, Korea, Republic of, 1609-1614. https://doi.org/10.1109/iv55156.2024.10588552.Miller, K., Chng, S., & Cheah, L. (2022). Understanding acceptance of shared autonomous vehicles among people with different mobility and communication needs. Travel Behaviour and Society, 29, 200–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2022.06.007Mitsopoulos-Rubens and Regan, 2018 E. Mitsopoulos-Rubens, M.A. Regan Measuring acceptability through questionnaires and focus groups M.A. Regan, T. Horberry, A. Stevens (Eds.), Driver acceptance of new technology: theory, measurement and optimisation, CRC Press (2018), pp. 89-104Morando, M. M., Tian, Q., Truong, L. T., & Vu, H. L. (2018). Studying the safety impact of autonomous vehicles using simulation-based surrogate safety measures. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6135183Nielsen, 1994 J. Nielsen Usability engineering Morgan Kaufmann (1994)Nordhoff, S., Van Arem, B., & Happee, R. (2016). Conceptual model to explain, predict, and improve user acceptance of driverless podlike vehicles. Transportation Research Record, 2602(1), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.3141/2602-08Nordhoff, S., Louw, T., Innamaa, S., Lehtonen, E., Beuster, A., Torrao, G., … Merat, N. (2020). Using the UTAUT2 model to explain public acceptance of conditionally automated (L3) cars: a questionnaire study among 9,118 car drivers from eight European countries. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 74, 280–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.07.015Nyholm, S., & Smids, J. (2020). Automated cars meet human drivers: responsible human-robot coordination and the ethics of mixed traffic. Ethics and Information Technology, 22, 335–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-018-9445-9Osborne, N., & Grant-Smith, D. (2021). In-depth interviewing. In S. Baum (Ed.), Methods in urban analysis (pp. 105–125). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981- 16-1677-8_7.Owens, J. M., Sandt, L., Habibovic, A., McCullough, S. R., Snyder, R., Emerson, R. W., … Soriano, B. (2019). Automated vehicles and vulnerable road users: envisioning a healthy, safe and equitable future. Road Vehicle Automation, 6, 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22933-7_7Papadoulis, A., Quddus, M., & Imprialou, M. (2019). Evaluating the safety impact of connected and autonomous vehicles on motorways. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 124, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.12.019Payre, W., Cestac, J., & Delhomme, P. (2014). Intention to use a fully automated car: attitudes and a priori acceptability. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 27, 252–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2014.04.009Pereira, R. H. M., Schwanen, T., & Banister, D. (2017). Distributive justice and equity in transportation. Transport Reviews, 37(2), 170–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 01441647.2016.1257660Pettigrew, S., Fritschi, L., & Norman, R. (2018). The potential implications of autonomous vehicles in and around the workplace. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1876. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091876Pratt, M. G., Kaplan, S., & Whittington, R. (2020). Editorial essay: the tumult over transparency: decoupling transparency from replication in establishing trustworthy qualitative research. Administrative science quarterly, 65(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839219887663Pyrialakou, V. D., Gkartzonikas, C., Gatlin, J. D., & Gkritza, K. (2020). Perceptions of safety on a shared road: driving, cycling, or walking near an autonomous vehicle. Journal of Safety Research, 72, 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2019.12.017Qu, S. Q., & Dumay, J. (2011). The qualitative research interview. Qualitative Research in Accounting and Management, 8(3), 238–264. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 11766091111162070Queensland Government (2017). Cooperative and automated vehicle initiative. Online at: https://www.qld.gov.au/transport/projects/cavi/cavi-project [29.01.2024]Rahman, M. M., Deb, S., Strawderman, L., Burch, R., & Smith, B. (2019). How the older population perceives self-driving vehicles. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 65, 242–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.08.002Regan et al., 2017 M. Regan, M. Cunningham, V. Dixit, T. Horberry, A. Bender, K. Weeratunga, A. Hassan Preliminary findings from the first Australian national survey of public opinion about automated and driverless vehicles Australian and New Zealand Driverless Vehicle Initiative (2017)Regan et al., 2002 M.A. Regan, E. Mitsopoulos, N. Haworth, K. Young Acceptability of in-vehicle intelligent transport systems to Victorian car drivers Monash University Accident Research Centre (2002)Reyes-Munoz, ˜ A., & Guerrero-Iba´nez, ˜ J. (2022). Vulnerable road users and connected autonomous vehicles interaction: a survey. Sensors, 22(12), 4614. https://doi. org/10.3390/s22124614Schrauth, B., Funk, W., Maier, S., & Kraetsch, C. (2021). The acceptance of conditionally automated cars from the perspective of different road user groups. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 21(4), 81–103. https://doi.org/10.18757/ejtir.2021.21.4.5466Sciarretta, A., & Vahidi, A. (2020). Energy saving potentials of CAVs. In A. Sciarretta, & A. Vahidi (Eds.), Energy-efficient driving of road vehicles: toward cooperative, connected, and automated mobility (pp. 1–31). Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24127-8_1.Sepehri Rad, A., Memarmontazerin, S., & Saffarzadeh, M. (2021). Effect of connected and autonomous vehicles on traffic safety. Road, 29(108), 51–62. https://doi. org/10.22034/ROAD.2021.138099Sharma, I., & Mishra, S. (2020). Modeling consumers’ likelihood to adopt autonomous vehicles based on their peer network. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 87, Article 102509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102509Singleton, P. A., De Vos, J., Heinen, E., & Pudane, ¯ B. (2020). Potential health and well-being implications of autonomous vehicles. In D. Milakis, N. Thomopoulos, & B. van Wee (Eds.), Advances in transport policy and planning (pp. 163–190). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.atpp.2020.02.002.Society of Automotive Engineers (2021). SAE levels of driving automation™ refined for clarity and international audience. Online at: https://www.sae.org/blog/saej3016-update [31.11.2023]Sohrabi, S., Khreis, H., & Lord, D. (2020). Impacts of autonomous vehicles on public health: a conceptual model and policy recommendations. Sustainable Cities and Society, 63, Article 102457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102457Sundararajan et al., 2019 S. Sundararajan, M. Yousuf, M. Omay, A. Steinfeld, J.M. Owens Automated vehicles (AVs) for people with disabilities Road Vehicle Automation, 5 (2019), pp. 85-90Swain, R., Truelove, V., Rakotonirainy, A., & Kaye, S. A. (2023). A comparison of the views of experts and the public on automated vehicles technologies and societal implications. Technology in Society. , Article 102288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102288Taiebat, M., Stolper, S., & Xu, M. (2019). Forecasting the impact of connected and automated vehicles on energy use: a microeconomic study of induced travel and energy rebound. Applied Energy, 247, 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.174Talebpour, A., & Mahmassani, H. S. (2016). Influence of connected and autonomous vehicles on traffic flow stability and throughput. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 71, 143–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.07.007Trosterer, ¨ S., G¨ artner, M., Mirnig, A., Meschtscherjakov, A., McCall, R., Louveton, N., & Engel, T. (2016). You never forget how to drive: driver skilling and deskilling in the advent of autonomous vehicles. In Proceedings of the 8th international conference on automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications (pp. 209–216). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3003715.3005462Tu, R., Alfaseeh, L., Djavadian, S., Farooq, B., & Hatzopoulou, M. (2019). Quantifying the impacts of dynamic control in connected and automated vehicles on greenhouse gas emissions and urban NO2 concentrations. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 73, 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. trd.2019.06.008Useche, S. A., Penaranda-Ortega, ˜ M., Gonzalez-Marin, A., & Llamazares, F. J. (2021). Assessing the effect of drivers’ gender on their intention to use fully automated vehicles. Applied Sciences, 12(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010103Ye, L., & Yamamoto, T. (2019). Evaluating the impact of connected and autonomous vehicles on traffic safety. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 526, Article 121009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.04.245Van Loon, R. J., & Martens, M. H. (2015). Automated driving and its effect on the safety ecosystem: how do compatibility issues affect the transition period? Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 3280–3285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.401Vlassenroot and Brookhuis, 2018 S. Vlassenroot, K. Brookhuis Socio-psychological factors that influence acceptability of intelligent transport systems: a model Driver acceptance of new technology, CRC Press (2018), pp. 35-50Ward, 2019 J. Ward Who's liable?: Developing a CTP insurance framework for automated vehicles Bulletin (Law Society of South Australia), 41 (2019), pp. 26-28Winston and Karpilow, 2020 C. Winston, Q. Karpilow Autonomous vehicles: The road to economic growth? Brookings Institution Press (2020)Xing, Y., Zhou, H., Han, X., Zhang, M., & Lu, J. (2022). What influences vulnerable road users’ perceptions of autonomous vehicles? A comparative analysis of the 2017 and 2019 Pittsburgh surveys. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 176, Article 121454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121454Xu, X., & Fan, C.-K. (2019). Autonomous vehicles, risk perceptions and insurance demand: an individual survey in China. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 124, 549–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.04.009http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1ORIGINAL8. Paper LMB.pdf8. Paper LMB.pdfapplication/pdf704704https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12747/1/8.%20Paper%20LMB.pdfcdf2b5b3185f6fd3d5a455b92564b051MD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12747/2/license_rdf4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83182https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12747/3/license.txte20ad307a1c5f3f25af9304a7a7c86b6MD53TEXT8. Paper LMB.pdf.txt8. Paper LMB.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain98358https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12747/4/8.%20Paper%20LMB.pdf.txte243087433e64c24f02dd16f3e60bbfaMD54THUMBNAIL8. Paper LMB.pdf.jpg8. Paper LMB.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg7466https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/12747/5/8.%20Paper%20LMB.pdf.jpge0c3792a686f2bad20d83e7e1487c399MD5520.500.12585/12747oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/127472024-10-08 00:15:41.92Repositorio Institucional UTBrepositorioutb@utb.edu.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