Prediction of motorcyclist traffic crashes in Cartagena (Colombia): development of a safety performance function
Motorcyclists account for more than 380 000 deaths annually worldwide from road tra c accidents. Motorcyclists are the most vulnerable road users worldwide to road safety (28% of global fatalities), together with cyclists and pedestrians. Approximately 80% of deaths are from low- or middle- income c...
- Autores:
-
Ospina-Mateus, Holman
Quintana Jiménez, Leonardo Augusto
López Valdés, Francisco J.
Sankar Sana, Shib
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2021
- Institución:
- Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Institucional UTB
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/10410
- Palabra clave:
- Motorcycle, crashes
Prone-section
Safety performance function
Negative binomial regression
Empirical Bayesian approach
LEMB
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
| id |
UTB2_17902115b6bfe379a008079d5e026006 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/10410 |
| network_acronym_str |
UTB2 |
| network_name_str |
Repositorio Institucional UTB |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Prediction of motorcyclist traffic crashes in Cartagena (Colombia): development of a safety performance function |
| title |
Prediction of motorcyclist traffic crashes in Cartagena (Colombia): development of a safety performance function |
| spellingShingle |
Prediction of motorcyclist traffic crashes in Cartagena (Colombia): development of a safety performance function Motorcycle, crashes Prone-section Safety performance function Negative binomial regression Empirical Bayesian approach LEMB |
| title_short |
Prediction of motorcyclist traffic crashes in Cartagena (Colombia): development of a safety performance function |
| title_full |
Prediction of motorcyclist traffic crashes in Cartagena (Colombia): development of a safety performance function |
| title_fullStr |
Prediction of motorcyclist traffic crashes in Cartagena (Colombia): development of a safety performance function |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Prediction of motorcyclist traffic crashes in Cartagena (Colombia): development of a safety performance function |
| title_sort |
Prediction of motorcyclist traffic crashes in Cartagena (Colombia): development of a safety performance function |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Ospina-Mateus, Holman Quintana Jiménez, Leonardo Augusto López Valdés, Francisco J. Sankar Sana, Shib |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Ospina-Mateus, Holman Quintana Jiménez, Leonardo Augusto López Valdés, Francisco J. Sankar Sana, Shib |
| dc.subject.keywords.spa.fl_str_mv |
Motorcycle, crashes Prone-section Safety performance function Negative binomial regression Empirical Bayesian approach |
| topic |
Motorcycle, crashes Prone-section Safety performance function Negative binomial regression Empirical Bayesian approach LEMB |
| dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv |
LEMB |
| description |
Motorcyclists account for more than 380 000 deaths annually worldwide from road tra c accidents. Motorcyclists are the most vulnerable road users worldwide to road safety (28% of global fatalities), together with cyclists and pedestrians. Approximately 80% of deaths are from low- or middle- income countries. Colombia has a rate of 9.7 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants, which places it 10th in the world. Motorcycles in Colombia correspond to 57% of the eet and generate an average of 51% of fatalities per year. This study aims to identify signi cant factors of the environment, tra c volume, and infrastructure to predict the number of accidents per year focused only on motorcyclists. The prediction model used a negative binomial regression for the de nition of a Safety Performance Function (SPF) for motorcyclists. In the second stage, Bayes' empirical approach is implemented to identify motorcycle crash-prone road sections. The study is applied in Cartagena, one of the capital cities with more tra c crashes and motorcyclists dedicated to informal transportation (motorcycle taxi riders) in Colombia. The data of 2884 motorcycle crashes between 2016 and 2017 are analyzed. The proposed model identi es that crashes of motorcyclists per kilometer have signi cant factors such as the average volume of daily motorcyclist tra c, the number of accesses (intersections) per kilometer, commercial areas, and the type of road and it identi es 55 critical accident-prone sections. The research evidences coherent and consistent results with previous studies and requires e ective countermeasures for the bene t of road safety for motorcyclists. |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-04-05 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-01-27T14:01:01Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-01-27T14:01:01Z |
| dc.date.submitted.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-01-25 |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.hasversion.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess |
| dc.type.spa.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Prediction of motorcyclist traffic crashes in Cartagena (Colombia): development of a safety performance function Holman Ospina-Mateus, Leonardo Augusto Quintana Jiménez, Francisco J. Lopez-Valdes and Shib Sankar Sana RAIRO-Oper. Res., 55 3 (2021) 1257-1278 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/ro/2021055 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/10410 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.1051/ro/2021055 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar |
| identifier_str_mv |
Prediction of motorcyclist traffic crashes in Cartagena (Colombia): development of a safety performance function Holman Ospina-Mateus, Leonardo Augusto Quintana Jiménez, Francisco J. Lopez-Valdes and Shib Sankar Sana RAIRO-Oper. Res., 55 3 (2021) 1257-1278 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/ro/2021055 Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/10410 https://doi.org/10.1051/ro/2021055 |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.cc.*.fl_str_mv |
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv |
22 Páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.coverage.spatial.none.fl_str_mv |
Colombia |
| dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Cartagena de Indias |
| dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
RAIRO-Oper. Res - vol. 55, n° 3 (2021). |
| institution |
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10410/1/Paper%20Final_Holman%20Ospina%20Mateus%201.pdf https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10410/2/license_rdf https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10410/3/license.txt https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10410/4/Paper%20Final_Holman%20Ospina%20Mateus%201.pdf.txt https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10410/5/Paper%20Final_Holman%20Ospina%20Mateus%201.pdf.jpg |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
4727de6c796fe4358b8474e42688ba34 4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347 e20ad307a1c5f3f25af9304a7a7c86b6 0c8ec64e0b32e415f70a4ed1d96c3bc4 5e5ba2cff40cbc26de81926355bfa8a9 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional UTB |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repositorioutb@utb.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1814021674478075904 |
| spelling |
Ospina-Mateus, Holman1b4b1bc0-3606-4c14-bb13-dbc9d4251891Quintana Jiménez, Leonardo Augusto7b85dfbe-d700-457f-a814-09cf0ab19e56López Valdés, Francisco J.5a4268e2-55b2-412f-814e-1a12bd7d3511Sankar Sana, Shibd10ac6cd-87f8-493f-80ec-cf649edaf60cColombia2022-01-27T14:01:01Z2022-01-27T14:01:01Z2021-04-052022-01-25Prediction of motorcyclist traffic crashes in Cartagena (Colombia): development of a safety performance function Holman Ospina-Mateus, Leonardo Augusto Quintana Jiménez, Francisco J. Lopez-Valdes and Shib Sankar Sana RAIRO-Oper. Res., 55 3 (2021) 1257-1278 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/ro/2021055https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/10410https://doi.org/10.1051/ro/2021055Universidad Tecnológica de BolívarRepositorio Universidad Tecnológica de BolívarMotorcyclists account for more than 380 000 deaths annually worldwide from road tra c accidents. Motorcyclists are the most vulnerable road users worldwide to road safety (28% of global fatalities), together with cyclists and pedestrians. Approximately 80% of deaths are from low- or middle- income countries. Colombia has a rate of 9.7 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants, which places it 10th in the world. Motorcycles in Colombia correspond to 57% of the eet and generate an average of 51% of fatalities per year. This study aims to identify signi cant factors of the environment, tra c volume, and infrastructure to predict the number of accidents per year focused only on motorcyclists. The prediction model used a negative binomial regression for the de nition of a Safety Performance Function (SPF) for motorcyclists. In the second stage, Bayes' empirical approach is implemented to identify motorcycle crash-prone road sections. The study is applied in Cartagena, one of the capital cities with more tra c crashes and motorcyclists dedicated to informal transportation (motorcycle taxi riders) in Colombia. The data of 2884 motorcycle crashes between 2016 and 2017 are analyzed. The proposed model identi es that crashes of motorcyclists per kilometer have signi cant factors such as the average volume of daily motorcyclist tra c, the number of accesses (intersections) per kilometer, commercial areas, and the type of road and it identi es 55 critical accident-prone sections. The research evidences coherent and consistent results with previous studies and requires e ective countermeasures for the bene t of road safety for motorcyclists.22 Páginasapplication/pdfenghttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacionalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2RAIRO-Oper. Res - vol. 55, n° 3 (2021).Prediction of motorcyclist traffic crashes in Cartagena (Colombia): development of a safety performance functioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Motorcycle, crashesProne-sectionSafety performance functionNegative binomial regressionEmpirical Bayesian approachLEMBCartagena de IndiasAASHTO, The Highway Safety Manual. American Association of State Highway Transportation Professionals, Washington, DC, USA 529 (2010).M.A. Abdel-Aty and A.E. Radwan, Modeling tra c accident occurrence and involvement. Accident Anal. Prev. 32 (2000) 633{642.M.M. Abdul Manan, T. Jonsson and A. V arhelyi, Development of a safety performance function for motorcycle accident fatalities on Malaysian primary roads. Safety Sci. 60 (2013) 13{20.W. Ackaah and M. Salifu, Crash prediction model for two-lane rural highways in the Ashanti region of Ghana. IATSS Res. 35 (2011) 34{40.A.P. Afghari, M.M. Haque, S. Washington and T. Smyth, E ects of globally obtained informative priors on bayesian safety performance functions developed for Australian crash data. Accident Anal. Prev. 129 (2019) 55{65.M. Araujo, E. Illanes, E. Chapman and E. Rodrigues, E ectiveness of interventions to prevent motorcycle injuries: systematic review of the literature. Int. J. Injury Control Safety Promotion 24 (2017) 406{422.K. Bauer and D.W. Harwood, Statistical Models of At-Grade Intersection Accidents. Federal Highway Administration, Addendum, United States (2000).C. Caliendo, M. Guida and A. Parisi, A crash-prediction model for multilane roads. Accident Anal. Prev. 39 (2007) 657{670V. Cantillo, P. Garc es and L. M arquez, Factors in uencing the occurrence of tra c accidents in urban roads: a combined GIS-Empirical Bayesian approach. Dyna 83 (2016) 21{28.V. Cantillo, L. M arquez and C.J. D az, An exploratory analysis of factors associated with tra c crashes severity in Cartagena, Colombia. Accident Anal. Prev. 146 (2020) 105749.Cartagena Comovamos, Encuesta de Percepci on Ciudadana Cartagena. [Online]. Available: http://www.cartagenacomovamos. org/nuevo/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Resultados-Encuesta-de-percepci%C3%B3n-Ciudadana-2018.pdf (2018).A. Chamber of the Automotive Industry of the National Association of Entrepreneurs of Colombia, Motorcycles in Colombia: allies of the country's development. Available: http://www.andi.com.co/Uploads/LasMotocicletasEnColombia.pdf (2017).C. Chen, H. Wang, J. Roll, K. Nordback and Y. Wang, Using bicycle app data to develop Safety Performance Functions (SPFs) for bicyclists at intersections: a generic framework. Transp. Res. Part A: Policy Pract. 132 (2020) 1034{1052.W. Cheng and S. Washington, New criteria for evaluating methods of identifying hot spots. Transp. Res. Record 2083 (2008) 76{85.N. Clabaux, T. Brenac, C. Perrin, J. Magnin, B. Canu and P. Van Elslande, Motorcyclists' speed and \looked-but-failed-to-see" accidents (in English). Accident Anal. Prev. 49 (2012) 73{77.M. de Lapparent, Empirical Bayesian analysis of accident severity for motorcyclists in large French urban areas. Accident Anal. Prev. 38 (2006) 260{268K. El-Basyouny and T. Sayed, Safety performance functions using tra c con icts. Safety Sci. 51 (2013) 160{164R. Elvik, State-of-the-art Approaches to Road Accident Black Spot Management and Safety Analysis of Road Networks. Transport konomisk institutt, Oslo (2007).R. Elvik, A. H ye, T. Vaa and M. S rensen, Driver Training and Regulation of Professional Drivers. The Handbook of Road Safety Measures. Emerald Group Publishing Limited (2009).J.D. Febres, F. Mohamadi, M. Mariscal, S. Herrera and S. Garc a-Herrero, The role of journey purpose in road tra c injuries: a Bayesian network approach. J. Adv. Transp. 2019 (2019).L. Fuentes, R. Camargo, J. Arellana, C. Velosa and G. Martinez, Modelling pavement serviceability of urban roads using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 22 (2021) 77{86.M.I. Gutierrez and D. Mohan, Safety of motorized two-wheeler riders in the formal and informal transport sector. Int. J. Injury Control Safety Promotion 27 (2020) 51{60.M.M. Haque and H.C. Chin, Right-angle crash vulnerability of motorcycles at signalized intersections: mixed logit analysis. In: Transportation Research Record (2010) 82{90.M.M. Haque, H.C. Chin and H. Huang, Modeling fault among motorcyclists involved in crashes (in English). Accident Anal. Prev. 41 (2009) 327{335.E. Hauer, Observational before/after studies in road safety. Estimating the e ect of highway and tra c engineering measures on road safety (1997).E. Hauer, D.W. Harwood, F.M. Council and M.S. Gri th, Estimating safety by the empirical Bayes method: a tutorial. Transp. Res. Record 1784 (2002) 126{131.E. Hauer, D.W. Harwood, F. Council and M. Gri th, The empirical Bayes method for estimating safety: a tutorial. Transp. Res. Record 1784 (2002) 126{131S. Harnen, S. Wong, R.R. Umar and W.W. Hashim, Motorcycle crash prediction model for non-signalized intersections. IATSS Res. 27 (2003) 58{65S. Harnen, S. Radin, S.V. Wong and W.H. Wan Ibrahim, Development of prediction models for motorcycle crashes at signalized intersections on urban roads in Malaysia. J. Transp. Stat. 7 (2004).S. Harnen, R. Umar, S. Wong and W.H. Wan Ibrahim, Motorcycle accident prediction model for junctions on urban roads in Malaysia. Adv. Transp. Stud. 8 (2006).I.d.E.U.-.IEU, El mototaxismo sigue aumentando en Colombia. Available: http://ieu.unal.edu.co/noticias-del-ieu/item/ el-mototaxismo-sigue-aumentando-en-colombia (2019).A. Jimenez, J.P. Bocarejo, R. Zarama and J. Yerpez, A case study analysis to examine motorcycle crashes in Bogota, Colombia (in English). J. Safety Res. 52 (2015) 29{38.B. Lan, B. Persaud, C. Lyon and R. Bhim, Validation of a full Bayes methodology for observational before{after road safety studies and application to evaluation of rural signal conversions. Accident Anal. Prev. 41 (2009) 574{580.J. Lee and F. Mannering, Impact of roadside features on the frequency and severity of run-o -roadway accidents: an empirical analysis. Accident Anal. Prev. 34 (2002) 149{161M.-R. Lin and J.F. Kraus, A review of risk factors and patterns of motorcycle injuries. Accident Anal. Prev. 41 (2009) 710{722.D. Lord and B.N. Persaud, Estimating the safety performance of urban road transportation networks. Accident Anal. Prev. 36 (2004) 609{620.D. Lord, S.P. Washington and J.N. Ivan, Poisson, Poisson-gamma and zero-in ated regression models of motor vehicle crashes: balancing statistical t and theory. Accident Anal. Prev. 37 (2005) 35{46.C. Lyon, B. Persaud and S. Himes, Investigating total annual average daily tra c as a surrogate for motorcycle volumes in estimating safety performance functions for motorcycle crashes. Transp. Res. Record 2637 (2017) 9{16.L. M arquez, R. Pico and V. Cantillo, Understanding captive user behavior in the competition between BRT and motorcycle taxis. Transp. Policy 61 (2018) 1{9.F.J. Maza Avila, M.P. Fals Galezo, L.C. Espinosa Fl orez, C.F. Safar Cano and D. Licona D ager, Percepciones del riesgo asociado a la pr actica del mototaxismo en Cartagena, Colombia. Econ. Reg. 13 (2019) 57{81A. Montella, A comparative analysis of hotspot identi cation methods. Accident Anal. Prev. 42 (2010) 571{581.A. Montella, M. Aria, A. D'Ambrosio and F. Mauriello, Analysis of powered two-wheeler crashes in Italy by classi cation trees and rules discovery. Accident Anal. Prev. 49 (2012) 58{72ONSV, National Road Safety Observatory. National Automotive Registry. Available: https://ansv.gov.co/observatorio/ ?op=Contenidos&sec=64 (2019).ONSV, National Road Safety Observatory. Statistical Bulletins, Deceased Victims, Injured by INMLCF in transit events in Colombia { National, Departmental and Municipal Data 2012{2020. Available: https://ansv.gov.co/observatorio/estad% C3%ADsticas (2019).H. Ospina-Mateus and L.A. Quintana Jim enez, Understanding the impact of physical fatigue and postural comfort experienced during motorcycling: a systematic review. J. Transp. Health 12 (2019) 290{318H. Ospina-Mateus, L.A. Quintana Jim enez, F.J. L opez-Vald es, N. Morales-Londo~no and K. Salas-Navarro, Using data-mining techniques for the prediction of the severity of road crashes in Cartagena, Colombia. In: Applied Computer Sciences in Engineering. Springer International Publishing. Cham (2019) 309{320H. Ospina-Mateus, L.A. Quintana Jim enez, F.J. Lopez-Valdes and K. Salas-Navarro, Bibliometric analysis in motorcycle accident research: a global overview. Scientometrics 121 (2019) 793{815H. Ospina-Mateus, L.A. Quintana Jim enez and F.J. Lopez-Valdes, Understanding motorcyclist-related accidents in Colombia. Int. J. Injury Control Safety Promotion 27 (2020) 215{231.H. Ospina-Mateus, L.A. Quintana Jim enez, F.J. Lopez-Valdes, S. Berrio Garcia, L.H. Barrero and S.S. Sana, Extraction of decision rules using genetic algorithms and simulated annealing for prediction of severity of tra c accidents by motorcyclists. J. Ambient Intell. Humanized Comput. (2021) 1{22.K. Ozbay and N. Noyan, Estimation of incident clearance times using Bayesian Networks approach. Accident Anal. Prev. 38 (2006) 542{555.C.W. Pai, Motorcycle right-of-way accidents { A literature review (in English). Accident Anal. Prev. Rev. 43 (2011) 971{982.B. Persaud and C. Lyon, Empirical Bayes before-after safety studies: lessons learned from two decades of experience and future directions. Accident Anal. Prev. 39 (2007) 546{555.E. Polders and T. Brijs, How to Analyse Accident Causation? A Handbook with Focus on Vulnerable Road Users. Hasselt University (2018).X. Qu and Q. Meng, A note on hotspot identi cation for urban expressways. Safety Sci. 66 (2014) 87{91.R.S. Radin Umar, M. Mackay and B. Hills, Multivariate analysis of motorcycle accidents and the e ects of exclusive motorcycle lanes in Malaysia. J. Crash Prev. Injury Control 2 (2000) 11{17.B.A. Ram rez, F.A. Izquierdo, C.G. Fern andez and A.G. M endez, The in uence of heavy goods vehicle tra c on accidents on di erent types of Spanish interurban roads. Accident Anal. Prev. 41 (2009) 15{24V. Shankar, F. Mannering and W. Bar eld, E ect of roadway geometrics and environmental factors on rural freeway accident frequencies. Accident Anal. Prev. 27 (1995) 371{389.T. Tang, S. Zhu, Y. Guo, X. Zhou and Y. Cao, Evaluating the safety risk of rural roadsides using a Bayesian network method. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16 (2019) 1166.R.A. Tegge, J.-H. Jo and Y. Ouyang, Development and application of safety performance functions for Illinois. ICT-10-066 UILU-ENG-2010-2006 (2010).A. Vogt and J. Bared, Accident models for two-lane rural segments and intersections. Transp. Res. Record 1635 (1998) 18{29.S. Washington, M.G. Karlaftis, F. Mannering and P. Anastasopoulos, Statistical and Econometric Methods for Transportation Data Analysis. CRC Press (2020).WHO, Powered two- and three-wheelers safety: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners. [Online]. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272757/9789243511924-spa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (2017).WHO, Global status report on road safety 2018. [Online]. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/ 276462/9789241565684-eng.pdf?ua=1 (2018).C. Xin, Z. Wang, P.-S. Lin, C. Lee and R. Guo, Safety e ects of horizontal curve design on motorcycle crash frequency on rural, two-lane, undivided highways in Florida. Transp. Res. Record 2637 (2017) 1{8.K. Yang, X. Wang and R. Yu, A Bayesian dynamic updating approach for urban expressway real-time crash risk evaluation. Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. 96 (2018) 192{207.http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1ORIGINALPaper Final_Holman Ospina Mateus 1.pdfPaper Final_Holman Ospina Mateus 1.pdfapplication/pdf904024https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10410/1/Paper%20Final_Holman%20Ospina%20Mateus%201.pdf4727de6c796fe4358b8474e42688ba34MD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10410/2/license_rdf4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83182https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10410/3/license.txte20ad307a1c5f3f25af9304a7a7c86b6MD53TEXTPaper Final_Holman Ospina Mateus 1.pdf.txtPaper Final_Holman Ospina Mateus 1.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain65008https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10410/4/Paper%20Final_Holman%20Ospina%20Mateus%201.pdf.txt0c8ec64e0b32e415f70a4ed1d96c3bc4MD54THUMBNAILPaper Final_Holman Ospina Mateus 1.pdf.jpgPaper Final_Holman Ospina Mateus 1.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg70525https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10410/5/Paper%20Final_Holman%20Ospina%20Mateus%201.pdf.jpg5e5ba2cff40cbc26de81926355bfa8a9MD5520.500.12585/10410oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/104102023-05-26 16:01:11.052Repositorio Institucional UTBrepositorioutb@utb.edu.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 |