Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithm
The problem of parametric estimation in photovoltaic (PV) modules considering manufacturer information is addressed in this research from the perspective of combinatorial optimization. With the data sheet provided by the PV manufacturer, a non-linear non-convex optimization problem is formulated tha...
- Autores:
-
Montoya, Oscar Danilo
Ramírez-Vanegas, Carlos Alberto
Grisales-Noreña, Luis Fernando
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2021
- Institución:
- Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Institucional UTB
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/10704
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/10704
- Palabra clave:
- Crow search algorithm
Manufacturer information
Metaheuristic optimization
Parametric estimation
Photovoltaic modules
Single-diode model
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
id |
UTB2_0ac5c7179f2603c2890b3884327c143b |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/10704 |
network_acronym_str |
UTB2 |
network_name_str |
Repositorio Institucional UTB |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithm |
title |
Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithm |
spellingShingle |
Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithm Crow search algorithm Manufacturer information Metaheuristic optimization Parametric estimation Photovoltaic modules Single-diode model |
title_short |
Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithm |
title_full |
Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithm |
title_fullStr |
Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithm |
title_full_unstemmed |
Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithm |
title_sort |
Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithm |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Montoya, Oscar Danilo Ramírez-Vanegas, Carlos Alberto Grisales-Noreña, Luis Fernando |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Montoya, Oscar Danilo Ramírez-Vanegas, Carlos Alberto Grisales-Noreña, Luis Fernando |
dc.subject.keywords.spa.fl_str_mv |
Crow search algorithm Manufacturer information Metaheuristic optimization Parametric estimation Photovoltaic modules Single-diode model |
topic |
Crow search algorithm Manufacturer information Metaheuristic optimization Parametric estimation Photovoltaic modules Single-diode model |
description |
The problem of parametric estimation in photovoltaic (PV) modules considering manufacturer information is addressed in this research from the perspective of combinatorial optimization. With the data sheet provided by the PV manufacturer, a non-linear non-convex optimization problem is formulated that contains information regarding maximum power, open-circuit, and short-circuit points. To estimate the three parameters of the PV model (i.e., the ideality diode factor (a) and the parallel and series resistances (Rp and Rs)), the crow search algorithm (CSA) is employed, which is a metaheuristic optimization technique inspired by the behavior of the crows searching food deposits. The CSA allows the exploration and exploitation of the solution space through a simple evolution rule derived from the classical PSO method. Numerical simulations reveal the effectiveness and robustness of the CSA to estimate these parameters with objective function values lower than 1 × 10−28 and processing times less than 2 s. All the numerical simulations were developed in MATLAB 2020a and compared with the sine-cosine and vortex search algorithms recently reported in the literature. |
publishDate |
2021 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-06-16 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-07-08T13:52:12Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-07-08T13:52:12Z |
dc.date.submitted.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-07-07 |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.hasVersion.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess |
dc.type.spa.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Montoya Giraldo, Oscar & Ramírez-Vanegas, Carlos & Grisales-Noreña, Luis. (2022). Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithm. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering. 12. 82-91. 10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp82-91. |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/10704 |
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp82-91 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar |
identifier_str_mv |
Montoya Giraldo, Oscar & Ramírez-Vanegas, Carlos & Grisales-Noreña, Luis. (2022). Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithm. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering. 12. 82-91. 10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp82-91. 10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp82-91 Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar Repositorio Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/10704 |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
dc.rights.accessRights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
dc.rights.cc.*.fl_str_mv |
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv |
10 Páginas |
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Cartagena de Indias |
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) - Vol. 12, No 1 (2021) |
institution |
Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10704/1/24820-49645-1-PB.pdf https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10704/2/license_rdf https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10704/3/license.txt https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10704/5/24820-49645-1-PB.pdf.txt https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10704/4/24820-49645-1-PB.pdf.jpg |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
c68d0eb216bed060188b464d6dd02829 4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347 e20ad307a1c5f3f25af9304a7a7c86b6 2280301f7bb3604eb8283796dbcae8ab 4d8f378602ef240f50e9d2f93c568f0e |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional UTB |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repositorioutb@utb.edu.co |
_version_ |
1814021593746112512 |
spelling |
Montoya, Oscar Danilo8a59ede1-6a4a-4d2e-abdc-d0afb14d4480Ramírez-Vanegas, Carlos Alberto825b66d4-d0d1-419a-97eb-6d3f5cfb6c18Grisales-Noreña, Luis Fernando7c27cda4-5fe4-4686-8f72-b0442c58a5d12022-07-08T13:52:12Z2022-07-08T13:52:12Z2021-06-162022-07-07Montoya Giraldo, Oscar & Ramírez-Vanegas, Carlos & Grisales-Noreña, Luis. (2022). Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithm. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering. 12. 82-91. 10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp82-91.https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/1070410.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp82-91Universidad Tecnológica de BolívarRepositorio Universidad Tecnológica de BolívarThe problem of parametric estimation in photovoltaic (PV) modules considering manufacturer information is addressed in this research from the perspective of combinatorial optimization. With the data sheet provided by the PV manufacturer, a non-linear non-convex optimization problem is formulated that contains information regarding maximum power, open-circuit, and short-circuit points. To estimate the three parameters of the PV model (i.e., the ideality diode factor (a) and the parallel and series resistances (Rp and Rs)), the crow search algorithm (CSA) is employed, which is a metaheuristic optimization technique inspired by the behavior of the crows searching food deposits. The CSA allows the exploration and exploitation of the solution space through a simple evolution rule derived from the classical PSO method. Numerical simulations reveal the effectiveness and robustness of the CSA to estimate these parameters with objective function values lower than 1 × 10−28 and processing times less than 2 s. All the numerical simulations were developed in MATLAB 2020a and compared with the sine-cosine and vortex search algorithms recently reported in the literature.10 Páginasapplication/pdfenghttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacionalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) - Vol. 12, No 1 (2021)Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithminfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Crow search algorithmManufacturer informationMetaheuristic optimizationParametric estimationPhotovoltaic modulesSingle-diode modelCartagena de IndiasM. S. Cengiz and M. S. Mamis¸, “Price-efficiency relationship for photovoltaic systems on a global basis,” International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2015, pp. 1–12, 2015, doi: 10.1155/2015/256101A. Omar, H. M. Hasanien, M. A. Elgendy, and M. A. L. Badr, “Identification of the photovoltaic model parameters using the crow search algorithm,” The Journal of Engineering, vol. 2017, no. 13, pp. 1570–1575, Jan. 2017A. Paz-Rodrıguez, J. F. Castro-Ordo˜nez, O. D. Montoya, and D. A. Giral-Ramırez, “Optimal integration of photovoltaic sources in distribution networks for daily energy losses minimization using the vortex search algorithm,” Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 10, May. 2021, Art. No. 4418, doi: 10.3390/app11104418.O. D. Montoya, L. F. Grisales-Nore˜na, W. Gil-Gonzalez, G. Alcala, and Q. Hernandez-Escobedo, “Optimal location and sizing of PV sources in DC networks for minimizing greenhouse emissions in diesel generators,” Symmetry, vol. 12, no. 2, Feb. 2020, Art. No. 322, doi: 10.3390/sym12020322.P. P. Biswas, P. Suganthan, G. Wu, and G. A. Amaratunga, “Parameter estimation of solar cells using datasheet information with the application of an adaptive differential evolution algorithm,” Renewable Energy, vol. 132, pp. 425-438, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.152D. G. Montoya, C. A. R. Paja, and R. Giral, “Maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic systems based on the sliding mode control of the module admittance,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 136, pp. 125–134, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2016.02.001M. Al-Soeidat, D. D.-C. Lu, and J. Zhu, “An analog BJT-tuned maximum power point tracking technique for PV systems,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 637–641, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2018.2865804.M. Arjun, V. V. Ramana, R. Viswadev, and B. Venkatesaperumal, “An iterative analytical solution for calculating maximum power point in photovoltaic systems under partial shading conditions,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 973–977, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2018.2867088.A. R. Jordehi, “Parameter estimation of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells: A review,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., vol. 61, pp. 354–371, Aug. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.049.O. D. Montoya, W. Gil-Gonzalez, and L. F. Grisales-Nore˜na, “Sine-cosine algorithm for parameters’ estimation in solar cells using datasheet information,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1671, Oct. 2020, Art. No. 012008U. Jadli, P. Thakur, and R. D. Shukla, “A new parameter estimation method of solar photovoltaic,” IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 239–247, 2018, doi: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2017.2767602.W. J. Gil-Gonzalez, O. D. Montoya, and J. M. Lopez-Lezama, “Vortex search algorithm applied to the parametric estimation in pv cells considering manufacturer datasheet information,” IEEE Latin America Transactions, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 1581–1589, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TLA.2021.9468612.A. Elkholy and A. A. El-Ela, “Optimal parameters estimation and modelling of photovoltaic modules using analytical method,” Heliyon, vol. 5, no. 7, p. e02137, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02137M. A. Awadallah and B. Venkatesh, “Estimation of PV module parameters from datasheet information using optimization techniques,” in 2015 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Mar. 2015, doi: 10.1109/ICIT.2015.7125507J. Ma, T. O. Ting, K. L. Man, N. Zhang, S.-U. Guan, and P. W. H. Wong, “Parameter estimation of photovoltaic models via cuckoo search,” J. Appl. Math., vol. 2013, pp. 1–8, 2013, doi: 10.1155/2013/362619N. Maouhoub, “Photovoltaic module parameter estimation using an analytical approach and least squares method,” J. Comput. Electron., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 784–790, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10825-017-1121-5.H. M. Ridha, C. Gomes, and H. Hizam, “Estimation of photovoltaic module model’s parameters using an improved electromagneticlike algorithm,” Neural Computing and Applications, vol. 32, no. 16, pp. 12627–12642, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s00521-020-04714- zO. S. Elazab, H. M. Hasanien, I. Alsaidan, A. Y. Abdelaziz, and S. M. Muyeen, “Parameter estimation of three diode photovoltaic model using grasshopper optimization algorithm ,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 2, Jan. 2020, Art. No. 497, doi: 10.3390/en13020497J. Montano, A. F. Tobon, J. P. Villegas, and M. Durango, “Grasshopper optimization algorithm for parameter estimation of photovoltaic modules based on the single diode model,” International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 367–375, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s40095-020-00342-4.A. K. Abdulrazzaq, G. Bognar, and B. Plesz, “Accurate method for PV solar cells and modules parameters extraction using i–v curves,” Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jksues.2020.07.008.R. Ndegwa, J. Simiyu, E. Ayieta, and N. Odero, “A fast and accurate analytical method for parameter determination of a photovoltaic system based on manufacturer’s data,” Journal of Renewable Energy, vol. 2020, pp. 1–18, May. 2020, doi: 10.1155/2020/7580279.R. Chelouah and P. Siarry, “Continuous genetic algorithm designed for the global optimization of multimodal functions,” Journal of Heuristics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 191–213, 2000, doi: 10.1023/A:1009626110229.A. Askarzadeh, “A novel metaheuristic method for solving constrained engineering optimization prob- lems: Crow search algorithm,” Computers and Structures, vol. 169, pp. 1–12, Jun. 2016.Y. Meraihi, A. B. Gabis, A. Ramdane-Cherif, and D. Acheli, “A comprehensive survey of Crow Search Algorithm and its applications,” Artificial Intelligence Review, Sep. 2020B. Zolghadr-Asli, O. Bozorg-Haddad, and X. Chu, “Crow search algorithm (CSA),” in Advanced Optimization by Nature-Inspired Algorithms, Springer Singapore, Jul. 2017, pp. 143–149, doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-5221-7-14A. A. E. Ela, R. A. El-Sehiemy, A. Shaheen, and A. Shalaby, “Application of the crow search algorithm for economic environmental dispatch,” in 2017 Nineteenth International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1109/MEPCON.2017.8301166S. Shekhawat and A. Saxena, “Development and applications of an intelligent crow search algorithm based on opposition based learning,” ISA Transactions, vol. 99, pp. 210–230, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.isatra.2019.09.004.O. D. Montoya, W. Gil-Gonzalez, and L. F. Grisales-Norena, “Vortex search algorithm for optimal power flow analysis in DC resistive networks with CPLs,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 1439–1443, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2019.2938530.V. Khanna, B. K. Das, D. Bisht, Vandana, and P. K. Singh, “Estimation of photovoltaic cells model parameters using particle swarm optimization,” in Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Springer International Publishing, 2014, pp. 391–394, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-03002-9-98.Y. Zhang, S. Lyden, B. L. de la Barra, and M. Haque, “A genetic algorithm approach to parameter estimation for PV modules,” in 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), Jul. 2016, doi: 10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741781.http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1ORIGINAL24820-49645-1-PB.pdf24820-49645-1-PB.pdfapplication/pdf427325https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10704/1/24820-49645-1-PB.pdfc68d0eb216bed060188b464d6dd02829MD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10704/2/license_rdf4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83182https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10704/3/license.txte20ad307a1c5f3f25af9304a7a7c86b6MD53TEXT24820-49645-1-PB.pdf.txt24820-49645-1-PB.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain38102https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10704/5/24820-49645-1-PB.pdf.txt2280301f7bb3604eb8283796dbcae8abMD55THUMBNAIL24820-49645-1-PB.pdf.jpg24820-49645-1-PB.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg79635https://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12585/10704/4/24820-49645-1-PB.pdf.jpg4d8f378602ef240f50e9d2f93c568f0eMD5420.500.12585/10704oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/107042022-07-11 00:18:04.664Repositorio Institucional UTBrepositorioutb@utb.edu.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 |