Planning for Pedestrians with a participatory multicriteria approach

The design of accessible walking routes needs to take into account the different stakeholders’ preferences and factors affecting walking. It is a complex issue which policy-makers should deal with to foster sustainable mobility. A participatory multicriteria decision analysis approach is presented t...

Full description

Autores:
Gonzalez-Urango, Hannia
Inturri, Giuseppe
Le Pira, Michela
García-Melón, Mónica
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Universidad Simón Bolívar
Repositorio:
Repositorio Digital USB
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:bonga.unisimon.edu.co:20.500.12442/5685
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/5685
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/%28ASCE%29UP.1943-5444.0000585
Palabra clave:
Analytic network process
Stakeholder analysis
Pedestrian route design
Pedestrian mobility
Pedestrian accessibility
Urban walkability
Rights
License
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
id USIMONBOL2_f48f05c0e90ffaf1ec020ceea1278b97
oai_identifier_str oai:bonga.unisimon.edu.co:20.500.12442/5685
network_acronym_str USIMONBOL2
network_name_str Repositorio Digital USB
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Planning for Pedestrians with a participatory multicriteria approach
title Planning for Pedestrians with a participatory multicriteria approach
spellingShingle Planning for Pedestrians with a participatory multicriteria approach
Analytic network process
Stakeholder analysis
Pedestrian route design
Pedestrian mobility
Pedestrian accessibility
Urban walkability
title_short Planning for Pedestrians with a participatory multicriteria approach
title_full Planning for Pedestrians with a participatory multicriteria approach
title_fullStr Planning for Pedestrians with a participatory multicriteria approach
title_full_unstemmed Planning for Pedestrians with a participatory multicriteria approach
title_sort Planning for Pedestrians with a participatory multicriteria approach
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Gonzalez-Urango, Hannia
Inturri, Giuseppe
Le Pira, Michela
García-Melón, Mónica
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Gonzalez-Urango, Hannia
Inturri, Giuseppe
Le Pira, Michela
García-Melón, Mónica
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Analytic network process
Stakeholder analysis
Pedestrian route design
Pedestrian mobility
Pedestrian accessibility
Urban walkability
topic Analytic network process
Stakeholder analysis
Pedestrian route design
Pedestrian mobility
Pedestrian accessibility
Urban walkability
description The design of accessible walking routes needs to take into account the different stakeholders’ preferences and factors affecting walking. It is a complex issue which policy-makers should deal with to foster sustainable mobility. A participatory multicriteria decision analysis approach is presented to help the planning and designing of pedestrian routes, based on a sound analysis of factors affecting walking behavior and the attributes of the roads, and a stakeholder-driven evaluation of the same. A group of different stakeholders has been involved to select the criteria for designing pedestrian routes in the city center of Cartagena (Colombia). Some of them have been selected based on the results of a social network analysis (SNA) to be involved as key stakeholders for the evaluation of the selected criteria through an analytic network process (ANP). An index to measure the importance of each criterion in designing pedestrian routes has been obtained. Results provide valuable inputs to understand how to redesign and reconfigure streets for pedestrians in a city so as to improve walkability and foster a shift toward active and sustainable transport modes.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2020-05-19T17:05:43Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2020-05-19T17:05:43Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020
dc.type.eng.fl_str_mv article
dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.driver.eng.fl_str_mv article
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 19435444
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/5685
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv https://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/%28ASCE%29UP.1943-5444.0000585
identifier_str_mv 19435444
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/5685
https://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/%28ASCE%29UP.1943-5444.0000585
dc.language.iso.eng.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.*.fl_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
rights_invalid_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv pdf
dc.publisher.eng.fl_str_mv ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
dc.source.eng.fl_str_mv Journal of Urban Planning and Development
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv Vol. 146, No. 3 (2020)
institution Universidad Simón Bolívar
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/df6fdcce-96b0-4d6f-90df-7444df1e8ff3/download
https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/1b5ae3c6-13e2-4907-8921-bf5ef5a24e94/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347
733bec43a0bf5ade4d97db708e29b185
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Digital Universidad Simón Bolívar
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorio.digital@unisimon.edu.co
_version_ 1814076161212284928
spelling Gonzalez-Urango, Hannia7ff74fed-946b-417a-b986-5d50a5bd286cInturri, Giuseppe17bfab3b-4c80-4447-8f48-07cd8fdc5dfbLe Pira, Michela0cffd56b-d889-4067-9316-79e5cae96fb5García-Melón, Mónicae3f2863e-80fb-4bd9-821f-6538685cbb6d2020-05-19T17:05:43Z2020-05-19T17:05:43Z202019435444https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/5685https://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/%28ASCE%29UP.1943-5444.0000585The design of accessible walking routes needs to take into account the different stakeholders’ preferences and factors affecting walking. It is a complex issue which policy-makers should deal with to foster sustainable mobility. A participatory multicriteria decision analysis approach is presented to help the planning and designing of pedestrian routes, based on a sound analysis of factors affecting walking behavior and the attributes of the roads, and a stakeholder-driven evaluation of the same. A group of different stakeholders has been involved to select the criteria for designing pedestrian routes in the city center of Cartagena (Colombia). Some of them have been selected based on the results of a social network analysis (SNA) to be involved as key stakeholders for the evaluation of the selected criteria through an analytic network process (ANP). An index to measure the importance of each criterion in designing pedestrian routes has been obtained. Results provide valuable inputs to understand how to redesign and reconfigure streets for pedestrians in a city so as to improve walkability and foster a shift toward active and sustainable transport modes.pdfengASCE American Society of Civil EngineersAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ecJournal of Urban Planning and DevelopmentVol. 146, No. 3 (2020)Analytic network processStakeholder analysisPedestrian route designPedestrian mobilityPedestrian accessibilityUrban walkabilityPlanning for Pedestrians with a participatory multicriteria approacharticlearticlehttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Aghaabbasi, M., M. Moeinaddini, Z. Asadi-Shekari, and M. Z. Shah. 2019. “The equitable use concept in sidewalk design.” Cities 88: 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CITIES.2018.10.010.Arranz-López, A., J. A. Soria-Lara, C. López-Escolano, and Á Pueyo Campos. 2017. “Retail Mobility Environments: A methodological framework for integrating retail activity and non-motorised accessibility in Zaragoza, Spain.” J. Transp. Geogr. 58: 92–103. https://doi.org/10 .1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.11.010.Belton, V., and T. J. Stewart. 2002. Multiple criteria decision analysis. Boston: Springer.Bentley, R., D. Jolley, and A. M. Kavanagh. 2010. “Local environments as determinants of walking in Melbourne, Australia.” Soc. Sci. Med. 70 (11): 1806–1815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.041.Blečić, I., A. Cecchini, T. Congiu, G. Fancello, and G. A. Trunfio. 2015. “Evaluating walkability: A capability-wise planning and design support system.” Int. J. Geog. Inform. Sci. 29 (8): 1350–1374. https://doi.org/10 .1080/13658816.2015.1026824.Blecic, I., A. Cecchini, and G. A. Trunfio. 2015. “Towards a design support system for urban walkability.” Procedia Comput. Sci. 51 (1): 2157– 2167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.05.489.Bodin, Ö, and B. I. Crona. 2009. “The role of social networks in natural resource governance: What relational patterns make a difference?” Glob. Environ. Change 19 (3): 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .gloenvcha.2009.05.002.Bodin, Ö, B. I. Crona, and H. Ernstson. 2006. “Social networks in natural resource management: What is there to learn from a structural perspective?” Ecol. Soc. 11 (2): r2. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01808-1102r02.Borgatti, S. P., M. G. Everett, and L. Freeman. 2002. Ucinet for windows: Software for social network analysis. Harvard,MA: Analytic Technologies.Bryson, J. M. 2004. “What to do when stakeholders matter.” Public Manage. Rev. 6 (1): 21–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030410001675722.Cambra, P. 2012. “Pedestrian accessibility and attractiveness indicators for walkability assessment.” Master thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Technical Institute of Lisbon.Caprì, S., M. Ignaccolo, G. Inturri, and M. Le Pira. 2016. “Green walking networks for climate change adaptation.” Transp. Res. Part D 45: 84– 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2015.08.005.Cartagena Cómo Vamos. 2018. “Informe de Calidad de Vida 2017.” [Quality of Life Report 2017] [In Spanish.] Accessed April 17, 2018. http://www.cartagenacomovamos.org/nuevo/wp-content/uploads/2014 /11/Presentacion-Calidad-de-Vida-2017-FINAL.pdf.Cascetta, E., A. Cartenì, F. Pagliara, and M. Montanino. 2015. “A new look at planning and designing transportation systems: A decision-making model based on cognitive rationality, stakeholder engagement and quantitative methods.” Transp. Policy 38: 27–39. https://doi.org/10 .1016/j.tranpol.2014.11.005.Cervero, R., O. L. Sarmiento, E. Jacoby, L. F. Gomez, and A. Neiman. 2009. “Influences of built environments on walking and cycling: Lessons from Bogotá.” Int. J. Sustainable Transp. 3 (4): 203–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568310802178314.Chang, K.-L. 2013. “Combined MCDM approaches for century-old Taiwanese food firm new product development project selection.” Br. Food J. 115 (8): 1197–1210. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-08-2011-0204.Cheshmehzangi, A., and S. M. Thomas. 2016. “Prioritizing accessible transit systems for sustainable urban development: Understanding and evaluating the parameters of a transportation system in Mumbai.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 142 (4): 05016005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP .1943-5444.0000338.Fichera, A.,M. Frasca, V. Palermo, and R. Volpe. 2018. “An optimization tool for the assessment of urban energy scenarios.” Energy 156: 418–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.114.Galdini, R. 2019. “Urban re-use practices in contemporary cities: Experiences in Europe.” Cities 87: 103–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.12.026.Gant, R. 1997. “Pedestrianisation and disabled people: A study of personal mobility in Kingston town centre.” Disability Soc. 12 (5): 723–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599727010.Gehl, J. 2010. Cities for people. Washington, DC: Island Press.Glicken, J. 2000. “Getting stakeholder participation “right”: A discussion of participatory processes and possible pitfalls.” Environ. Sci. Policy 3 (6): 305–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-9011(00)00105-2.Gonzalez-Urango, H., and M. García-Melón. 2018. “Stakeholder engagement to evaluate tourist development plans with a sustainable approach.” Sustainable Dev. 26 (6): 800–811. https://doi.org/10 .1002/sd.1849.Guo, Z., and B. P. Y. Loo. 2013. “Pedestrian environment and route choice: Evidence from New York City and Hong Kong.” J. Transp. Geogr. 28: 124–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.11.013.Hanneman, R. A., and M. Riddle. 2005. Introduction to social network methods. Riverside, CA: Univ. of California.Hickman, R., and D. Banister. 2014. Transport, climate change and the city. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.Huff Herbie, K., and R. Liggett. 2014. The highway capacity manual’s method for calculating bicycle and pedestrian levels of service: The ultimate white paper. Oxford, UK: Lewis Center for Regional Policy Studies.Ignaccolo, M., G. Inturri, M. García-Melón, N. Giuffrida, M. Le Pira, and V. Torrisi. 2017. “Combining analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with role-playing games for stakeholder engagement in complex transport decision.” Transp. Res. Procedia 27: 500–507. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.trpro.2017.12.069.Jabbari, M., F. Fonseca, and R. Ramos. 2017. “Combining multi-criteria and space syntax analysis to assess a pedestrian network: The case of Oporto.” J. Urban Des. 23 (1): 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574 809.2017.1343087.Kadali, B. R., and P. Vedagiri. 2016. “Review of pedestrian level of service.” Transp. Res. Record 2581 (1): 37–47. https://doi.org/10.3141 /2581-05.Kalakou, S., and F. Moura. 2014. “Bridging the gap in planning indoor pedestrian facilities.” Transp. Rev. 34 (4): 474–500. https://doi.org/10 .1080/01441647.2014.915441.Kim, H. Y., D. Wunneburger, M. Neuman, and S. Y. An. 2014. “Optimizing high-speed rail routes using a spatial decision support system (SDSS): The texas urban triangle (TUT) case.” J. Transp. Geogr. 34: 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.11.014.Le Pira, M. 2018. “Transport planning with stakeholders: An agent-based modelling approach.” Int. J. Transp. Econ. 45 (1): 15–32. https://doi .org/10.19272/201806701002.Le Pira, M., G. Inturri, M. Ignaccolo, A. Pluchino, and A. Rapisarda. 2017. “Finding shared decisions in stakeholder networks: An agentbased approach.” Physica A 466: 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .physa.2016.09.015.Liao, S.-K., Y.-C. Chen, K.-L. Chang, and T.-W. Tseng. 2011. “Assessing the performance of Taiwanese tour guides.” Afr. J. Bus. Manage. 5 (4): 1325–1333. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM10.871.Ligardo-Herrera, I., T. Gómez-Navarro, and H. Gonzalez-Urango. 2019. “Application of the ANP to the prioritization of project stakeholders in the context of responsible research and innovation.” Central Eur. J. Oper. Res. 27 (3): 679–701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10100-018-0573-4.Loken, E. 2007. “Use of multicriteria decision analysis methods for energy planning problems.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 11 (7): 1584– 1595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2005.11.005.Lotfi, S., and M. J. Koohsari. 2011. “Neighborhood walkability in a city within a developing country.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 137 (4): 402– 408.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000085.Mateo-Babiano, I. 2016. “Pedestrian’s needs matters: Examining Manila’s walking environment.” Transp. Policy 45: 107–115. https://doi.org/10 .1016/j.tranpol.2015.09.008.Mayor of London. 2005. “Transport for London: Improving walkability.” September 29, 2017.Moura, F., P. Cambra, and A. B. Gonçalves. 2017. “Measuring walkability for distinct pedestrian groups with a participatory assessment method: A case study in Lisbon.” Landscape Urban Plann. 157: 282–296. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.07.002.Newman, L., and A. Dale. 2007. “Homophily and agency: Creating effective sustainable development networks.” Environ. Dev. Sustainability 9 (1): 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-005-9004-5.Nuworsoo, C., and E. Cooper. 2013. “Considerations for integrating bicycling and walking facilities into urban infrastructure.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2393 (1): 125–133. https://doi.org/10.3141/2393-14.Oswald Beiler, M. R., M. Asce, B. Phillips, and S. M. Asce. 2015. “Prioritizing pedestrian corridors using walkability performance metrics and decision analysis.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 142 (1): 04015009. https:// doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000290.Page, S. 2009. Transport and tourism: Global perspectives. London: Pearson Education.Parajuli, A., and D. Pojani. 2018. “Barriers to the pedestrianization of city centres: Perspectives from the Global North and the Global South.” J. Urban Des. 23 (1): 142–160. https://doi.org/10.1080 /13574809.2017.1369875.Park, S., K. Choi, and J. S. Lee. 2017. “Operationalization of path walkability for sustainable transportation.” Int. J. Sustainable Transp. 11 (7): 471–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2016.1226996.Pedestrian Quality Needs Project. 2010. COST 358 Pedestrians’ quality needs perceived needs PQN final report—Part B2: Documentation. Cheltenham, UK: WALK21.Prell, C., K. Hubacek, and M. Reed. 2009. “Stakeholder analysis and social network analysis in natural resource management.” Soc. Nat. Resourc. 22 (6): 501–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920802199202.Rahman, K., N. Abdul Ghani, A. Abdulbasah Kamil, A. Mustafa, and M. A. Kabir Chowdhury. 2013. “Modelling pedestrian travel time and the design of facilities: A queuing approach.” PLoS One 8 (5): e63503. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063503.Reed, M. S., A. Graves, N. Dandy, H. Posthumus, K. Hubacek, J. Morris, C. Prell, C. H. Quinn, and L. C. Stringer. 2009. “Who’s in and why? A typology of stakeholder analysis methods for natural resource management.” J. Environ. Manage. 90 (5): 1933–1949. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.jenvman.2009.01.001.Saaty, T. L. 1990. “How to make a decision: The analytic hierarchy process.” Eur. J. Oper. Res. 48 (1): 9–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377 -2217(90)90057-I.Saaty, T. L. 2001. The analytic network process: Decision making with dependence and feedback. Pittsburgh: RWS.Saaty, T. L., and K. Peniwati. 2008. Group decision making : Drawing out and reconciling differences. Pittsburgh: RWS.Sahani, R., and P. K. Bhuyan. 2013. “Level of service criteria of off-street pedestrian facilities in Indian context using affinity propagation clustering.” Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 104: 718–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .sbspro.2013.11.166.Sahelgozin, M., A. Sadeghi-Niaraki, and S. Dareshiri. 2015. “Proposing a multi-criteria path optimization method in order to provide a Ubiquitous Pedestrian Wayfinding Service.” ISPRS 40 (1W5): 639–644. https://doi .org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-1-W5-639-2015.Saint Ville, A. S., G. M. Hickey, and L. E. Phillip. 2017. “How do stakeholder interactions influence national food security policy in the Caribbean? The case of Saint Lucia.” Food Policy 68: 53–64. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.01.002.Santos, G., H. Behrendt, L. Maconi, T. Shirvani, and A. Teytelboym. 2010. “Part I: Externalities and economic policies in road transport.” Res. Transp. Econ. 28 (1): 2–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2009.11.002.Sayyadi, G., and A. Awasthi. 2013. “AHP-based approach for location planning of pedestrian zones: Application in Montreal, Canada.” J. Transp. Eng. 139 (2): 239–246. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE .1943-5436.0000493.Scott, J. 2013. Social network analysis. London: SAGE.Shoup, D. C. 2011. The high cost of free parking. Washington, DC: Planners Press, American Planning Association.Singh, B., and M. M. Keitsch. 2016. “Cultural sustainability and space—A comparison of two cases in Kathmandu, Nepal.” Sustainable Dev. 24 (5): 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1631.Singh, R. 2016. “Factors affecting walkability of neighborhoods.” Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 216: 643–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .sbspro.2015.12.048.Sipahi, S., and M. Timor. 2010. “The analytic hierarchy process and analytic network process: An overview of applications.” Manage. Decis. 48 (5): 775–808. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741011043920.Sisiopiku, V., J. Byrd, and A. Chittoor. 2007. “Application of level-of-service methods for evaluation of operations at pedestrian facilities.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2002 (1): 117–124. https://doi.org/10 .3141/2002-15.Soleimani, N., and C. Valmohammadi. 2017. “Identifying and prioritizing factors influencing the selection of the top suppliers of e-procurement using FDEMATEL and FANP.” J. Multi Criteria Decis. Anal. 24 (5–6): 286–295. https://doi.org/10.1002/mcda.1619.Southworth, M. 2005. “Designing the Walkable City.” J. Urban Plann. Dev. 131 (4): 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488 (2005)131:4(246).Talavera-Garcia, R., and J. A. Soria-Lara. 2015. “Q-PLOS, developing an alternative walking index. A method based on urban design quality.” Cities 45: 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.03.003.Taleai, M., and E. Taheri Amiri. 2017. “Spatial multi-criteria and multiscale evaluation of walkability potential at street segment level: A case study of Tehran.” Sustainable Cities Soc. 31: 37–50. https://doi .org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.02.011Tavana, M., M. Zareinejad, F. J. Santos-Arteaga, and M. A. Kaviani. 2016. “A conceptual analytic network model for evaluating and selecting third-party reverse logistics providers.” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 86 (5–8): 1705–1721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-8208-6.Tong, X., Y. Wang, and E. H. W. Chan. 2016. “International research trends and methods for walkability and their enlightenment in China.” Procedia Environ. Sci. 36: 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .proenv.2016.09.023.Wasserman, S., and K. Faust. 2007. Social network analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.Yamaki, K. 2017. “Applying social network analysis to stakeholder analysis in Japan’s natural resource governance: Two endangered species conservation activity cases.” J. Forest Res. 22 (2): 83–90. https://doi .org/10.1080/13416979.2017.1279706.Yang, R. J. 2014. “An investigation of stakeholder analysis in urban development projects: Empirical or rationalistic perspectives.” Int. J. Project Manage. 32 (5): 838–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j .ijproman.2013.10.011.Zegeer, C. V., and M. Bushell. 2012. “Pedestrian crash trends and potential countermeasures from around the world.” Accid. Anal. Prev. 44 (1): 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.12.007.Aghaabbasi, M., M. Moeinaddini, M. Zaly Shah, and Z. Asadi-Shekari. 2017. “A new assessment model to evaluate the microscale sidewalk design factors at the neighbourhood level.” J. Transp. Health 5: 97– 112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2016.08.012.Barba-Romero, S., and J.-C. Pomerol. 1997. Decisiones multicriterio : Fundamentos teóricos y utilización práctica. Alcalá de Henares, Spain: Universidad de Alcalá.Ignaccolo, M., G. Inturri, M. Le Pira, S. Caprì, and V. Mancuso. 2016. “Evaluating the role of land use and transport policies in reducing the transport energy dependence of a city.” Res. Transp. Econ. 55: 60– 66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2016.04.011.Monteiro, M., and P. Odete. 2015. “Competitividade de destinos turísticos: O caso das ilhas de Cabo Verde.” Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural 13: 875–896.Municipality of Cartagena de Indias. 2014. “Plan Sectorial de Turismo Cartagena de Indias 2016-2019.” [Tourism Plan of Cartagena de Indias 2016-2019] [In Spanish.] Municipality of Cartagena, Accessed June 20, 2017. http://sigob.cartagena.gov.co/Pd2016/Anexo 6 Plan Sectorial de Turismo.pdf.Robledo, S., G. A. Osorio, and C. López. 2014. “Networking en pequeña empresa: Una revisión bibliográfica utilizando la teoria de grafos.” Revista Vínculos 11 (2): 6–16. https://doi.org/10.14483/issn.2322-939X.CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/df6fdcce-96b0-4d6f-90df-7444df1e8ff3/download4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-8381https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/1b5ae3c6-13e2-4907-8921-bf5ef5a24e94/download733bec43a0bf5ade4d97db708e29b185MD5320.500.12442/5685oai:bonga.unisimon.edu.co:20.500.12442/56852024-08-14 21:54:21.211http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacionalmetadata.onlyhttps://bonga.unisimon.edu.coRepositorio Digital Universidad Simón Bolívarrepositorio.digital@unisimon.edu.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

Publicaciones similares