Infection by Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma sp. in dogs attended in veterinary clinics, Barranquilla, Atlántico
Determine the prevalence of infection by Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma sp. and its correlation with epidemiological and laboratory aspects, in dogs treated in veterinary clinics in Barranquilla, Colombia. Materials and methods. Retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional study. The data was obtained...
- Autores:
-
Barandica Morales, Milagro
Mejia Mendoza, Lizeth
Mier Cañaz, Roxana
Lavalle-Galvis, Rodrigo de
Mier Cañaz, Yulith
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2017
- Institución:
- Universidad Simón Bolívar
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Digital USB
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:bonga.unisimon.edu.co:20.500.12442/1805
- Acceso en línea:
- http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/1805
- Palabra clave:
- Anaplasmataceae
Hematology
Prevalence
Tick-borne diseases
Zoonoses
Anaplasmataceae
Enfermedades Transmitidas por garrapatas
Hematología
Prevalencia
Zoonosis
- Rights
- License
- Licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional
id |
USIMONBOL2_a75927cc048b8abcbf067ae0582e1d98 |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:bonga.unisimon.edu.co:20.500.12442/1805 |
network_acronym_str |
USIMONBOL2 |
network_name_str |
Repositorio Digital USB |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Infection by Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma sp. in dogs attended in veterinary clinics, Barranquilla, Atlántico |
dc.title.alternative.spa.fl_str_mv |
Infección por Ehrlichia canis y Anaplasma sp. en caninos atendidos en clínicas veterinarias en Barranquilla, Atlántico |
title |
Infection by Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma sp. in dogs attended in veterinary clinics, Barranquilla, Atlántico |
spellingShingle |
Infection by Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma sp. in dogs attended in veterinary clinics, Barranquilla, Atlántico Anaplasmataceae Hematology Prevalence Tick-borne diseases Zoonoses Anaplasmataceae Enfermedades Transmitidas por garrapatas Hematología Prevalencia Zoonosis |
title_short |
Infection by Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma sp. in dogs attended in veterinary clinics, Barranquilla, Atlántico |
title_full |
Infection by Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma sp. in dogs attended in veterinary clinics, Barranquilla, Atlántico |
title_fullStr |
Infection by Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma sp. in dogs attended in veterinary clinics, Barranquilla, Atlántico |
title_full_unstemmed |
Infection by Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma sp. in dogs attended in veterinary clinics, Barranquilla, Atlántico |
title_sort |
Infection by Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma sp. in dogs attended in veterinary clinics, Barranquilla, Atlántico |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Barandica Morales, Milagro Mejia Mendoza, Lizeth Mier Cañaz, Roxana Lavalle-Galvis, Rodrigo de Mier Cañaz, Yulith |
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Badillo Viloria, Maria Pérez Díaz, Anderson |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Barandica Morales, Milagro Mejia Mendoza, Lizeth Mier Cañaz, Roxana Lavalle-Galvis, Rodrigo de Mier Cañaz, Yulith |
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv |
Anaplasmataceae Hematology Prevalence Tick-borne diseases Zoonoses |
topic |
Anaplasmataceae Hematology Prevalence Tick-borne diseases Zoonoses Anaplasmataceae Enfermedades Transmitidas por garrapatas Hematología Prevalencia Zoonosis |
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Anaplasmataceae Enfermedades Transmitidas por garrapatas Hematología Prevalencia Zoonosis |
description |
Determine the prevalence of infection by Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma sp. and its correlation with epidemiological and laboratory aspects, in dogs treated in veterinary clinics in Barranquilla, Colombia. Materials and methods. Retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional study. The data was obtained between the months from January to August 2015. 184 dogs that clinically presented the infection with these agents were studied. Criteria for positivity were immunochromatography kit and blood smear, epidemiological and laboratory data. Results. Global prevalence was ascertained as 34% (63 dogs), 28% (52/184 dogs) for E. canis and 6% (11/184 dogs) to Anaplasma sp. Hemogram of dogs infected with both bacteria were hematocrit decreased, they also showed leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Conclusions. Findings reported in this study show a high prevalence and endemicity of E. canis y Anaplasma sp. in Barranquilla when compared with other colombian regions. Hemogram findings showed to be relevant to diagnostic and prognostic of these infectious diseases. |
publishDate |
2017 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2017-03 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2018-03-07T20:48:43Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2018-03-07T20:48:43Z |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
article |
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv |
01220268 |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/1805 |
identifier_str_mv |
01220268 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/1805 |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
spa |
language |
spa |
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv |
Licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad de Córdoba, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia |
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
Revista MVZ Córdoba Vol. 22 (2017) |
institution |
Universidad Simón Bolívar |
dc.source.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
http://revistas.unicordoba.edu.co/index.php/revistamvz/article/view/1072/pdf |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/2fb35c0d-cef0-4d7f-bdf3-92fb7f669b54/download https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/be452b46-d20f-4a3e-a5fe-777872d8a3b2/download https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/65277d68-a5ca-4f8e-b5e2-1a7fb278b3e9/download https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/70de8d04-9d64-4e89-91ff-001402ba33be/download |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 2eaab64b2b4baca3e8ee639eaf6d29dd aa66e1bc5b1f81adb234a79c660b7773 043b19781b879bb5fdc1b655a0db0625 |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Digital Universidad Simón Bolívar |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repositorio.digital@unisimon.edu.co |
_version_ |
1814076103211352064 |
spelling |
Licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacionalhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Badillo Viloria, MariaPérez Díaz, AndersonBarandica Morales, Milagro100e6b1f-0434-4dc2-ab98-c431b7eb82c4Mejia Mendoza, Lizeth2a4dc9b0-0b0c-4663-8e40-64b4a7b7ab3bMier Cañaz, Roxana95e80a22-d226-4d36-a95e-a3004b3d6fffLavalle-Galvis, Rodrigo de69efb4fa-9604-4f8d-aaff-afd1e0c1be03Mier Cañaz, Yulith69ec9128-2cfc-4425-b1c5-23a9f5fcf2b42018-03-07T20:48:43Z2018-03-07T20:48:43Z2017-0301220268http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/1805Determine the prevalence of infection by Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma sp. and its correlation with epidemiological and laboratory aspects, in dogs treated in veterinary clinics in Barranquilla, Colombia. Materials and methods. Retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional study. The data was obtained between the months from January to August 2015. 184 dogs that clinically presented the infection with these agents were studied. Criteria for positivity were immunochromatography kit and blood smear, epidemiological and laboratory data. Results. Global prevalence was ascertained as 34% (63 dogs), 28% (52/184 dogs) for E. canis and 6% (11/184 dogs) to Anaplasma sp. Hemogram of dogs infected with both bacteria were hematocrit decreased, they also showed leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Conclusions. Findings reported in this study show a high prevalence and endemicity of E. canis y Anaplasma sp. in Barranquilla when compared with other colombian regions. Hemogram findings showed to be relevant to diagnostic and prognostic of these infectious diseases.Determinar la prevalencia de la infección por Ehrlichia canis y Anaplasma sp. y su correlación con aspectos epidemiológicos y de laboratorio, en caninos atendidos en clínicas veterinarias de Barranquilla, Colombia. Materiales y Métodos. Estudio de tipo descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal. Los datos se obtuvieron en los meses de enero a agosto de 2015. Se analizaron 184 caninos compatibles clínicamente con infección por Ehrlichia canis y Anaplasma sp., se utilizaron los criterios de positividad de un kit comercial de inmunocromatografía y el extendido de sangre periférica, además se recolectaron datos epidemiológicos y de laboratorio. Resultados. 63 caninos (34%) fue la prevalencia global de Ehrlichia canis y Anaplasma sp., 52/184 (28%) caninos con E. canis y 11/184 (6%) con Anaplasma sp. El hemograma de los pacientes caninos positivos con E. canis y Anaplasma sp., presentaron disminución del hematocrito, leucopenia y trombocitopenia. Conclusiones. Los hallazgos encontrados a partir de este estudio muestran una alta prevalencia y endemicidad de E. canis y Anaplasma sp. en Barranquilla en contraste con otras regiones de Colombia. Los datos del hemograma demostraron ser relevantes en el diagnóstico y pronóstico de estas enfermedades.spaUniversidad de Córdoba, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaRevista MVZ CórdobaVol. 22 (2017)http://revistas.unicordoba.edu.co/index.php/revistamvz/article/view/1072/pdfAnaplasmataceaeHematologyPrevalenceTick-borne diseasesZoonosesAnaplasmataceaeEnfermedades Transmitidas por garrapatasHematologíaPrevalenciaZoonosisInfection by Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma sp. in dogs attended in veterinary clinics, Barranquilla, AtlánticoInfección por Ehrlichia canis y Anaplasma sp. en caninos atendidos en clínicas veterinarias en Barranquilla, Atlánticoarticlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Dumler JS, Barbet AF, Bakker CP, Dasch G, Palmer GH, Ray SC, et al. Reorganization of gene in families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasm, Cowdria with Ehriichia with neorickettsia, description of six new species combinations and designatio. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2001; 51(2001):2145-65.Rikihisa Y. The tribe Ehrlichieae and Ehrlichial diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1991; 4(3):286-308.Dumler JS. Anaplasma and Ehrlichia infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1063:361-73.Persichetti M-F, Solano-Gallego L, Serrano L, Altet L, Reale S, Masucci M, et al. Detection of vector-borne pathogens in cats and their ectoparasites in southern Italy. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9(1):247.Carrillo LM, Betancur S, Roldán D, Pérez JE, Galeano D, Loaiza ÉT, et al. Implementación de un método basado en PCR, para el diagnóstico de Ehrlichia spp., en caninos de Medellín (Colombia). CES Med Vet y Zootec 2012; 7(2):38-46.Murphy DS, Lee X, Larson SR, Hoang Johnson DK, Loo T, Paskewitz SM. Prevalence and Distribution of Human and Tick Infections with the Ehrlichia muris -Like Agent and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Wisconsin, 2009–2015. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17(4):229-236. DOI: 10.1089/ vbz.2016.2055.Harrus S, Waner T. Diagnosis of canine monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis): An overview. Vet J 2011; 187(3):292-6.Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Best Practices for Preventing Vector-Borne Diseases in Dogs and Humans. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32(1):43-55.Mccown M, Monterroso V, Cardona W. Monitoreo de Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Dirofilaria immitis in Dogs From Three Cities in Colombia. Rev CES 2015;10:224-31.Labruna MB, Gerardi M, Krawczak FS, Moraes- Filho J. Comparative biology of the tropical and temperate species of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae) under different laboratory conditions. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8(1):146-156. DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.10.011.Dantas-Torres F. Climate change, biodiversity, ticks and tick-borne diseases: The butterfly effect. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2015; 4(3):452-61.Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Further thoughts on the taxonomy and vector role of Rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks. Vet Parasitol 2015; 208(1-2):9-13.Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Breitschwerdt EB. Managing canine vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern: part one. Trends Parasitol 2009; 25(5):228-35.Gaunt S, Beall M, Stillman B, Lorentzen L, Diniz P, Chandrashekar R, et al. Experimental infection and co-infection of dogs with Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis: hematologic, serologic and molecular findings. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3(1):33.McCown ME, Alleman A, Sayler KA, Chandrashekar R, Thatcher B, Tyrrell P, et al. Point prevalence survey for tick-borne pathogens in military working dogs, shelter animals, and pet populations in northern Colombia. J Spec Oper Med 2014; 14(4):81-5.Vargas-Hernández G, André MR, Faria JLM, Munhoz TD, Hernandez-Rodriguez M, Machado RZ, et al. Molecular and serological detection of Ehrlichia canis and Babesia vogeli in dogs in Colombia. Vet Parasitol 2012; 186(3-4):254-60.Rojas A, Rueda A, Díaz D, Mesa NC, Benavides J, Imbachi K, et al. Identificación de Ehrlichia canis (Donatien & Lestoquard) Moshkovski mediante PCR anidada. Vet Zootec 2013; 7(1):37-48.Cowell RL, Valenciano AC. Cowell and Tyler’s Diagnostic Cytology and Hematology of the Dog and Cat. 4th ed. Elsevier Mosby; 2013.Cartagena Yarce LM, Ríos Osorio LA, Cardona Arias JA. Seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis in Dogs with Suspected Infection by Tick-Borne Pathogens in Medellín, 2012-2014. Rev Med Vet 2015; (29):51-62.Vargas-Hernandez G, André M, Cendales DM, Sousa, Keyla Carstens Marques de Sousa K, Gonçalves LR, Hoeppner Rondelli M, et al. Molecular detection of Anaplasma species in dogs in Colombia. Braz J Vet Parasitol 2016; 2961:459-64.Nair ADS, Cheng C, Ganta CK, Sanderson MW, Alleman AR, Munderloh UG, et al. Comparative experimental infection study in dogs with Ehrlichia canis, E. chaffeensis, Anaplasma platys and A. phagocytophilum. PLoS One 2016; 11(2):1-21.Dagnone A, Souza A, André M, Machado R. Molecular diagnosis of Anaplasmataceae organisms in dogs with clinical and microscopical signs of ehrlichiosis. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2009; 18(4):20-5.Al-Adhami B, Scandrett WB, Lobanov V a, Gajadhar A a. Serological cross-reactivity between Anaplasma marginale and an Ehrlichia species in naturally and experimentally infected cattle. J Vet diagnostic Investig 2011; 23(6):1181-8.Akhtardanesh B, Ghanbarpour R, Blourizadeh H. Serological evidence of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis in Iran. Comp Clin Path 2010;19(5):469-74.Movilla R, García C, Siebert S, Roura X, Harrus S, Baneth G, et al. Countrywide serological evaluation of canine prevalence for Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato), Dirofilaria immitis and Ehrlichia canis in Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9(1):421.Ybañez AP, Ybañez RHD, Villavelez RR, Malingin HPF, Barrameda DNM, Naquila S V., et al. Retrospective analyses of dogs found serologically positive for Ehrlichia canis in Cebu, Philippines from 2003 to 2014. Vet World 2016; 9(1):43-7.Harrus S. Perspectives on the pathogenesis and treatment of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis). Vet J 2015; 204(3):239-40.Orjuela CJA, García AGF, Imbachi JG. Análisis epidemiológico de la presentación de Ehrlichia sp. en caninos de Florencia Caquetá, Colombia. Rev Electron Vet 2015;16(6):1-10.Salazar H, Buriticá EF, Echeverry DF, Barbosa IX. Seroprevalencia de Ehrlichia canis y su relación con algunos parámetros clínicos y hematológicos en caninos admitidos en clínicas veterinarias de la ciudad de Ibagué (Colombia). Rev Colomb Cienc Anim 2014; 7(1):56-63.Silva-molano RF, Sánchez-ucrós N, Loaiza-echeverri AM. Reporte de presentación de Ehrlichia canis en muestras sanguíneas de caninos en la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. Vet y Zootec 2008; 2(1):27-31.LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/2fb35c0d-cef0-4d7f-bdf3-92fb7f669b54/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD52ORIGINALEhrlichia y anaplasma (Mauxy Badillo, Anderson Díaz) OK.pdfEhrlichia y anaplasma (Mauxy Badillo, Anderson Díaz) OK.pdfPDFapplication/pdf135217https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/be452b46-d20f-4a3e-a5fe-777872d8a3b2/download2eaab64b2b4baca3e8ee639eaf6d29ddMD53TEXTEhrlichia y anaplasma (Mauxy Badillo, Anderson Díaz) OK.pdf.txtEhrlichia y anaplasma (Mauxy Badillo, Anderson Díaz) OK.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain25083https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/65277d68-a5ca-4f8e-b5e2-1a7fb278b3e9/downloadaa66e1bc5b1f81adb234a79c660b7773MD54THUMBNAILEhrlichia y anaplasma (Mauxy Badillo, Anderson Díaz) OK.pdf.jpgEhrlichia y anaplasma (Mauxy Badillo, Anderson Díaz) OK.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg1725https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/70de8d04-9d64-4e89-91ff-001402ba33be/download043b19781b879bb5fdc1b655a0db0625MD5520.500.12442/1805oai:bonga.unisimon.edu.co:20.500.12442/18052024-08-14 21:52:16.957open.accesshttps://bonga.unisimon.edu.coRepositorio Digital Universidad Simón Bolívarrepositorio.digital@unisimon.edu.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 |