Exploración integral de la enfermedad de Huntington en Juan de Acosta, Colombia: perspectivas históricas, neuropsicológicas, genéticas y neuroanatómicas
La presente tesis ofrece un análisis exhaustivo de la Enfermedad de Huntington (EH) en Juan de Acosta, Colombia, abordando cuatro componentes clave: neuropsicológico, genético, neuroanatómico e histórico. El componente histórico abordó el "Efecto Fundador" de la EH en Juan de Acosta, explo...
- Autores:
-
Ahmad, Mostapha
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2024
- Institución:
- Universidad Simón Bolívar
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Digital USB
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:bonga.unisimon.edu.co:20.500.12442/14533
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/14533
- Palabra clave:
- Premotores EH
Habilidades visoconstructivas
Inhibición
Marcadores tempranos
Enfermedad de Huntington
HTT
Repeticiones CAG
Mosaicismo
Deslizamiento
EH premanifiesta
Biomarcadores
Cambios volumétricos cerebrales
Dilatación ventricular
Efecto Fundador
Ascendencia vasca
Migración colonial
Datos genealógicos
Prevalencia diferencial
Premanifest HD dilation
Visuospatial skills
Early markers
Huntington's disease
CAG repeats
Mosaicism
Slippage
Premanifest HD
Biomarkers
Brain volumetric changes
Ventricular dilation
Founder Effect
Basque ancestry
Colonial migration
Genealogical data
Differential prevalence
- Rights
- restrictedAccess
- License
- http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec
id |
USIMONBOL2_58358d5cef2c650ac040a7895403fe85 |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:bonga.unisimon.edu.co:20.500.12442/14533 |
network_acronym_str |
USIMONBOL2 |
network_name_str |
Repositorio Digital USB |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Exploración integral de la enfermedad de Huntington en Juan de Acosta, Colombia: perspectivas históricas, neuropsicológicas, genéticas y neuroanatómicas |
title |
Exploración integral de la enfermedad de Huntington en Juan de Acosta, Colombia: perspectivas históricas, neuropsicológicas, genéticas y neuroanatómicas |
spellingShingle |
Exploración integral de la enfermedad de Huntington en Juan de Acosta, Colombia: perspectivas históricas, neuropsicológicas, genéticas y neuroanatómicas Premotores EH Habilidades visoconstructivas Inhibición Marcadores tempranos Enfermedad de Huntington HTT Repeticiones CAG Mosaicismo Deslizamiento EH premanifiesta Biomarcadores Cambios volumétricos cerebrales Dilatación ventricular Efecto Fundador Ascendencia vasca Migración colonial Datos genealógicos Prevalencia diferencial Premanifest HD dilation Visuospatial skills Early markers Huntington's disease CAG repeats Mosaicism Slippage Premanifest HD Biomarkers Brain volumetric changes Ventricular dilation Founder Effect Basque ancestry Colonial migration Genealogical data Differential prevalence |
title_short |
Exploración integral de la enfermedad de Huntington en Juan de Acosta, Colombia: perspectivas históricas, neuropsicológicas, genéticas y neuroanatómicas |
title_full |
Exploración integral de la enfermedad de Huntington en Juan de Acosta, Colombia: perspectivas históricas, neuropsicológicas, genéticas y neuroanatómicas |
title_fullStr |
Exploración integral de la enfermedad de Huntington en Juan de Acosta, Colombia: perspectivas históricas, neuropsicológicas, genéticas y neuroanatómicas |
title_full_unstemmed |
Exploración integral de la enfermedad de Huntington en Juan de Acosta, Colombia: perspectivas históricas, neuropsicológicas, genéticas y neuroanatómicas |
title_sort |
Exploración integral de la enfermedad de Huntington en Juan de Acosta, Colombia: perspectivas históricas, neuropsicológicas, genéticas y neuroanatómicas |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Ahmad, Mostapha |
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Acosta, Johan |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Ahmad, Mostapha |
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Premotores EH Habilidades visoconstructivas Inhibición Marcadores tempranos Enfermedad de Huntington HTT Repeticiones CAG Mosaicismo Deslizamiento EH premanifiesta Biomarcadores Cambios volumétricos cerebrales Dilatación ventricular Efecto Fundador Ascendencia vasca Migración colonial Datos genealógicos Prevalencia diferencial |
topic |
Premotores EH Habilidades visoconstructivas Inhibición Marcadores tempranos Enfermedad de Huntington HTT Repeticiones CAG Mosaicismo Deslizamiento EH premanifiesta Biomarcadores Cambios volumétricos cerebrales Dilatación ventricular Efecto Fundador Ascendencia vasca Migración colonial Datos genealógicos Prevalencia diferencial Premanifest HD dilation Visuospatial skills Early markers Huntington's disease CAG repeats Mosaicism Slippage Premanifest HD Biomarkers Brain volumetric changes Ventricular dilation Founder Effect Basque ancestry Colonial migration Genealogical data Differential prevalence |
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv |
Premanifest HD dilation Visuospatial skills Early markers Huntington's disease CAG repeats Mosaicism Slippage Premanifest HD Biomarkers Brain volumetric changes Ventricular dilation Founder Effect Basque ancestry Colonial migration Genealogical data Differential prevalence |
description |
La presente tesis ofrece un análisis exhaustivo de la Enfermedad de Huntington (EH) en Juan de Acosta, Colombia, abordando cuatro componentes clave: neuropsicológico, genético, neuroanatómico e histórico. El componente histórico abordó el "Efecto Fundador" de la EH en Juan de Acosta, explorando la ascendencia vasca, la migración durante la colonización española y la conexión entre datos genealógicos y la prevalencia de EH. Se resaltó la relevancia de la subestructura interna en la población vasca y la existencia de mutaciones fundacionales. Desde la perspectiva neuropsicológica, se identificaron marcadores tempranos en la EH mediante pruebas específicas, como la copia de la figura del rey y la prueba Stroop. Individuos en fase premotora mostraron alteraciones significativas en habilidades visoconstructivas e inhibición cognitiva, sugiriendo su potencial como marcadores tempranos de disfunción neurocognitiva. En el componente genético, se realizó el análisis genómico de 291 individuos reveló repeticiones CAG en el gen huntingtina (HTT), destacando los alelos 17/7 y 17/10 como los más comunes y evidenciando un aumento de mosaicismo con la edad. La investigación neuroanatómica se centró en alteraciones volumétricas cerebrales en individuos premanifiestos, identificando cambios significativos, como la disminución del volumen del parénquima cerebral en la penetrancia completa y hallazgos sorprendentes en el grupo intermedio. La dilatación ventricular emergió como un indicador potencial de la progresión global de la enfermedad. En conjunto, esta tesis proporciona una visión completa de la EH en Juan de Acosta, integrando aspectos neuropsicológicos, genéticos, neuroanatómicos e históricos. Estos hallazgos no solo enriquecen la comprensión de la enfermedad, sino que también tienen implicaciones cruciales para la detección temprana, intervenciones preventivas y gestión clínica en esta población. |
publishDate |
2024 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-04-25T13:35:41Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-04-25T13:35:41Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2024 |
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06 |
dc.type.driver.eng.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
dc.type.spa.spa.fl_str_mv |
Tesis de doctorado |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/14533 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/14533 |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
spa |
language |
spa |
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec |
dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
restrictedAccess |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ec |
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
pdf |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar |
institution |
Universidad Simón Bolívar |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/1efbf714-0679-4086-b75c-02b4799e597c/download https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/1bd2f919-5a53-42c1-98ca-d6bacfa06462/download https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/16c6790d-05c5-4564-bd4d-f4e85c4921a0/download https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/62dbdbaa-5cee-4c88-a403-80fe4e71fbf7/download https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/2f809ce1-2451-4823-bebe-f0a2b3ae0d35/download https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/4b8e0109-386c-4feb-9cda-0787e869287a/download https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/eaa1bdca-e7ea-4a4d-9131-db9ea7cea245/download https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/5e34295a-d944-4a68-bd7a-f8f690ed70fc/download https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/555cd200-f017-4291-8490-6610639e1bf9/download https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/bd0a5378-02bb-4fd9-96ba-f9aed6597d43/download https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/6e71179b-3e80-4b97-9462-57cd4955541a/download |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
32fa67f94a3e426f607d10ef78992f7a 33b3b3481bef2a4512ab33dd94318399 bb9bdc0b3349e4284e09149f943790b4 934de8834c0e898d852326b4cab6719b 5d0bf1b0f88e4be877df811e3af4398f 934de8834c0e898d852326b4cab6719b 5d0bf1b0f88e4be877df811e3af4398f f7fb15fbd591ca492865f79e857d5640 e8cb6eb06903c55c5ff9ccaae886b66c f7fb15fbd591ca492865f79e857d5640 e8cb6eb06903c55c5ff9ccaae886b66c |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Digital Universidad Simón Bolívar |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repositorio.digital@unisimon.edu.co |
_version_ |
1814076156452798464 |
spelling |
Acosta, JohanAhmad, Mostaphae2a2bc14-8863-46f5-a6fc-6020fca57918-12024-04-25T13:35:41Z2024-04-25T13:35:41Z2024https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/14533La presente tesis ofrece un análisis exhaustivo de la Enfermedad de Huntington (EH) en Juan de Acosta, Colombia, abordando cuatro componentes clave: neuropsicológico, genético, neuroanatómico e histórico. El componente histórico abordó el "Efecto Fundador" de la EH en Juan de Acosta, explorando la ascendencia vasca, la migración durante la colonización española y la conexión entre datos genealógicos y la prevalencia de EH. Se resaltó la relevancia de la subestructura interna en la población vasca y la existencia de mutaciones fundacionales. Desde la perspectiva neuropsicológica, se identificaron marcadores tempranos en la EH mediante pruebas específicas, como la copia de la figura del rey y la prueba Stroop. Individuos en fase premotora mostraron alteraciones significativas en habilidades visoconstructivas e inhibición cognitiva, sugiriendo su potencial como marcadores tempranos de disfunción neurocognitiva. En el componente genético, se realizó el análisis genómico de 291 individuos reveló repeticiones CAG en el gen huntingtina (HTT), destacando los alelos 17/7 y 17/10 como los más comunes y evidenciando un aumento de mosaicismo con la edad. La investigación neuroanatómica se centró en alteraciones volumétricas cerebrales en individuos premanifiestos, identificando cambios significativos, como la disminución del volumen del parénquima cerebral en la penetrancia completa y hallazgos sorprendentes en el grupo intermedio. La dilatación ventricular emergió como un indicador potencial de la progresión global de la enfermedad. En conjunto, esta tesis proporciona una visión completa de la EH en Juan de Acosta, integrando aspectos neuropsicológicos, genéticos, neuroanatómicos e históricos. Estos hallazgos no solo enriquecen la comprensión de la enfermedad, sino que también tienen implicaciones cruciales para la detección temprana, intervenciones preventivas y gestión clínica en esta población.This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of Huntington's Disease (HD) in Juan de Acosta, Colombia, addressing four key components: neuropsychological, genetic, neuroanatomical, and historical. The historical component delved into the "Founder Effect" of HD in Juan de Acosta, exploring Basque ancestry, migration during Spanish colonization, and the connection between genealogical data and HD prevalence. The relevance of internal substructure in the Basque population and the existence of founder mutations were emphasized. From a neuropsychological perspective, early markers in HD were identified through specific tests such as the King's figure copy and the Stroop test. Individuals in the premanifest phase showed significant alterations in visuospatial skills and cognitive inhibition, suggesting their potential as early markers of neurocognitive dysfunction. In the genetic component, genomic analysis of 291 individuals revealed CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene (HTT), highlighting the 17/7 and 17/10 alleles as the most common and showing an increase in mosaicism with age. Neuroanatomical research focused on brain volumetric alterations in premanifest individuals, identifying significant changes such as decreased cerebral parenchymal volume in complete penetrance and surprising findings in the intermediate group. Ventricular dilation emerged as a potential indicator of overall disease progression. Overall, this thesis provides a comprehensive view of HD in Juan de Acosta, integrating neuropsychological, genetic, neuroanatomical, and historical aspects. These findings not only enrich the understanding of the disease but also have crucial implications for early detection, preventive interventions, and clinical management in this population.pdfspaEdiciones Universidad Simón BolívarFacultad de Ciencias Básicas y BiomédicasPremotores EHHabilidades visoconstructivasInhibiciónMarcadores tempranosEnfermedad de HuntingtonHTTRepeticiones CAGMosaicismoDeslizamientoEH premanifiestaBiomarcadoresCambios volumétricos cerebralesDilatación ventricularEfecto FundadorAscendencia vascaMigración colonialDatos genealógicosPrevalencia diferencialPremanifest HD dilationVisuospatial skillsEarly markersHuntington's diseaseCAG repeatsMosaicismSlippagePremanifest HDBiomarkersBrain volumetric changesVentricular dilationFounder EffectBasque ancestryColonial migrationGenealogical dataDifferential prevalenceExploración integral de la enfermedad de Huntington en Juan de Acosta, Colombia: perspectivas históricas, neuropsicológicas, genéticas y neuroanatómicasinfo:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_16ecinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisTesis de doctoradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06A worldwide study of the HD mutation. (1994)Abeyasinghe, P. M., Long, J. D., Razi, A., Pustina, D., Paulsen, J. S., Tabrizi, S. J., Poudel, G. R., & Georgiou-Karistianis, N. (2021). Tracking Huntingtonʼs Disease Progression Using Motor, Functional, Cognitive, and Imaging Markers. Movement Disorders, 36(10), 2282–2292. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.28650Agostinho, L. D. A., Rocha, C. F., Medina-Acosta, E., Barboza, H. N., Da Silva, A. F. A., Pereira, S. P. F., Da Silva, I. D. S., Paradela, E. R., Figueiredo, A. L. D. S., Nogueira, E. D. M., Alvarenga, R. M. P., Hernan Cabello, P., Dos Santos, S. R., & Paiva, C. L. A. (2012). Haplotype analysis of the CAG and CCG repeats in 21 Brazilian families with Huntington’s disease. Journal of Human Genetics, 57(12), 796–803. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2012.120Aguirre, A., Vicario, A., Mazón, L. I., Estomba, A., Martínez De Pancorbo, M., Arrieta Picó, V., Perez Elortondo, F., & Lostao, C. M. (1991). Are the Basques a single and a unique population? American Journal of Human Genetics, 49(2), 450–458.Ahmad, M., Ríos-Anillo, M. R., Acosta-López, J. E., Cervantes-Henríquez, M. L., Martínez-Banfi, M., Pineda-Alhucema, W., Puentes-Rozo, P., Sánchez-Barros, C., Pinzón, A., Patel, H. R., Vélez, J. I., Villarreal-Camacho, J. L., Pineda, D. A., ArcosBurgos, M., & Sánchez-Rojas, M. (2023). Uncovering the Genetic and Molecular Features of Huntington’s Disease in Northern Colombia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216154Al-Eitan, L. N., Rababa’h, D. M., Hakooz, N. M., Alghamdi, M. A., & Dajani, R. B. (2020). Genetic polymorphisms of pharmacogenes among the genetically isolated circassian subpopulation from jordan. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm10010002Alonso, S., Flores, C., Cabrera, V., Alonso, A., Martín, P., Albarrán, C., Izagirre, N., de la Rúa, C., & García, O. (2005). The place of the Basques in the European Ychromosome diversity landscape. European Journal of Human Genetics, 13(12), 1293–1302. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201482Amedi, A., Jacobson, G., Hendler, T., Malach, R., & Zohary, E. (2002). Convergence of visual and tactile shape processing in the human lateral occipital complex. Cerebral Cortex, 12(11), 1202–1212.Apolinário, T. A., da Silva, I. dos S., Agostinho, L. de A., & Paiva, C. L. A. (2020). Investigation of intermediate CAG alleles of the HTT in the general population of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in comparison with a sample of Huntington disease-affected families. Molecular Genetics and Genomic Medicine, 8(4), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.1181Arcos-Burgos, M., & Muenke, M. (2002). Genetics of population isolates. Clinical Genetics, 61(4), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.610401.xAstafiev, S. V, Stanley, C. M., Shulman, G. L., & Corbetta, M. (2004). Extrastriate body area in human occipital cortex responds to the performance of motor actions. Nature Neuroscience, 7(5), 542–548.Aylward, E. H., Anderson, N. B., Bylsma, F. W., Wagster, M. V, Barta, P. E., Sherr, M., Feeney, J., Davis, A., Rosenblatt, A., Pearlson, G. D., & Ross, C. A. (1998). Frontal lobe volume in patients with Huntington’s disease. Neurology, 50(1), 252–258. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.50.1.252Baeta, M., Nunez, C., Cardoso, S., Palencia-Madrid, L., Pineiro-Hermida, S., ArribaBarredo, M., Villanueva-Millan, M. J., & De Pancorbo, M. M. (2015). Different Evolutionary History for Basque Diaspora Populations in USA and Argentina Unveiled by Mitochondrial DNA Analysis. PLoS ONE, 10(12), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144919Baizer, J. S., Desimone, R., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1993). Comparison of subcortical connections of inferior temporal and posterior parietal cortex in monkeys. Visual Neuroscience, 10(1), 59–72.Bamshad, M., & Wooding, S. P. (2003). Signatures of natural selection in the human genome. Nature Reviews Genetics, 4(2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg999Bauduer, F. (2008). [History of biological anthropology of the Basque population: empiricism with molecular genetics]. Histoire des sciences medicales, 42(2), 123– 130.Bauduer, F., Feingold, J., & Lacombe, D. (2005). The Basques: review of population genetics and Mendelian disorders. Human Biology, 77(5), 619–637. https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2006.0001Binder, L. M. (1982). Constructional strategies on complex figure drawings after unilateral brain damage. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 4(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688638208401116Bourgain, C., & Génin, E. (2005). Complex trait mapping in isolated populations: Are specific statistical methods required? European Journal of Human Genetics, 13(6), 698–706. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201400Bradley, I. M., Pinto, A. J., & Guest, J. S. (2016). Gene-Specific Primers for Improved Characterization of Mixed Phototrophic Communities. Applied and Environmantal Microbiology, 82(19), 5878–5891. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01630-16.EditorBraisch, U., Muche, R., Rothenbacher, D., Landwehrmeyer, G. B., Long, J. D., & Orth, M. (2019). Identification of symbol digit modality test score extremes in Huntington’s disease. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 180(3), 232–245. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32719Brand, A., Bradley, M. T., Best, L. A., & Stoica, G. (2008). Accuracy of effect size estimates from published psychological research. Percept Mot Skills, 106(2), 645–649. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.106.2.645-649Brandt, J., Shpritz, B., Munro, C. A., Marsh, L., & Rosenblatt, A. (2005). Differential impairment of spatial location memory in Huntington’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 76(11), 1516–1519. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2004.059253Burgess, N., Maguire, E. A., & O’Keefe, J. (2002). The human hippocampus and spatial and episodic memory. Neuron, 35(4), 625–641.Burrell, A. S., & Disotell, T. R. (2009). Panmixia postponed: Ancestry-related assortative mating in contemporary human populations. Genome Biology, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2009-10-11-245Burton, A. (2013). Hope, humanity, and Huntington’s disease in Latin America. The Lancet Neurology, 12(2), 133–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70006-1Calafell, F., & Bertranpetit, J. (1994a). Mountains and genes: population history of the Pyrenees. Human Biology, 66(5), 823–842Calafell, F., & Bertranpetit, J. (1994b). Principal component analysis of gene frequencies and the origin of Basques. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 93(2), 201– 215. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330930205Carella, F., Bressanelli, M., Piacentini, S., Soliveri, P., Geminiani, G., Monza, D., Albanese, A., & Girotti, F. (2003). A study of arm movements in Huntington’s disease under visually controlled and blindfolded conditions. Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 23(6), 287–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100720300003Carlozzi, N. E., Stout, J. C., Mills, J. A., Duff, K., Beglinger, L. J., Aylward, E. H., Whitlock, K. B., Solomon, A. C., Queller, S., Langbehn, D. R., Johnson, S. A., & Paulsen, J. S. (2011). Estimating premorbid IQ in the prodromal phase of a neurodegenerative disease. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25(5), 757–777. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2011.577811Casella, C., Lipp, I., Rosser, A., Jones, D. K., & Metzler-Baddeley, C. (2020). A Critical Review of White Matter Changes in Huntington’s Disease. Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 35(8), 1302–1311. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.28109Castilla, E. E., & Adams, J. (1996). Genealogical information and the structure of rural Latin-American populations: reality and fantasy. Human Heredity, 46(5), 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1159/000154361Castro, M. De, & Restrepo, C. M. (2015). Genetics and genomic medicine in colombia. Molecular Genetics and Genomic Medicine, 3(2), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.139Ceccarini, J., Ahmad, R., Van De Vliet, L., Casteels, C., Vandenbulcke, M., Vandenberghe, W., & Van Laere, K. (2019). Behavioral symptoms in premanifest Huntington disease correlate with reduced frontal CB 1 R levels. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 60(1), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.118.210393Ciosi, M., Cumming, S., Alshammari, A., Symeonidi, E., Herzyk, P., McGuinness, D., Galbraith, J., Hamilton, G., & Monckton, D. (2020). Library preparation and MiSeq sequencing for the genotyping-by-sequencing of the Huntington disease HTT exon one trinucleotide repeat and the quantification of somatic mosaicism. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.1581/v2Clever, F., Cho, I. K., Yang, J., & Chan, A. W. S. (2019). Progressive Polyglutamine Repeat Expansion in Peripheral Blood Cells and Sperm of Transgenic Huntington’s Disease Monkeys. Journal of Huntington’s Disease, 8(4), 443–448. https://doi.org/10.3233/JHD-190359Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdle. Erlbaum. Conner, BE (1988). The Box in the Barn. Columbus: Highlights for ….Coppen, E. M., Jacobs, M., van der Zwaan, K. F., Middelkoop, H. A. M., & Roos, R. A. C. (2019). Visual Object Perception in Premanifest and Early Manifest Huntington’s Disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 34(8), 1320–1328. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz002Coppen, E. M., van der Grond, J., Hart, E. P., Lakke, E. A. J. F., & Roos, R. A. C. (2018). The visual cortex and visual cognition in Huntington’s disease: An overview of current literature. Behavioural Brain Research, 351, 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2018.05.019Cuevas-Guarnizo, A. (2014). La enfermedad rara más común en Juan de Acosta. El EspectadorDANE. (2019). Resultados Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018 Sogamoso, Tunja, Boyacá. 27.Daza, J., Carbonell, C., & B. A. (1995). Correlación clínico-molecular y caracterización de la enfermedad de Huntington en familias de Juan de Acosta y otras regiones colombianas. 4., 300–321.Daza B, Caiaffa RH, Arteta BJV, Echevarría RV, E. M. & A. R. (1991). Estudio neuroepidemiológico enJuandeAcosta,Atlántico,Colombia. ActaMédCoI, 17, 324.Daza, B., Caiaffa, R. H., Arteta, B. J., Echeverría, R. V, Ladrón de Guevara, Z., & Escamilla, M. (1992). Estudio neuroepidemiológico en Juan de Acosta, Atlántico, Colombia. Acta Med Colomb, 17, 324.Daza J., Carbonell, C., Brokate A., & Caiaffa H. (1996). Caracterización de las secuencias polimórficas de tripletas CAG y CCG del gen de la enfermedad de Huntington en familias colombianas. Acta Neurologica Colombiana, 12., 70–75.De Castro, M., & Restrepo, C. M. (2015). Genetics and genomic medicine in Colombia. Mol Genet Genomic Med, 3(2), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.139Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE). (2007). Colombia una Nación Multicultural. Colombia Una Nación Multicultural, Su Diversidad Étnica, 1– 45.Dhalla, A., Pallikadavath, S., & Hutchinson, C. V. (2019). Visual Dysfunction in Huntington’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Journal of Huntington’s Disease, 8(2), 233–242. https://doi.org/10.3233/JHD-180340Divac, I., Rosvold, H. E., & Szwarcbart, M. K. (1967). Behavioral effects of selective ablation of the caudate nucEddy, C. M., & Rickards, H. E. (2015). Cognitive deficits predict poorer functional capacity in Huntington’s disease: but what is being measured? Neuropsychology, 29(2), 268–273. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000134Epping, E. A., Kim, J.-I., Craufurd, D., Brashers-Krug, T. M., Anderson, K. E., McCusker, E., Luther, J., Long, J. D., & Paulsen, J. S. (2016). Longitudinal Psychiatric Symptoms in Prodromal Huntington’s Disease: A Decade of Data. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(2), 184–192. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14121551Etcheverry, M. A. (1945). El factor rhesus su genetica e importancia clinica. El Dia medico, 17, 1237–1251.Fadrosh, D. W., Ma, B., Gajer, P., Sengamalay, N., Ott, S., Brotman, R. M., & Ravel, J. (2014). An improved dual-indexing approach for multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Microbiome, 2(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-2618-2-6Fennema-Notestine, C., Archibald, S. L., Jacobson, M. W., Corey-Bloom, J., Paulsen, J. S., Peavy, G. M., Gamst, A. C., Hamilton, J. M., Salmon, D. P., & Jernigan, T. L. (2004). In vivo evidence of cerebellar atrophy and cerebral white matter loss in Huntington disease. Neurology, 63(6), 989–995. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000138434.68093.67Fielding, J., Georgiou-Karistianis, N., Millist, L., & White, O. (2006). Temporal variation in the control of goal-directed visuospatial attention in basal ganglia disorders. Neuroscience Research, 54(1), 57–65.Finke, K., Bublak, P., Dose, M., Müller, H. J., & Schneider, W. X. (2006). Parameter-based assessment of spatial and non-spatial attentional deficits in Huntington’s disease. Brain : A Journal of Neurology, 129(Pt 5), 1137–1151. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl040Franco-Giraldo, Á. (2012). La última reforma del sistema general de seguridad social en salud colombiano. Revista de Salud Pública, 14, 865–877.FUNPEHUJAC. (2004). Fundacion por Pacientes con la Enfermedad de Huntington en Juan de Acosta. Unpublishe, [Proposal for the first conference for Colombian’s.Garcia-Gorro, C., Llera, A., Martinez-Horta, S., Perez-Perez, J., Kulisevsky, J., RodriguezDechicha, N., Vaquer, I., Subira, S., Calopa, M., Muñoz, E., Santacruz, P., RuizIdiago, J., Mareca, C., Beckmann, C. F., de Diego-Balaguer, R., & Camara, E. (2019). Specific patterns of brain alterations underlie distinct clinical profiles in Huntington’s disease. NeuroImage. Clinical, 23, 101900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101900Gauvin, H., Lefebvre, J. F., Moreau, C., Lavoie, E. M., Labuda, D., Vézina, H., & RoyGagnon, M. H. (2015). GENLIB: An R package for the analysis of genealogical data. BMC Bioinformatics, 16(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-015-0581-5Gerovska, D., Irizar, H., Otaegi, D., Ferrer, I., López de Munain, A., & Araúzo-Bravo, M. J. (2020). Genealogy of the neurodegenerative diseases based on a meta-analysis of age-stratified incidence data. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 18923. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75014-8Glangetas, C., Espinosa, P., & Bellone, C. (2020). Deficit in Motor Skill ConsolidationDependent Synaptic Plasticity at Motor Cortex to Dorsolateral Striatum Synapses in a Mouse Model of Huntington’s Disease. ENeuro, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0297-19.2020Gómez-Ansón, B., Alegret, M., Muñoz, E., Monté, G. C., Alayrach, E., Sánchez, A., Boada, M., & Tolosa, E. (2009). Prefrontal cortex volume reduction on MRI in preclinical Huntington’s disease relates to visuomotor performance and CAG number. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 15(3), 213–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.05.010Gómez-Tortosa, E., del Barrio, A., Barroso, T., & García Ruiz, P. J. (1996). Visual processing disorders in patients with Huntington’s disease and asymptomatic carriers. Journal of Neurology, 243(3), 286–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00868528Gorrochategui, J. (2002). Plant eamient os de la lingüíst ica hist órica en la dat ación del Euskara.Gregory, S., Scahill, R. I., Rees, G., & Tabrizi, S. (2018a). Magnetic resonance imaging in Huntington’s disease. Methods in Molecular Biology, 1780, 303–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7825-0_16Gregory, S., Scahill, R. I., Rees, G., & Tabrizi, S. (2018b). Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Huntington’s Disease BT - Huntington’s Disease (S. V Precious, A. E. Rosser, & S. B. Dunnett (Eds.); pp. 303–328). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1- 4939-7825-0_16Gusella, J. F., & MacDonald, M. E. (2006). Huntington’s disease: seeing the pathogenic process through a genetic lens. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 31(9), 533–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2006.06.009Gusella, J. F., & MacDonald, M. E. (2009). Huntington’s disease: the case for genetic modifiers. Genome Medicine, 1(8), 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/gm80Ha, A. D., & Fung, V. S. C. (2012). Huntington’s disease. Current Opinion in Neurology, 25(4), 491–498. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0b013e3283550c97Harris, K. L., Armstrong, M., Swain, R., Erzinclioglu, S., Das, T., Burgess, N., Barker, R. A., & Mason, S. L. (2019). Huntington’s disease patients display progressive deficits in hippocampal-dependent cognition during a task of spatial memory. Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 119, 417–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.07.014Hayden Berkowicz, AL, Beighton, PH & Yiptong, C, M. R. (1981). Huntington’s chorea on the island of Mauritius. South African Medical Journal, 60(26), 1001–1002.Heindel, W. C., Butters, N., & Salmon, D. P. (1988). Impaired learning of a motor skill in patients with Huntington’s disease. Behavioral Neuroscience, 102(1), 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7044.102.1.141Heutink, P., & Oostra, B. A. (2002). Gene finding in genetically isolated populations. Human Molecular Genetics, 11(20), 2507–2515. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/11.20.2507Hobbs, N. Z., Barnes, J., Frost, C., Henley, S. M. D., Wild, E. J., Macdonald, K., Barker, R. A., Scahill, R. I., Fox, N. C., & Tabrizi, S. J. (2010). Onset and progression of pathologic atrophy in Huntington disease: a longitudinal MR imaging study. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 31(6), 1036–1041. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2018Ihaka, R., & Gentleman, R. (1996). R: A Language for Data Analysis and Graphics. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 5(3), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.2307/1390807.Iriondo, M., Barbero, M. C., & Manzano, C. (2003). DNA polymorphisms detect ancient barriers to gene flow in Basques. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 122(1), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10212Jensen, R. N., Bolwig, T., & Sørensen, S. A. (2018). [Psychiatric symptoms in patients with Huntington’s disease]. Ugeskrift for laeger, 180(13).Johnson, E. B., Rees, E. M., Labuschagne, I., Durr, A., Leavitt, B. R., Roos, R. A. C., Reilmann, R., Johnson, H., Hobbs, N. Z., Langbehn, D. R., Stout, J. C., Tabrizi, S. J., & Scahill, R. I. (2015). The impact of occipital lobe cortical thickness on cognitive task performance: An investigation in Huntington’s Disease. Neuropsychologia, 79(Pt A), 138–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.033Jorde, L. B., Watkins, W. S., Kere, J., Nyman, D., & Eriksson, A. W. (2000). Gene mapping in isolated populations: new roles for old friends? Human Heredity, 50(1), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1159/000022891Jorde, L. B., & Wooding, S. P. (2004). Genetic variation, classification and {\textquoteleft}race{\textquoteright}. Nature Genetics, 36(11), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1034/ng1435Kandt, J., & Longley, P. A. (2018). Ethnicity estimation using family naming practices. PLOS ONE, 13(8), e0201774.Kay, C., Hayden, M. R., & Leavitt, B. R. (2017). Epidemiology of Huntington disease. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 144, 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12- 801893-4.00003-1Khan, W., Alusi, S., Tawfik, H., & Hussain, A. (2021). The relationship between nonmotor features and weight-loss in the premanifest stage of Huntington’s disease. PLOS ONE, 16(7), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253817Kim, A., Lalonde, K., Truesdell, A., Gomes Welter, P., Brocardo, P. S., Rosenstock, T. R., & Gil-Mohapel, J. (2021). New Avenues for the Treatment of Huntington’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168363Kremer, H. P. H., & Group, H. S. (1996). Unified Huntington’s disease rating scale: reliability and consistency. Movement Disorders, 11, 136–142.Kristiansson, K., Naukkarinen, J., & Peltonen, L. (2008). Isolated populations and complex disease gene identification. Genome Biology, 9(8), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb2008-9-8-109Laayouni, H., Calafell, F., & Bertranpetit, J. (2010). A genome-wide survey does not show the genetic distinctiveness of Basques. Human Genetics, 127(4), 455–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-010-0798-3Langbehn, D. R., Brinkman, R. R., Falush, D., Paulsen, J. S., Hayden, M. R., & Group, an I. H. D. C. (2004). A new model for prediction of the age of onset and penetrance for Huntington’s disease based on CAG length. Clinical Genetics, 65(4), 267–277.Langbehn, D. R., Stout, J. C., Gregory, S., Mills, J. A., Durr, A., Leavitt, B. R., Roos, R. A. C., Long, J. D., Owen, G., Johnson, H. J., Borowsky, B., Craufurd, D., Reilmann, R., Landwehrmeyer, G. B., Scahill, R. I., & Tabrizi, S. J. (2019). Association of CAG Repeats With Long-term Progression in Huntington Disease. JAMA Neurology, 76(11), 1375–1385. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.2368Larmuseau, M. H. D., Ottoni, C., Raeymaekers, J. A. M., Vanderheyden, N., Larmuseau, H. F. M., & Decorte, R. (2012). Temporal differentiation across a West-European Ychromosomal cline: Genealogy as a tool in human population genetics. European Journal of Human Genetics, 20(4), 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2011.218Larsson, J., & Heeger, D. J. (2006). Two retinotopic visual areas in human lateral occipital cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(51), 13128–13142. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1657-06.2006Lawrence, A. D., Watkins, L. H. A., Sahakian, B. J., Hodges, J. R., & Robbins, T. W. (2000). Visual object and visuospatial cognition in Huntington’s disease: implications for information processing in corticostriatal circuits. Brain, 123(7), 1349–1364. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.7.1349Lee, S.-Y., Yoon, S.-Y., Kim, M.-J., Rhee, H., Ryu, C., & Jahng, G.-H. (2013). Investigation of the Correlation between Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery Scores and the Gray Matter Volume after Correction of Covariates of the Age, Gender, and Genotypes in Patients with AD and MCI. Journal of the Korean Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 17, 294. https://doi.org/10.13104/jksmrm.2013.17.4.294Lemay, M., Fimbel, E., Beuter, A., Chouinard, S., & Richer, F. (2005). Sensorimotor mapping affects movement correction deficits in early Huntington’s disease. Experimental Brain Research, 165(4), 454–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005- 2315-9Liascovich, R., Rittler, M., & Castilla, E. E. (2001). Consanguinity in South America: demographic aspects. Human Heredity, 51(1–2), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1159/000022956Liu, H., Zhang, C., Xu, J., Jin, J., Cheng, L., Miao, X., Wu, Q., Wei, Z., Liu, P., Lu, H., van Zijl, P. C. M., Ross, C. A., Hua, J., & Duan, W. (2021). Huntingtin silencing delays onset and slows progression of Huntington’s disease: a biomarker study. Brain : A Journal of Neurology, 144(10), 3101–3113. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab190Lo, J., Reyes, A., Pulverenti, T. S., Rankin, T. J., Bartlett, D. M., Zaenker, P., Rowe, G., Feindel, K., Poudel, G., Georgiou-Karistianis, N., Ziman, M. R., & Cruickshank, T. M. (2020). Dual tasking impairments are associated with striatal pathology in Huntington’s disease. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, 7(9), 1608– 1619. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.51142MacDonald, M. E., Ambrose, C. M., Duyao, M. P., Myers, R. H., Lin, C., Srinidhi, L., Barnes, G., Taylor, S. A., James, M., Groot, N., MacFarlane, H., Jenkins, B., Anderson, M. A., Wexler, N. S., Gusella, J. F., Bates, G. P., Baxendale, S., Hummerich, H., Kirby, S., … Harper, P. S. (1993). A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosomes. Cell, 72(6), 971–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(93)90585-EMaestre, R., Bermúdez, A., Ching, R., Mejía, G., Malambo, D., & Gómez, D. (2010). Diagnóstico molecular de la Enfermedad de Huntington en el departamento del Atlántico , Colombia (2009). Iatreia, 23(4-S SE-Resúmenes).Marchina, E., Misasi, S., Bozzato, A., Ferraboli, S., Agosti, C., Rozzini, L., Borsani, G., Barlati, S., & Padovani, A. (2014). Gene expression profile in fibroblasts of Huntington’s disease patients and controls. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 337(1–2), 42–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2013.11.014Martínez-Horta, S., Horta-Barba, A., Perez-Perez, J., Antoran, M., Pagonabarraga, J., Sampedro, F., & Kulisevsky, J. (2020). Impaired face-like object recognition in premanifest Huntington’s disease. Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 123, 162–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.10.015Martinez-Horta, S., Sampedro, F., Horta-Barba, A., Perez-Perez, J., Pagonabarraga, J., Gomez-Anson, B., & Kulisevsky, J. (2020). Structural brain correlates of dementia in Huntington’s disease. NeuroImage. Clinical, 28, 102415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102415Masuda, N., Goto, J., Murayama, N., Watanabe, M., Kondo, I., & Kanazawa, I. (1995). Analysis of triplet repeats in the huntingtin gene in Japanese families affected with Huntington’s disease. Journal of Medical Genetics, 32(9), 701–705. https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg.32.9.701Maxwell, A. (2022). ScaleHD Documentation.McColgan, P., Gregory, S., Seunarine, K. K., Razi, A., Papoutsi, M., Johnson, E., Durr, A., Roos, R. A. C., Leavitt, B. R., Holmans, P., Scahill, R. I., Clark, C. A., Rees, G., & Tabrizi, S. J. (2018). Brain Regions Showing White Matter Loss in Huntington’s Disease Are Enriched for Synaptic and Metabolic Genes. Biological Psychiatry, 83(5), 456–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.10.019Mishkin, M., Lewis, M. E., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1982). Equivalence of parietopreoccipital subareas for visuospatial ability in monkeys. Behavioural Brain Research, 6(1), 41–55.Mishkin, M., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1982). Contribution of striate inputs to the visuospatial functions of parieto-preoccipital cortex in monkeys. Behavioural Brain Research, 6(1), 57–77Mohr, E., Brouwers, P., Claus, J. J., Mann, U., Fedio, P., & Chase, T. (1991). Visuospatial cognition in Huntington’s disease. Movement Disorders, 6.Moses, J. A., Golden, C. J., Berger, P. A., & Wisniewski, A. M. (1981). Neuropsychological Deficits in Early, Middle, and Late Stage Huntington’s Disease as Measured by the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. International Journal of Neuroscience, 14(1–2), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.3109/00207458108985820Myers, R. H. (2004). Huntington’s disease genetics. NeuroRx : The Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, 1(2), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1602/neurorx.1.2.255Myers, R. H., Vonsattel, J. P., Stevens, T. J., Cupples, L. A., Richardson, E. P., Martin, J. B., & Bird, E. D. (1988). Clinical and neuropathologic assessment of severity in Huntington’s disease. Neurology, 38(3), 341.Nanetti, L., Contarino, V. E., Castaldo, A., Sarro, L., Bachoud-Levi, A.-C., Giavazzi, M., Frittoli, S., Ciammola, A., Rizzo, E., Gellera, C., Bruzzone, M. G., Taroni, F., Grisoli, M., & Mariotti, C. (2018). Cortical thickness, stance control, and arithmetic skill: An exploratory study in premanifest Huntington disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 51, 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.02.033Newman, D. L., Abney, M., McPeek, M. S., Ober, C., & Cox, N. J. (2001). The Importance of Genealogy in Determining Genetic Associations with Complex Traits. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 69(5), 1146–1148. https://doi.org/10.1086/323659Nopoulos, P. C., Aylward, E. H., Ross, C. A., Johnson, H. J., Magnotta, V. A., Juhl, A. R., Pierson, R. K., Mills, J., Langbehn, D. R., & Paulsen, J. S. (2010). Cerebral cortex structure in prodromal Huntington disease. Neurobiology of Disease, 40(3), 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2010.07.014O’Brien, E., Jorde, L. B., Rönnlöf, B., Fellman, J. O., & Eriksson, A. W. (1988). Inbreeding and genetic disease in Sottunga, Finland. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 75(4), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330750405O’Rourke, J. J. F., Adams, W. H., Duff, K., Byars, J., Nopoulos, P., Paulsen, J. S., & Beglinger, L. J. (2011). Estimating premorbid functioning in huntington’s disease: the relationship between disease progression and the wide range achievement test reading subtest. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 26(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acq088OECD. (2017). Digital technology: Making better use of health data.Olson, S., Berg, K., Bonham, V., Boyer, J., Brody, L., Brooks, L., Collins, F., Guttmacher, A., McEwen, J., Muenke, M., Olson, S., Wang, V. O., Rodriguez, L. L., Vydelingum, N., & Warshauer-Baker, E. (2005). The use of racial, ethnic, and ancestral categories in human genetics research. American Journal of Human Genetics, 77(4), 519–532. https://doi.org/10.1086/491747Ortega-Leonard, L., Orozco-Calderón, G., Vélez, A., & Cruz, F. (2015). The role of the corpus callosum in the visuospatial processing. Rev. Chil. Neuropsicol, 10(1), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.5839/rcnp.2015.10.01.06Osterrieth, P. A. (1944). Le test de copie d’une figure complexe; contribution a l’etude de la perception et de la memoire. Archives de Psychologie.Paisán-Ruíz, C., Jain, S., Evans, E. W., Gilks, W. P., Simón, J., van der Brug, M., López de Munain, A., Aparicio, S., Gil, A. M., Khan, N., Johnson, J., Martinez, J. R., Nicholl, D., Martí Carrera, I., Pena, A. S., de Silva, R., Lees, A., Martí-Massó, J. F., Pérez-Tur, J., … Singleton, A. B. (2004). Cloning of the gene containing mutations that cause PARK8-linked Parkinson’s disease. Neuron, 44(4), 595–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.023Palareti, G., Legnani, C., Cosmi, B., Antonucci, E., Erba, N., Poli, D., Testa, S., & Tosetto, A. (2016). Comparison between different D-Dimer cutoff values to assess the individual risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism: Analysis of results obtained in the DULCIS study. International Journal of Laboratory Hematology, 38(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.12426Paulsen, J. S. (2011). Cognitive impairment in Huntington disease: diagnosis and treatment. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 11(5), 474–483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-011-0215-xPaulsen, J. S., Lourens, S., Kieburtz, K., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Sample enrichment for clinical trials to show delay of onset in huntington disease. Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 34(2), 274–280. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27595Peña-Casanova, J., Gramunt-Fombuena, N., Quiñones-Úbeda, S., Sánchez-Benavides, G., Aguilar, M., Badenes, D., Molinuevo, J. L., Robles, A., Barquero, M. S., Payno, M., Antúnez, C., Martínez-Parra, C., Frank-García, A., Fernández, M., Alfonso, V., Sol, J. M., & Blesa, R. (2009). Spanish multicenter normative studies (NEURONORMA project): Norms for the rey-osterrieth complex figure (copy and memory), and free and cued selective reminding test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24(4), 371–393. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acp041Peng, C., Zhu, G., Liu, X., & Li, H. (2018). Mutant Huntingtin Causes a Selective Decrease in the Expression of Synaptic Vesicle Protein 2C. Neuroscience Bulletin, 34(5), 747– 758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-018-0230-xPenney, J. B. J., Vonsattel, J. P., MacDonald, M. E., Gusella, J. F., & Myers, R. H. (1997). CAG repeat number governs the development rate of pathology in Huntington’s disease. Annals of Neurology, 41(5), 689–692. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410410521Phillips, W., Shannon, K. M., & Barker, R. A. (2008). The current clinical management of Huntington’s disease. Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 23(11), 1491–1504. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21971Pierzynowska, K., Gaffke, L., Cyske, Z., & Węgrzyn, G. (2019). Genistein induces degradation of mutant huntingtin in fibroblasts from Huntington’s disease patients. Metabolic Brain Disease, 34(3), 715–720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-019-00405- 4Pillon, B. (1981). [Visuo-constructive problems and methods of compensation. Results for 85 patients with brain lesions]. Neuropsychologia, 19(3), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(81)90067-1Pirogovsky, E., Nicoll, D. R., Challener, D. M., Breen, E., Gluhm, S., Corey‐Bloom, J., & Gilbert, P. E. (2015). The Visual Spatial Learning Test: Differential impairment during the premanifest and manifest stages of Huntington’s disease. Journal of Neuropsychology, 9(1), 77–86.Podvin, S., Reardon, H. T., Yin, K., Mosier, C., & Hook, V. (2019). Multiple clinical features of Huntington’s disease correlate with mutant HTT gene CAG repeat lengths and neurodegeneration. Journal of Neurology, 266(3), 551–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-8940-6Potter, N. T., Spector, E. B., & Prior, T. W. (2004). Technical Standards and Guidelines for Huntington Disease Testing. Genetics in Medicine, 6(1), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.GIM.0000106165.74751.15Pringsheim, T., Wiltshire, K., Day, L., Dykeman, J., Steeves, T., & Jette, N. (2012). The incidence and prevalence of Huntington’s disease: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Movement Disorders, 27(9), 1083–1091. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25075Pulkes, T., Papsing, C., Wattanapokayakit, S., & Mahasirimongkol, S. (2014). Cagexpansion haplotype analysis in a population with a low prevalence of huntington’s disease. Journal of Clinical Neurology (Korea), 10(1), 32–36. https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2014.10.1.32Purcell, N. L., Goldman, J. G., Ouyang, B., Bernard, B., & O’Keefe, J. A. (2019). The Effects of Dual-Task Cognitive Interference and Environmental Challenges on Balance in Huntington’s Disease. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice, 6(3), 202– 212. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12720Rawlins, M. D., Wexler, N. S., Wexler, A. R., Tabrizi, S. J., Douglas, I., Evans, S. J. W., & Smeeth, L. (2016). The Prevalence of Huntington’s Disease. Neuroepidemiology, 46(2), 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1159/000443738Redondo-Vergé, L. (2001). [Cognitive deterioration in Huntington disease]. Revista de neurologia, 32(1), 82–85.Rey, A. (1941). L’examen psychologique dans les cas d’encéphalopathie traumatique.(Les problems.). Archives de Psychologie.Risch, N., Choudhry, S., Via, M., Basu, A., Sebro, R., Eng, C., Beckman, K., Thyne, S., Chapela, R., Rodriguez-Santana, J. R., Rodriguez-Cintron, W., Avila, P. C., Ziv, E., & Gonzalez Burchard, E. (2009). Ancestry-related assortative mating in Latino populations. Genome Biology, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2009-10-11-r132Rivera, D., Perrin, P. B., Morlett-Paredes, A., Galarza-Del-Angel, J., Martínez, C., Garza, M. T., Saracho, C. P., Rodríguez, W., Rodríguez-Agudelo, Y., Rábago, B., Aliaga, A., Schebela, S., Luna, M., Longoni, M., Ocampo-Barba, N., Fernández, E., Esenarro, L., García-Egan, P., & Arango-Lasprilla, J. C. (2015). Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figurecopy and immediate recall: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population. NeuroRehabilitation, 37(4), 677–698. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE151285Rudan, I., Rudan, D., Campbell, H., Carothers, A., Wright, A., Smolej-Narancic, N., Janicijevic, B., Jin, L., Chakraborty, R., Deka, R., & Rudan, P. (2003). Inbreeding and risk of late onset complex disease. Journal of Medical Genetics, 40(12), 925–932. https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg.40.12.925Ruiz de Sabando, A., Urrutia Lafuente, E., Galbete, A., Ciosi, M., García Amigot, F., García Solaesa, V., Martínez, V. Á., Martinez-Descals, A., Mila, M., Trujillo-Tiebas, M. J., López-Sendón, J. L., Fenollar-Cortés, M., Legarda, I., Noguera, S. B., Millán, J. M., Durán-Herrera, C., Monckton, D. G., & Ramos-Arroyo, M. A. (2022). Spanish HTT gene study reveals haplotype and allelic diversity with possible implications for germline expansion dynamics in Huntington disease . Human Molecular Genetics, 00(September), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddac224Ruocco, H. H., Lopes-Cendes, I., Li, L. M., Santos-Silva, M., & Cendes, F. (2006). Striatal and extrastriatal atrophy in Huntington’s disease and its relationship with length of the CAG repeat. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira de Pesquisas Medicas e Biologicas, 39(8), 1129–1136. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2006000800016Saloum de Neves Manta, F., Pereira, R., Vianna, R., Rodolfo Beuttenmüller de Araújo, A., Leite Góes Gitaí, D., Aparecida da Silva, D., de Vargas Wolfgramm, E., da Mota Pontes, I., Ivan Aguiar, J., Ozório Moraes, M., Fagundes de Carvalho, E., & Gusmão, L. (2013). Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIMIndels. PLoS ONE, 8(9), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075145Salzano, F. M., & Sans, M. (2014). Interethnic admixture and the evolution of Latin American populations. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 37(1 SUPPL. 1), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572014000200003Sánchez-Castañeda, C., Squitieri, F., Di Paola, M., Dayan, M., Petrollini, M., & Sabatini, U. (2015). The role of iron in gray matter degeneration in huntington’s disease: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Human Brain Mapping, 36(1), 50–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22612Sans, M., Figueiro, G., Ackermann, E., Barreto, I., Egaña, A., Bertoni, B., PoittevinGilmet, E., Maytia, D., & Hidalgo, P. C. (2011). Mitochondrial DNA in Basque descendants from the city of Trinidad, Uruguay: Uruguayan- or Basque-like population? Human Biology, 83(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.3378/027.083.0104Say, M. J., Jones, R., Scahill, R. I., Dumas, E. M., Coleman, A., Santos, R. C. D., Justo, D., Campbell, J. C., Queller, S., Shores, E. A., Tabrizi, S. J., & Stout, J. C. (2011a). Visuomotor integration deficits precede clinical onset in Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 49(2), 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.11.016Say, M. J., Jones, R., Scahill, R. I., Dumas, E. M., Coleman, A., Santos, R. C. D., Justo, D., Campbell, J. C., Queller, S., Shores, E. A., Tabrizi, S. J., & Stout, J. C. (2011b). Visuomotor integration deficits precede clinical onset in Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 49(2), 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.11.016Semaka, A., Kay, C., Doty, C. N., Collins, J. A., Tam, N., & Hayden, M. R. (2013). High frequency of intermediate alleles on Huntington disease-associated haplotypes in British Columbia’s general population. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics : The Official Publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, 162B(8), 864–871. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32193Shekari Khaniani, M., Aob, P., Ranjouri, M., & Mansoori Derakhsan, S. (2017). Molecular analysis and prevalence of Huntington disease in northwestern Iran. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 47(6), 1880–1884. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1510-25Shoulson, I., & Fahn, S. (1979). Huntington disease: clinical care and evaluation. Neurology, 29(1), 1.Siesling, S., van Vugt, J. P., Zwinderman, K. A., Kieburtz, K., & Roos, R. A. (1998). Unified Huntington’s disease rating scale: a follow up. Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 13(6), 915–919. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870130609Simón-Sánchez, J., Martí-Massó, J.-F., Sánchez-Mut, J. V., Paisán-Ruiz, C., Martínez-Gil, A., Ruiz-Martínez, J., Sáenz, A., Singleton, A. B., López de Munain, A., & Pérez-Tur, J. (2006). Parkinson’s disease due to the R1441G mutation in Dardarin: a founder effect in the Basques. Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 21(11), 1954–1959. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21114Slutsky, D. A., & Recanzone, G. H. (2001). Temporal and spatial dependency of the ventriloquism effect. Neuroreport, 12(1), 7–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756- 200101220-00009Snowden, J. S. (2017). The Neuropsychology of Huntington’s Disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 32(7), 876–887. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acx086Sprengelmeyer, R., Young, A. W., Calder, A. J., Karnat, A., Lange, H., Hömberg, V., Perrett, D. I., & Rowland, D. (1996). Loss of disgust: Perception of faces and emotions in Huntington’s disease. Brain, 119(5), 1647–1665. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/119.5.1647Squitieri, F., Cannella, M., Simonelli, M., Sassone, J., Martino, T., Venditti, E., Ciammola, A., Colonnese, C., Frati, L., & Ciarmiello, A. (2009). Distinct brain volume changes correlating with clinical stage, disease progression rate, mutation size, and age at onset prediction as early biomarkers of brain atrophy in Huntington’s disease. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 15(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755- 5949.2008.00068.xStephens, M., Smith, N. J., & Donnelly, P. (2001). A new statistical method for haplotype reconstruction from population data. American Journal of Human Genetics, 68(4), 978–989. https://doi.org/10.1086/319501Stoker, T. B., Mason, S. L., Greenland, J. C., Holden, S. T., Santini, H., & Barker, R. A. (2022). Huntington’s disease: diagnosis and management. In Practical neurology (Vol. 22, Issue 1, pp. 32–41). NLM (Medline). https://doi.org/10.1136/practneurol2021-003074Stout, J. C., Paulsen, J. S., Queller, S., Solomon, A. C., Whitlock, K. B., Campbell, J. C., Carlozzi, N., Duff, K., Beglinger, L. J., Langbehn, D. R., Johnson, S. A., Biglan, K. M., & Aylward, E. H. (2011). Neurocognitive signs in prodromal Huntington disease. Neuropsychology, 25(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020937Svetozarskiy, S. N., Kopishinskaya, S. V, Gustov, A. V, Radyuk, M. A., Antonova, V. A., Smetankin, I. G., Svetozarskiy, S. N., Kopishinskaya, S. V, Gustov, A. V, Radyuk, M. A., Antonova, V. A., & Smetankin, I. G. (2015). [Ophthalmic manifestations of Huntington’s disease]. Vestnik oftalmologii, 131(5), 82–86. https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma2015131582-86Tabrizi, S. J., Langbehn, D. R., Leavitt, B. R., Roos, R. A., Durr, A., Craufurd, D., Kennard, C., Hicks, S. L., Fox, N. C., Scahill, R. I., Borowsky, B., Tobin, A. J., Rosas, H. D., Johnson, H., Reilmann, R., Landwehrmeyer, B., & Stout, J. C. (2009). Biological and clinical manifestations of Huntington’s disease in the longitudinal TRACK-HD study: cross-sectional analysis of baseline data. The Lancet. Neurology, 8(9), 791–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70170-XTabrizi, S. J., Leavitt, B. R., Landwehrmeyer, G. B., Wild, E. J., Saft, C., Barker, R. A., Blair, N. F., Craufurd, D., Priller, J., Rickards, H., Rosser, A., Kordasiewicz, H. B., Czech, C., Swayze, E. E., Norris, D. A., Baumann, T., Gerlach, I., Schobel, S. A., Paz, E., … Lane, R. M. (2019). Targeting Huntingtin Expression in Patients with Huntington’s Disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 380(24), 2307–2316. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1900907Tan, B., Shishegar, R., Fornito, A., Poudel, G., & Georgiou-Karistianis, N. (2022). Longitudinal mapping of cortical surface changes in Huntington’s Disease. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 16(3), 1381–1391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-021-00625- 2Tan, B., Shishegar, R., Poudel, G. R., Fornito, A., & Georgiou-Karistianis, N. (2021). Cortical morphometry and neural dysfunction in Huntington’s disease: a review. European Journal of Neurology, 28(4), 1406–1419. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14648Tishkoff, S. A., & Kidd, K. K. (2004). Implications of biogeography of human populations for “race” and medicine. Nature Genetics, 36(11 Suppl), S21-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1438Tröster, A. I., Pulaski, S. J., & Woods, S. P. (2019). Neuropsychology of movement disorders and motor neuron disease: Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, essential tremor, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In Handbook of medical neuropsychology: Applications of cognitive neuroscience, 2nd ed. (pp. 415–440). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 030-14895-9_19Valdés Hernández, M. D. C., Abu-Hussain, J., Qiu, X., Priller, J., Parra Rodríguez, M., Pino, M., Báez, S., & Ibáñez, A. (2019). Structural neuroimaging differentiates vulnerability from disease manifestation in colombian families with Huntington’s disease. Brain and Behavior, 9(8), e01343. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1343Vaportzis, E., Georgiou-Karistianis, N., Churchyard, A., & Stout, J. C. (2015). Dual task performance in Huntington’s disease: A comparison of choice reaction time tasks. Neuropsychology, 29(5), 703–712. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000172Vonsattel, J. P., & DiFiglia, M. (1998). Huntington disease. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 57(5), 369–384. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005072- 199805000-00001Walker, R. H., Gatto, E. M., Bustamante, M. L., Bernal-Pacheco, O., Cardoso, F., Castilhos, R. M., Chana-Cuevas, P., Cornejo-Olivas, M., Estrada-Bellmann, I., & Jardim, L. B. (2018). Huntington’s disease-like disorders in Latin America and the Caribbean. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 53, 10–20.Warby, S. C., Visscher, H., Collins, J. A., Doty, C. N., Carter, C., Butland, S. L., Hayden, A. R., Kanazawa, I., Ross, C. J., & Hayden, M. R. (2011). HTT haplotypes contribute to differences in Huntington disease prevalence between Europe and East Asia. European Journal of Human Genetics, 19(5), 561–566. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2010.229wikiwand. (n.d.). Diáspora vasca. Https://Assets.Wikiwand.Com/Img/Logo_new.SvgWilson, H., Dervenoulas, G., & Politis, M. (2018). Chapter Nine - Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Huntington’s Disease. In M. Politis (Ed.), Imaging in Movement Disorders: Imaging in Atypical Parkinsonism and Familial Movement Disorders (Vol. 142, pp. 335–380). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2018.09.006Wolf, R. C., Sambataro, F., Vasic, N., Baldas, E.-M., Ratheiser, I., Bernhard Landwehrmeyer, G., Depping, M. S., Thomann, P. A., Sprengelmeyer, R., Süssmuth, S. D., & Orth, M. (2014). Visual system integrity and cognition in early Huntington’s disease. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 40(2), 2417–2426. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12575Yeterian, E. H., & Pandya, D. N. (1995). Corticostriatal connections of extrastriate visual areas in rhesus monkeys. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 352(3), 436–457. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903520309Youn, Y. C., Pyun, J.-M., Ryu, N., Baek, M. J., Jang, J.-W., Park, Y. H., Ahn, S.-W., Shin, H.-W., Park, K.-Y., & Kim, S. Y. (2021). Use of the Clock Drawing Test and the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test-copy with convolutional neural networks to predict cognitive impairment. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 13(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-021-00821-8Zaitlen, N., Kraft, P., Patterson, N., Pasaniuc, B., Bhatia, G., Pollack, S., & Price, A. L. (2013). Using Extended Genealogy to Estimate Components of Heritability for 23 Quantitative and Dichotomous Traits. PLoS Genetics, 9(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003520Zeun, P., Scahill, R. I., Tabrizi, S. J., & Wild, E. J. (2019). Fluid and imaging biomarkers for Huntington’s disease. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, 97, 67–80. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2019.02.004Zivelin, A., Bauduer, F., Ducout, L., Peretz, H., Rosenberg, N., Yatuv, R., & Seligsohn, U. (2002). Factor XI deficiency in French Basques is caused predominantly by an ancestral Cys38Arg mutation in the factor XI gene. Blood, 99(7), 2448–2454. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V99.7.2448Alfonso, H. S. (1996). Caracterización de las secuencias polimórficas de tripletes CAG y CCG del gen de la enfermedad de Huntington en familias colombianas. Acta Méd Colomb, 12, 70–75.Arango-Lasprilla, J. C., Iglesias-Dorado, J., & Lopera, F. (2003). Características clínicas y neuropsicológicas de la enfermedad de Huntington: Una revisiónrevision. Revista de Neurologia, 37(8), 758–765. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.3708.2003010Linares Gómez Andrea. (2009). Por causa de gen maligno, un pueblo debe evitar reproducirse. ESPECIAL DE EL TIEMPO.Misnaza Castrillon, S. P., & Armenta-Restrepo, A. (2017). Indice modificado de esfuerzo en cuidadores informales de personas con Enfermedad de Huntington en los Municipios de Algarrobo, Ariguani y San Angel. Magdalena, Colombia. Rev. Med. Risaralda, 3–7.Rey, A. (2009). REY. Test de copia de una figura compleja. TEA Ediciones, Madrid.Universidad Simón Bolivar. (2021). Enfermedad de Huntington una aproximación desde la investigación.E. M. & A. R. Daza B, Caiaffa RH, Arteta BJV, Echevarría RV, “Estudio neuroepidemiológico enJuandeAcosta,Atlántico,Colombia,” ActaMédCoI, vol. 17, p. 324, 1991.Sede BarranquillaDoctorado en Genética y Biología MolecularORIGINALPDF.pdfPDF.pdfapplication/pdf2320613https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/1efbf714-0679-4086-b75c-02b4799e597c/download32fa67f94a3e426f607d10ef78992f7aMD51PDF_Resumen.pdfPDF_Resumen.pdfapplication/pdf319235https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/1bd2f919-5a53-42c1-98ca-d6bacfa06462/download33b3b3481bef2a4512ab33dd94318399MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/16c6790d-05c5-4564-bd4d-f4e85c4921a0/downloadbb9bdc0b3349e4284e09149f943790b4MD53TEXTPDF.txtPDF.txtExtracted texttext/plain101385https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/62dbdbaa-5cee-4c88-a403-80fe4e71fbf7/download934de8834c0e898d852326b4cab6719bMD54PDF_Resumen.txtPDF_Resumen.txtExtracted texttext/plain55911https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/2f809ce1-2451-4823-bebe-f0a2b3ae0d35/download5d0bf1b0f88e4be877df811e3af4398fMD56PDF.pdf.txtPDF.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain101385https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/4b8e0109-386c-4feb-9cda-0787e869287a/download934de8834c0e898d852326b4cab6719bMD58PDF_Resumen.pdf.txtPDF_Resumen.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain55911https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/eaa1bdca-e7ea-4a4d-9131-db9ea7cea245/download5d0bf1b0f88e4be877df811e3af4398fMD510THUMBNAILPDF.jpgPDF.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4012https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/5e34295a-d944-4a68-bd7a-f8f690ed70fc/downloadf7fb15fbd591ca492865f79e857d5640MD55PDF_Resumen.jpgPDF_Resumen.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5324https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/555cd200-f017-4291-8490-6610639e1bf9/downloade8cb6eb06903c55c5ff9ccaae886b66cMD57PDF.pdf.jpgPDF.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4012https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/bd0a5378-02bb-4fd9-96ba-f9aed6597d43/downloadf7fb15fbd591ca492865f79e857d5640MD59PDF_Resumen.pdf.jpgPDF_Resumen.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg5324https://bonga.unisimon.edu.co/bitstreams/6e71179b-3e80-4b97-9462-57cd4955541a/downloade8cb6eb06903c55c5ff9ccaae886b66cMD51120.500.12442/14533oai:bonga.unisimon.edu.co:20.500.12442/145332024-08-14 21:54:09.931restrictedhttps://bonga.unisimon.edu.coRepositorio Digital Universidad Simón Bolívarrepositorio.digital@unisimon.edu.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 |