Caracterización de la población de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en el Hospital Militar Central
Introducción: La diabetes mellitus (DM) describe un trastorno que implica metabolismo anormal de carbohidratos, lípidos y proteínas caracterizado por hiperglicemia. La prevalencia es alta a nivel mundial, con tasa importante de morbimortalidad, siendo una de las condiciones que más aporta desenlaces...
- Autores:
-
alvarez vargas, duvan alfonso
rodriguez salas, gustavo jose
uscategui ruiz, adriana catalina
oswaldo, rincon
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Universidad Militar Nueva Granada
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio UMNG
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repository.unimilitar.edu.co:10654/40001
- Acceso en línea:
- http://hdl.handle.net/10654/40001
- Palabra clave:
- Diabets mellitus tipo 2
macrovascular complications
diabetic nephropathy
ISGLT2
GLP1 agonist
Insulin
DIABETES MELLITUS
FACTORES DE RIESGO
MEDICINA INTERNA
INSULINA
Diabets mellitus tipo 2
complicaciones macrovasculares
nefropatía diabética
ISGLT2
agonistas GLP1
insulina
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
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| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Caracterización de la población de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en el Hospital Militar Central |
| dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv |
Characterization of the population of type 2 diabetic patients in the Central Military Hospital |
| title |
Caracterización de la población de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en el Hospital Militar Central |
| spellingShingle |
Caracterización de la población de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en el Hospital Militar Central Diabets mellitus tipo 2 macrovascular complications diabetic nephropathy ISGLT2 GLP1 agonist Insulin DIABETES MELLITUS FACTORES DE RIESGO MEDICINA INTERNA INSULINA Diabets mellitus tipo 2 complicaciones macrovasculares nefropatía diabética ISGLT2 agonistas GLP1 insulina |
| title_short |
Caracterización de la población de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en el Hospital Militar Central |
| title_full |
Caracterización de la población de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en el Hospital Militar Central |
| title_fullStr |
Caracterización de la población de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en el Hospital Militar Central |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Caracterización de la población de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en el Hospital Militar Central |
| title_sort |
Caracterización de la población de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en el Hospital Militar Central |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
alvarez vargas, duvan alfonso rodriguez salas, gustavo jose uscategui ruiz, adriana catalina oswaldo, rincon |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
oswaldo, rincon |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
alvarez vargas, duvan alfonso rodriguez salas, gustavo jose uscategui ruiz, adriana catalina oswaldo, rincon |
| dc.subject.keywords.spa.fl_str_mv |
Diabets mellitus tipo 2 macrovascular complications diabetic nephropathy ISGLT2 GLP1 agonist Insulin |
| topic |
Diabets mellitus tipo 2 macrovascular complications diabetic nephropathy ISGLT2 GLP1 agonist Insulin DIABETES MELLITUS FACTORES DE RIESGO MEDICINA INTERNA INSULINA Diabets mellitus tipo 2 complicaciones macrovasculares nefropatía diabética ISGLT2 agonistas GLP1 insulina |
| dc.subject.decs.spa.fl_str_mv |
DIABETES MELLITUS FACTORES DE RIESGO MEDICINA INTERNA INSULINA |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Diabets mellitus tipo 2 complicaciones macrovasculares nefropatía diabética ISGLT2 agonistas GLP1 insulina |
| description |
Introducción: La diabetes mellitus (DM) describe un trastorno que implica metabolismo anormal de carbohidratos, lípidos y proteínas caracterizado por hiperglicemia. La prevalencia es alta a nivel mundial, con tasa importante de morbimortalidad, siendo una de las condiciones que más aporta desenlaces adversos en cuanto a riesgo cardiovascular. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la población de pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (T2DM) en el Hospital Militar Central (HMC). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se recolectaron datos de identificación de los pacientes a través del registro de atención del programa de clínica de diabetes en los años 2018 y 2019. Para el análisis final, las variables cualitativas se resumieron en frecuencias y porcentajes y las variables cuantitativas, de acuerdo con distribución en promedio o mediana con su respectiva medida de dispersión. Resultados: 635 pacientes analizados, mediana de edad 70 (59-79), hombres 56,7% (360/635), diabetes tipo 2 87,1% (552), uso de metformina 54,9 % (348 /635), uso de insulina glargina 53,1% (337/635), pacientes con complicaciones 48,2% (306/365) Conclusiones: Los pacientes de este estudio reflejan las dificultades de países de medianos y bajos ingresos en la atención de los pacientes diabéticos, especialmente por la presencia de complicaciones y comorbilidades asociadas a esta patología. |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-02-09T17:34:01Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-02-09T17:34:01Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-01-31 |
| dc.type.local.spa.fl_str_mv |
Tesis/Trabajo de grado - Monografía - Especialización |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
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http://hdl.handle.net/10654/40001 |
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instname:Universidad Militar Nueva Granada |
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reponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad Militar Nueva Granada |
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repourl:https://repository.unimilitar.edu.co |
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instname:Universidad Militar Nueva Granada reponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad Militar Nueva Granada repourl:https://repository.unimilitar.edu.co |
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spa |
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spa |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Power D. Standards of medical care in diabetes: Response to position statement of the American Diabetes Association [20]. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(2):476. Of D, Mellitus D. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(SUPPL.1):81–90. Paneni F, Beckman JA, Creager MA, Cosentino F. Diabetes and vascular disease: Pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: Part i. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(31):2436–46. Peter V. Chin-Hong M. Infections in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus : and Prevention. Infect Dis. 2006;6(2):71–81. Kramer CK, Araneta MRG, Barrett-Connor E. A1C and diabetes diagnosis: The Rancho Bernardo study. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(1):101–3. Yang W, Dall TM, Beronjia K, Lin J, Semilla AP, Chakrabarti R, et al. Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2017. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(5):917–28. IDF Diabetes Atlas. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes, 7 ed. Brussels, Belgium. International Diabetes Federation. 2015. 144 p. Available from: http://www.diabetesatlas.org Herrera Lopez A. Análisis de Situación de Salud ( ASIS ) Dirección de Epidemiología y Demografía. Bogotá; 2018. Emerging T, Factors R. Diabetes Mellitus, Fasting Glucose, and Risk of Cause-Specific Death. 2011; Care D, Suppl SS. 2 . Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes : Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes d 2019. 2019;42(January):13–28. Moreno Segura C. Analisis de situación de salud (ASIS) Colombia. Bogotá; 2018. Xu G, Liu B, Sun Y, Du Y, Snetselaar LG, Hu FB, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes among US adults in 2016 and 2017: Population based study. BMJ. 2018;362. Prevention C for DC and. National Diabetes Statistics Report. Atlanta, Georgia; 2017. Wang L, Gao P, Zhang M, Huang Z, Zhang D, Deng Q, et al. Prevalence and ethnic pattern of diabetes and prediabetes in China in 2013. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2017;317(24):2515–23. Vargas-Uricoechea H, Casas-Figueroa LÁ. An Epidemiologic Analysis of Diabetes in Colombia. Ann Glob Heal [Internet]. 2015;81(6):742–53. Scott RA, Langenberg C, Sharp SJ, Franks PW, Rolandsson O, Drogan D, et al. The link between family history and risk of type 2 diabetes is not explained by anthropometric, lifestyle or genetic risk factors: The EPIC-InterAct study. Diabetologia. 2013;56(1):60–9. Meigs JB, Cupples LA, Wilson PWF. The Framingham Offspring Study. (23):2201–7. Shai I, Jiang R, Manson JAE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Ethnicity, obesity, and risk of type 2 diabetes in women: A 20-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(7):1585–90. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, Dietz WH, Vinicor F, Bales VS, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;289(1):76–9. Group DR, Young. The New England Journal of Medicine Downloaded from nejm.org on March 29, 2011. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977–86. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, Manson JE. Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122(7):481–6. Andy Menke, Keith F Rust, Judith Fradkin, Yiling J Cheng, Catherine C Cowie. (2014 sep ). Associations between trends in race/ethnicity, aging, and body mass index with diabetes prevalence in the United States: a series of cross-sectional studies. Ann Intern Med, 2, 161. Rury R Holman 1, Sanjoy K Paul, M Angelyn Bethel, David R Matthews, H Andrew W Neil. (2008 Oct 9). 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. new england journal of medicine , 359, 15. Jinan B Saaddine 1, Anne Fagot-Campagna, Deborah Rolka, K M Venkat Narayan, Linda Geiss, Mark Eberhardt, Katherine M Flegal. (2002 aug). Distribution of HbA(1c) levels for children and young adults in the U.S.: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. diabetes care, 1326, 30. ACCORD Study Group; ACCORD Eye Study Group; Emily Y Chew, Walter T Ambrosius, Matthew D Davis, Ronald P Danis, Sapna Gangaputra, Craig M Greven, Larry Hubbard, Barbara A Esser, James F Lovato, Letitia H Perdue, David C Goff Jr, William C Cushman, Henry N Ginsberg, Marshall B Elam, Saul Genuth, Hertzel C Gerstein, Ulrich Schubart, Lawrence J Fine. (2010 Jul 15). Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes. new england journal of medicine , 363, 233. Faramarz Ismail-Beigi 1, Timothy Craven, Mary Ann Banerji, Jan Basile, Jorge Calles, Robert M Cohen, Robert Cuddihy, William C Cushman, Saul Genuth, Richard H Grimm Jr, Bruce P Hamilton, Byron Hoogwerf, Diane Karl, Lois Katz, Armand Krikorian, Patrick O'Connor, Rodica Pop-Busui, Ulrich Schubart, Debra Simmons, Harris Taylor, Abraham Thomas, Daniel Weiss, Irene Hramiak, ACCORD trial group. (2010 Aug 7 ). Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial. lancet , 376, 419. ADVANCE Collaborative Group; Anushka Patel, Stephen MacMahon, John Chalmers, Bruce Neal, Laurent Billot, Mark Woodward, Michel Marre, Mark Cooper, Paul Glasziou, Diederick Grobbee, Pavel Hamet, Stephen Harrap, Simon Heller, Lisheng Liu, Giuseppe Mancia, Carl Erik Mogensen, Changyu Pan, Neil Poulter, Anthony Rodgers, Bryan Williams, Severine Bompoint, Bastiaan E de Galan, Rohina Joshi, Florence Travert. (2008 Jun 12). Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. New England Journal Of Medicine, 358, 72. Sophia Zoungas 1, John Chalmers, Bruce Neal, Laurent Billot, Qiang Li, Yoichiro Hirakawa, Hisatomi Arima, Helen Monaghan, Rohina Joshi, Stephen Colagiuri, Mark E Cooper, Paul Glasziou, Diederick Grobbee, Pavel Hamet, Stephen Harrap, Simon Heller, Liu Lisheng, Giuseppe Mancia, Michel Marre, David R Matthews, Carl E Mogensen, Vlado Perkovic, Neil Poulter, Anthony Rodgers, Bryan Williams, Stephen MacMahon, Anushka Patel, Mark Woodward, ADVANCE-ON Collaborative Group. (2014 Oct 9). Follow-up of blood-pressure lowering and glucose control in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal Of Medicine, 371, 406. IDF, Diabetes Atlas. In. Edited by Federation ID, 9th edn, 2019 Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, Malanda B, Karuranga S, Unwin N, et al; IDF Diabetes Atlas Committee. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019 Nov;157:107843. Vargas-Uricoechea H, Casas-Figueroa LÁ. An Epidemiologic Analysis of Diabetes in Colombia. Ann Glob Health. 2015 Nov-Dec;81(6):742-53. Einarson TR, Acs A, Ludwig C, Panton UH. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007-2017. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018 Jun 8;17(1):83. Kwon Y, Kim HJ, Park S, Park YG, Cho KH. Body Mass Index-Related Mortality in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Heterogeneity in Obesity Paradox Studies: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 3;12(1):e0168247. Koye DN, Magliano DJ, Nelson RG, Pavkov ME. The Global Epidemiology of Diabetes and Kidney Disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018 Mar;25(2):121-132. Miranda-Machado P, Salcedo-Mejía F, Wilches JP, Fernandez-Mercado J, De la Hoz-Restrepo F, Alvis-Guzmán N. First cardiovascular event in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus of a cardiovascular risk management program of a poor Colombian population: a cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2019 Jan 8;19(1):8. Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, Matsushita K, Wagenknecht L, Pankow J, et al. Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4;362(9):800-11. Montvida O, Shaw J, Atherton JJ, Stringer F, Paul SK. Long-term Trends in Antidiabetes Drug Usage in the U.S.: Real-world Evidence in Patients Newly Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan;41(1):69-78. Sarkar S, Heyward J, Alexander GC, Kalyani RR. Trends in Insulin Types and Devices Used by Adults With Type 2 Diabetes in the United States, 2016 to 2020. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Oct 1;4(10):e2128782. Zelada H, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Manrique H. Inhospital Mortality in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Cohort Study in Lima, Peru. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:7287215. |
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oswaldo, rinconalvarez vargas, duvan alfonsorodriguez salas, gustavo joseuscategui ruiz, adriana catalinaoswaldo, rinconEspecialista en Medicina InternaHospital Militar Central2021Medicina2022-02-09T17:34:01Z2022-02-09T17:34:01Z2022-01-31http://hdl.handle.net/10654/40001instname:Universidad Militar Nueva Granadareponame:Repositorio Institucional Universidad Militar Nueva Granadarepourl:https://repository.unimilitar.edu.coIntroducción: La diabetes mellitus (DM) describe un trastorno que implica metabolismo anormal de carbohidratos, lípidos y proteínas caracterizado por hiperglicemia. La prevalencia es alta a nivel mundial, con tasa importante de morbimortalidad, siendo una de las condiciones que más aporta desenlaces adversos en cuanto a riesgo cardiovascular. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la población de pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (T2DM) en el Hospital Militar Central (HMC). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se recolectaron datos de identificación de los pacientes a través del registro de atención del programa de clínica de diabetes en los años 2018 y 2019. Para el análisis final, las variables cualitativas se resumieron en frecuencias y porcentajes y las variables cuantitativas, de acuerdo con distribución en promedio o mediana con su respectiva medida de dispersión. Resultados: 635 pacientes analizados, mediana de edad 70 (59-79), hombres 56,7% (360/635), diabetes tipo 2 87,1% (552), uso de metformina 54,9 % (348 /635), uso de insulina glargina 53,1% (337/635), pacientes con complicaciones 48,2% (306/365) Conclusiones: Los pacientes de este estudio reflejan las dificultades de países de medianos y bajos ingresos en la atención de los pacientes diabéticos, especialmente por la presencia de complicaciones y comorbilidades asociadas a esta patología.1. RESUMEN 5 2. MARCO TEORICO 6 3. IDENTIFICACIÓN Y FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA 19 4. OBJETIVOS 22 4.1. GENERAL 22 4.2. ESPECIFICOS 22 5. METODOLOGÍA 23 5.1. TIPO Y DISEÑO GENERAL DEL ESTUDIO 23 5.2. POBLACIÓN 23 5.2.1. Población blanco 23 5.2.2. Población accesible 23 5.2.3. Población de estudio 23 5.3. CRITERIOS DE INCLUSIÓN Y EXCLUSIÓN 23 5.3.1. Criterios de inclusión 23 5.3.2. Criterios de exclusión 24 5.4. SELECCIÓN Y TAMAÑO DE LA MUESTRA 24 5.5. DEFINICIÓN DE LAS VARIABLES 24 5.6. MEDICIONES E INSTRUMENTOS PARA UTILIZAR 28 5.7. CONTROL DE SESGOS 28 6. PLAN DE ANALISIS 29 7. ASPECTOS ÉTICOS 30 8. RESULTADOS 32 9. DISCUSION 37 10. CONCLUSIONES 42 11. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICASIntroduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) describes a disorder that involves abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins characterized by hyperglycemia. The prevalence is high worldwide, with a significant rate of morbidity and mortality, being one of the conditions that contributes the most adverse outcomes in terms of cardiovascular risk. The objective of this study was to characterize the population of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at the Central Military Hospital (HMC). Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. Patient identification data was collected through the care record of the diabetes clinic program in the years 2018 and 2019. For the final analysis, the qualitative variables were summarized in frequencies and percentages and the quantitative variables, according to distribution. in average or median with their respective measure of dispersion. Results: 635 patients analyzed, median age 70 (59-79), men 56.7% (360/635), type 2 diabetes 87.1% (552), use of metformin 54.9% (348/635) , use of insulin glargine 53.1% (337/635), patients with complications 48.2% (306/365) Conclusions: The patients in this study reflect the difficulties of low- and middle-income countries in the care of diabetic patients, especially due to the presence of complications and comorbidities associated with this pathology.Especializaciónapplicaction/pdfspahttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 InternationalAcceso abiertoCaracterización de la población de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en el Hospital Militar CentralCharacterization of the population of type 2 diabetic patients in the Central Military HospitalTesis/Trabajo de grado - Monografía - Especializacióninfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesishttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fDiabets mellitus tipo 2macrovascular complicationsdiabetic nephropathyISGLT2GLP1 agonistInsulinDIABETES MELLITUSFACTORES DE RIESGOMEDICINA INTERNAINSULINADiabets mellitus tipo 2complicaciones macrovascularesnefropatía diabéticaISGLT2agonistas GLP1insulinaMedicina InternaFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad Militar Nueva GranadaPower D. Standards of medical care in diabetes: Response to position statement of the American Diabetes Association [20]. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(2):476.Of D, Mellitus D. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(SUPPL.1):81–90.Paneni F, Beckman JA, Creager MA, Cosentino F. Diabetes and vascular disease: Pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: Part i. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(31):2436–46.Peter V. Chin-Hong M. Infections in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus : and Prevention. Infect Dis. 2006;6(2):71–81.Kramer CK, Araneta MRG, Barrett-Connor E. A1C and diabetes diagnosis: The Rancho Bernardo study. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(1):101–3.Yang W, Dall TM, Beronjia K, Lin J, Semilla AP, Chakrabarti R, et al. Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2017. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(5):917–28.IDF Diabetes Atlas. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes, 7 ed. Brussels, Belgium. International Diabetes Federation. 2015. 144 p. Available from: http://www.diabetesatlas.orgHerrera Lopez A. Análisis de Situación de Salud ( ASIS ) Dirección de Epidemiología y Demografía. Bogotá; 2018.Emerging T, Factors R. Diabetes Mellitus, Fasting Glucose, and Risk of Cause-Specific Death. 2011;Care D, Suppl SS. 2 . Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes : Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes d 2019. 2019;42(January):13–28.Moreno Segura C. Analisis de situación de salud (ASIS) Colombia. Bogotá; 2018.Xu G, Liu B, Sun Y, Du Y, Snetselaar LG, Hu FB, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes among US adults in 2016 and 2017: Population based study. BMJ. 2018;362.Prevention C for DC and. National Diabetes Statistics Report. Atlanta, Georgia; 2017.Wang L, Gao P, Zhang M, Huang Z, Zhang D, Deng Q, et al. Prevalence and ethnic pattern of diabetes and prediabetes in China in 2013. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2017;317(24):2515–23.Vargas-Uricoechea H, Casas-Figueroa LÁ. An Epidemiologic Analysis of Diabetes in Colombia. Ann Glob Heal [Internet]. 2015;81(6):742–53.Scott RA, Langenberg C, Sharp SJ, Franks PW, Rolandsson O, Drogan D, et al. The link between family history and risk of type 2 diabetes is not explained by anthropometric, lifestyle or genetic risk factors: The EPIC-InterAct study. Diabetologia. 2013;56(1):60–9.Meigs JB, Cupples LA, Wilson PWF. The Framingham Offspring Study. (23):2201–7.Shai I, Jiang R, Manson JAE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Ethnicity, obesity, and risk of type 2 diabetes in women: A 20-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(7):1585–90.Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, Dietz WH, Vinicor F, Bales VS, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;289(1):76–9.Group DR, Young. The New England Journal of Medicine Downloaded from nejm.org on March 29, 2011. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977–86.Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, Manson JE. 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Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019 Nov;157:107843.Vargas-Uricoechea H, Casas-Figueroa LÁ. An Epidemiologic Analysis of Diabetes in Colombia. Ann Glob Health. 2015 Nov-Dec;81(6):742-53.Einarson TR, Acs A, Ludwig C, Panton UH. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007-2017. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018 Jun 8;17(1):83.Kwon Y, Kim HJ, Park S, Park YG, Cho KH. Body Mass Index-Related Mortality in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Heterogeneity in Obesity Paradox Studies: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 3;12(1):e0168247.Koye DN, Magliano DJ, Nelson RG, Pavkov ME. The Global Epidemiology of Diabetes and Kidney Disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018 Mar;25(2):121-132.Miranda-Machado P, Salcedo-Mejía F, Wilches JP, Fernandez-Mercado J, De la Hoz-Restrepo F, Alvis-Guzmán N. First cardiovascular event in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus of a cardiovascular risk management program of a poor Colombian population: a cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2019 Jan 8;19(1):8.Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, Matsushita K, Wagenknecht L, Pankow J, et al. Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4;362(9):800-11.Montvida O, Shaw J, Atherton JJ, Stringer F, Paul SK. Long-term Trends in Antidiabetes Drug Usage in the U.S.: Real-world Evidence in Patients Newly Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan;41(1):69-78.Sarkar S, Heyward J, Alexander GC, Kalyani RR. Trends in Insulin Types and Devices Used by Adults With Type 2 Diabetes in the United States, 2016 to 2020. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Oct 1;4(10):e2128782.Zelada H, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Manrique H. Inhospital Mortality in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Cohort Study in Lima, Peru. 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