Design and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 13 Latin American Countries
Aims: Over the past 2 years, the vaccine conspiracy beliefs construct has been used in a number of different studies. These publications have assessed the determinants and outcomes of vaccine conspiracy beliefs using, in some cases, pooled data from different countries, and compared the results acro...
- Autores:
-
Caycho-Rodríguez, Tomás
Valencia, Pablo D.
Ventura-León, José
Vilca, Lindsey W.
Carbajal-León, Carlos
Reyes-Bossio, Mario
White, Michael
Rojas-Jara, Claudio
Polanco-Carrasco, Roberto
Gallegos, Miguel
Cervigni, Mauricio
Martino, Pablo
Palacios, Diego Alejandro
Moreta-Herrera, Rodrigo
Samaniego-Pinho, Antonio
Lobos-Rivera, Marlon Elías
Figares, Andrés Buschiazzo
Puerta-Cortés, Diana Ximena
Corrales-Reyes, Ibraín Enrique
Calderón, Raymundo
Mogollon Pinto, Henry Mauricio
Arias Gallegos, Walter L.
Petzold, Olimpia
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Universidad de Ibagué
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Universidad de Ibagué
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.unibague.edu.co:20.500.12313/5574
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12313/5574
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.908720/full
- Palabra clave:
- Covid 19
Covid 19 - Vacunas - América Latina
Conspiracy beliefs
COVID-19
Invariance
Latin America
Vaccines
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
| id |
UNIBAGUE2_aec387238d65519e136f40db621ccdc7 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.unibague.edu.co:20.500.12313/5574 |
| network_acronym_str |
UNIBAGUE2 |
| network_name_str |
Repositorio Universidad de Ibagué |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Design and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 13 Latin American Countries |
| title |
Design and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 13 Latin American Countries |
| spellingShingle |
Design and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 13 Latin American Countries Covid 19 Covid 19 - Vacunas - América Latina Conspiracy beliefs COVID-19 Invariance Latin America Vaccines |
| title_short |
Design and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 13 Latin American Countries |
| title_full |
Design and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 13 Latin American Countries |
| title_fullStr |
Design and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 13 Latin American Countries |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Design and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 13 Latin American Countries |
| title_sort |
Design and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 13 Latin American Countries |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Caycho-Rodríguez, Tomás Valencia, Pablo D. Ventura-León, José Vilca, Lindsey W. Carbajal-León, Carlos Reyes-Bossio, Mario White, Michael Rojas-Jara, Claudio Polanco-Carrasco, Roberto Gallegos, Miguel Cervigni, Mauricio Martino, Pablo Palacios, Diego Alejandro Moreta-Herrera, Rodrigo Samaniego-Pinho, Antonio Lobos-Rivera, Marlon Elías Figares, Andrés Buschiazzo Puerta-Cortés, Diana Ximena Corrales-Reyes, Ibraín Enrique Calderón, Raymundo Mogollon Pinto, Henry Mauricio Arias Gallegos, Walter L. Petzold, Olimpia |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Caycho-Rodríguez, Tomás Valencia, Pablo D. Ventura-León, José Vilca, Lindsey W. Carbajal-León, Carlos Reyes-Bossio, Mario White, Michael Rojas-Jara, Claudio Polanco-Carrasco, Roberto Gallegos, Miguel Cervigni, Mauricio Martino, Pablo Palacios, Diego Alejandro Moreta-Herrera, Rodrigo Samaniego-Pinho, Antonio Lobos-Rivera, Marlon Elías Figares, Andrés Buschiazzo Puerta-Cortés, Diana Ximena Corrales-Reyes, Ibraín Enrique Calderón, Raymundo Mogollon Pinto, Henry Mauricio Arias Gallegos, Walter L. Petzold, Olimpia |
| dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv |
Covid 19 Covid 19 - Vacunas - América Latina |
| topic |
Covid 19 Covid 19 - Vacunas - América Latina Conspiracy beliefs COVID-19 Invariance Latin America Vaccines |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Conspiracy beliefs COVID-19 Invariance Latin America Vaccines |
| description |
Aims: Over the past 2 years, the vaccine conspiracy beliefs construct has been used in a number of different studies. These publications have assessed the determinants and outcomes of vaccine conspiracy beliefs using, in some cases, pooled data from different countries, and compared the results across these contexts. However, studies often do not consider measurement invariance as a necessary requirement for comparative analyses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the cross-cultural MI of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 12 Latin American countries. Methods: Confirmatory factor analysis, item response theory analysis and alignment method were applied to test measurement invariance in a large number of groups. Results: The COVID-VCBS showed robust psychometric properties and measurement invariance for both factor loadings and crosstabs. Also, a higher level of acceptance of conspiracy beliefs about vaccines is necessary to respond to higher response categories. Similarly, greater acceptance of conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines was related to a lower intention to be vaccinated. Conclusion: The results allow for improved understanding of conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines in the countries assessed; furthermore, they provide researchers and practitioners with an invariant measure that they can use in cross-cultural studies in Latin America. However, further studies are needed to test invariance in other countries, with the goal of developing a truly international measure of conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines. |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-06-14 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-08-29T22:39:26Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-08-29T22:39:26Z |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
| dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
| dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv |
Caycho-Rodríguez, T., Valencia, P., Ventura-León, J., Vilca, L., Carbajal-León, C., Reyes-Bossio, M., White, M., Rojas-Jara, C., Polanco-Carrasco, R., Gallegos, M., Cervigni, M., Martino, P., Palacios, D., Moreta-Herrera, R., Samaniego-Pinho, A., Lobos-Rivera, M., Figares, A., Puerta-Cortés, D., Corrales-Reyes, I., Calderón, R., Tapia, B., Arias Gallegos, W. y Petzold, O. (2022). Design and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 13 Latin American Countries. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.908720 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.3389/fpubh.2022.908720 |
| dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv |
22962565 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12313/5574 |
| dc.identifier.url.none.fl_str_mv |
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.908720/full |
| identifier_str_mv |
Caycho-Rodríguez, T., Valencia, P., Ventura-León, J., Vilca, L., Carbajal-León, C., Reyes-Bossio, M., White, M., Rojas-Jara, C., Polanco-Carrasco, R., Gallegos, M., Cervigni, M., Martino, P., Palacios, D., Moreta-Herrera, R., Samaniego-Pinho, A., Lobos-Rivera, M., Figares, A., Puerta-Cortés, D., Corrales-Reyes, I., Calderón, R., Tapia, B., Arias Gallegos, W. y Petzold, O. (2022). Design and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 13 Latin American Countries. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.908720 10.3389/fpubh.2022.908720 22962565 |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12313/5574 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.908720/full |
| dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.citationvolume.none.fl_str_mv |
10 |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv |
Frontiers in Public Health |
| dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
Gates B. Responding to Covid-19—a once-in-a-century pandemic? N Engl J Med. (2020) 382:1677–9. 10.1056/NEJMp2003762 Coronavirus Resource Center COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) (2021). Available online at: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html (accessed January 10, 2022). Sallam M, Dababseh D, Eid H, Hasan H, Taim D, Al-Mahzoum K, et al. . Low covid-19 vaccine acceptance is correlated with conspiracy beliefs among university students in Jordan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2021) 18:2407. 10.3390/ijerph18052407 Plans-Rubió P. The vaccination coverage required to establish herd immunity against influenza viruses. Prev Med. (2012) 55:72–7. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.02.015 Hodgson D, Flasche S, Jit M, Kucharski AJ, Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease (CMMID) COVID-19 Working Group . The potential for vaccination-induced herd immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 B 11 7 variant. Euro Surveill. (2021) 26:2100428. 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.20.2100428 Bolotin S, Wilson S, Murti M. Achieving and sustaining herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2. CMAJ. (2021) 193:E1089. 10.1503/cmaj.210892 Kwok KO, Lai F, Wei WI, Wong SYS, Tang JW. Herd immunity–estimating the level required to halt the COVID-19 epidemics in affected countries. J Infect. (2020) 80:e32–3. 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.027 Bangerter A, Krings F, Mouton A, Gilles I, Green EG, Clémence A. Longitudinal investigation of public trust in institutions relative to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in Switzerland. PLoS ONE. (2012) 7:e49806. 10.1371/journal.pone.0049806 Thangaraju P, Venkatesan S. WHO. Ten threats to global health in 2019: antimicrobial resistance. Cukurova Med J. (2019) 44:1150–1. 10.17826/cumj.511810 Sallam M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines. (2021) 9:160. 10.3390/vaccines9020160 Arshad MS, Hussain I, Mahmood T, Hayat K, Majeed A, Imran I, et al. . National survey to assess the COVID-19 vaccine-related conspiracy beliefs, acceptability, preference, and willingness to pay among the general population of Pakistan. Vaccines. (2021) 9:720. 10.3390/vaccines9070720 Argote P, Barham E, Daly SZ, Gerez JE, Marshall J, Pocasangre O. The shot, the message, and the messenger: COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Latin America. NPJ Vaccines. (2021) 6:1–9. 10.1038/s41541-021-00380-x Urrunaga-Pastor D, Herrera-Añazco P, Uyen-Cateriano A, Toro-Huamanchumo CJ, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Hernandez AV, et al. . Prevalence and factors associated with parents' non-intention to vaccinate their children and adolescents against COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean. Vaccines. (2021) 9:1303. 10.3390/vaccines9111303 Loomba S, de Figueiredo A, Piatek SJ, de Graaf K, Larson HJ. Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA. Nat Hum Behav. (2021) 5:337–48. 10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1 Sallam M, Dababseh D, Eid H, Al-Mahzoum K, Al-Haidar A, Taim D, et al. . High rates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its association with conspiracy beliefs: a study in Jordan and Kuwait among other Arab countries. Vaccines. (2021) 9:42. 10.3390/vaccines9010042 Stein RA, Ometa O, Shetty SP, Katz A, Popitiu MI, Brotherton R. Conspiracy theories in the era of COVID-19: a tale of two pandemics. Int J Clin Pract. (2021) 75:e13778. 10.1111/ijcp.13778 - Wirawan GBS, Mahardani PNTY, Cahyani MRK, Laksmi NLPSP, Januraga PP. Conspiracy beliefs and trust as determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Bali, Indonesia: cross-sectional study. Pers Individ Dif. (2021) 180:110995. 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110995 Swami V, Voracek M, Stieger S, Tran US, Furnham A. Analytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories. Cognition. (2014) 133:572–85. 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.08.006 Taylor S, Landry CA, Paluszek MM, Groenewoud R, Rachor GS, Asmundson GJ, et al. . proactive approach for managing COVID-19: the importance of understanding the motivational roots of vaccination hesitancy for SARS-CoV2. Front Psychol. (2020) 11:2890. 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.575950 Ball P, Maxmen A. The epic battle against coronavirus misinformation and conspiracy theories. Nature. (2020) 581:371–5. 10.1038/d41586-020-01452-z Sallam M, Dababseh D, Yaseen A, Al-Haidar A, Ababneh NA, Bakri FG, et al. . Conspiracy beliefs are associated with lower knowledge and higher anxiety levels regarding COVID-19 among students at the University of Jordan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2020) 17:4915. 10.3390/ijerph17144915 Allington D, Duffy B, Wessely S, Dhavan N, Rubin J. Health-protective behaviour, social media usage and conspiracy belief during the COVID-19 public health emergency. Psychol Med. (2021) 51:1763–9. 10.1017/S003329172000224X Earnshaw VA, Eaton LA, Kalichman SC, Brousseau NM, Hill EC, Fox AB. COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, health behaviors, and policy support. Transl Behav Med. (2020) 10:850–6. 10.1093/tbm/ibaa090 Hornsey MJ, Chapman CM, Alvarez B, Bentley S, Salvador Casara BG, Crimston CR, et al. . To what extent are conspiracy theorists concerned for self versus others? A COVID-19 test case. Eur J Soc Psychol. (2021) 51:285–93. 10.1002/ejsp.2737 Bertin P, Nera K, Delouvée S. Conspiracy beliefs, rejection of vaccination, and support for hydroxychloroquine: A conceptual replication-extension in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Front Psychol. (2020) 11:2471. 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565128 Simione L, Vagni M, Gnagnarella C, Bersani G, Pajardi D. Mistrust and beliefs in conspiracy theories differently mediate the effects of psychological factors on propensity for COVID-19 vaccine. Front Psychol. (2021) 12:683684. 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.683684 Ceron W, Sanseverino GG, de-Lima-Santos MF, Quiles MG. COVID-19 fake news diffusion across Latin America. Soc Netw Anal Min. (2021) 11:1–20. 10.1007/s13278-021-00753-z Brotherton R, French CC, Pickering AD. Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: the generic conspiracist beliefs scale. Front Psychol. (2013) 4:279. 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279 Lantian A, Muller D, Nurra C, Douglas KM. Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: Validation of a French and English single-item scale. Int Rev Soc Psychol. (2016) 29:1–14. 10.5334/irsp.8 Jolley D, Douglas KM. The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions. PLoS ONE. (2014) 9:e89177. 10.1371/journal.pone.0089177 Sijtsma K, Junker BW. Item response theory: past performance, present developments, and future expectations. Behaviormetrika. (2006) 33:75–102. 10.2333/bhmk.33.75 Hambleton RK, Jones RW. Comparison of classical test theory and item response theory and their applications to test development. Educ Meas. (1993) 12:38–47. 10.1111/j.1745-3992.1993.tb00543.x Volk C, Rosenstiel S, Demetriou Y, Sudeck G, Thiel A, Wagner W, et al. . Health-related fitness knowledge in adolescence: evaluation of a new test considering different psychometric approaches (CTT and IRT). Ger J Exerc Sport Res. (2021) 52:11–23. 10.1007/s12662-021-00735-5 Crocker L, Algina J. Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory. Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; (1986). Lord FM. Applications of Item Response Theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; (1980). Samejima F. Graded response model. In: van der Linden WJ, Hambleton RK. editors. Handbook of Modern Item Response Theory. New York, NY: Springer; (1996). p. 85–100. Jiang S, Wang C, Weiss DJ. Sample size requirements for estimation of item parameters in the multidimensional graded response model. Front Psychol. (2016) 7:109. 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00109 - Auné SE, Abal FJ, Attorresi HF. Application of the graded response model to a scale of empathie behavior. Int J Psychol Res. (2019) 12:49–56. 10.21500/20112084.3753 Raykov T, Dimitrov DM, Marcoulides GA, Harrison M. On the connections between item response theory and classical test theory: a note on true score evaluation for polytomous items via item response modeling. Educ Psychol Meas. (2019) 79:1198–209. 10.1177/0013164417745949 Cordonier L, Cafiero F, Bronner G. Why are conspiracy theories more successful in some countries than in others? An exploratory study on Internet users from 22 Western and non-Western countries. Soc Sci Inf. (2021) 60:436–56. 10.1177/05390184211018961 Sternisko A, Cichocka A, Cislak A, Van Bavel JJ. National narcissism predicts the belief in and the dissemination of conspiracy theories during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from 56 countries. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. (2021) 1–18. 10.1177/01461672211054947 Hornsey MJ, Harris EA, Fielding KS. The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: a 24-nation investigation. Health Psychol. (2018) 37:307–15. 10.1037/hea0000586 Boer D, Hanke K, He J. On detecting systematic measurement error in cross-cultural research: a review and critical reflection on equivalence and invariance tests. J Cross Cult Psychol. (2018) 49:713–34. 10.1177/0022022117749042 Millsap RE. Statistical Approaches to Measurement Invariance. New York: Routledge; (2012). Chen FF. What happens if we compare chopsticks with forks? The impact of making inappropriate comparisons in cross-cultural research. J Pers Soc Psychol. (2008) 95:1005–18. 10.1037/a0013193 Vandenberg RJ, Lance CE. A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organ Res Methods. (2000) 3:4–70. 10.1177/109442810031002 Scholten S, Velten J, Bieda A, Zhang XC, Margraf J. Testing measurement invariance of the depression, anxiety, and stress scales (DASS-21) across four countries. Psychol Assess. (2017) 29:1376–90. 10.1037/pas0000440 Davidov E, Meuleman B, Cieciuch J, Schmidt P, Billiet J. Measurement equivalence in cross-national research. Annu Rev Sociol. (2014) 40:55–75. 10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043137 Lomazzi V. Using alignment optimization to test the measurement invariance of gender role attitudes in 59 countries. Methods Data Anal. (2018) 12:77–103. 10.12758/mda.2017.09 Steenkamp JBE, Baumgartner H. Assessing measurement invariance in cross-national consumer research. J Consum Res. (1998) 25:78–90. 10.1086/209528 Davidov E. Testing for comparability of human values across countries and time with the third round of the European social survey. Int J Comp Sociol. (2010) 51:171–91. 10.1177/0020715210363534 Asparouhov T, Muthén B. Multiple-group factor analysis alignment. Struct Equ Modeling. (2014) 21:495–508. 10.1080/10705511.2014.919210 Muthén B, Asparouhov T. BSEM measurement invariance analysis. Mplus Web Notes. (2013) 17:1–48. Available online at: https://www.statmodel.com/examples/webnotes/webnote17.pdfMuthén B, Asparouhov T. BSEM measurement invariance analysis. Mplus Web Notes. (2013) 17:1–48. Available online at: https://www.statmodel.com/examples/webnotes/webnote17.pdf Marsh HW, Guo J, Parker PD, Nagengast B, Asparouhov T, Muthén B, et al. . What to do when scalar invariance fails: the extended alignment method for multi-group factor analysis comparison of latent means across many groups. Psychol Methods. (2018) 23:524–45. 10.1037/met0000113 - DOI - PubMed Schlipphak B, Bollwerk M, Back M. Beliefs in conspiracy theories (CT): the role of country context. Political Res Exch. (2019) 3:e1949358. 10.1080/2474736X.2021.1949358 van Prooijen JW, Van Vugt M. Conspiracy theories: evolved functions and psychological mechanisms. Perspect Psychol Sci. (2018) 13:770–88. 10.1177/1745691618774270 Burki T. COVID-19 in Latin America. Lancet Infect Dis. (2020) 20:547–8. 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30303-0 Pablos-Méndez A, Vega J, Aranguren FP, Tabish H, Raviglione MC. Covid-19 in Latin America. BMJ. (2020) 370:m2939. 10.1136/bmj.m2939 Segovia J, Pontarollo N, Orellana M. Discontent with democracy in Latin America. Cam J Reg Econ Soc. (2021) 14:417–38. 10.1093/cjres/rsab020 Andrade G. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, conspiracist beliefs, paranoid ideation and perceived ethnic discrimination in a sample of University students in Venezuela. Vaccine. (2021) 39:6837–42. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.037 Jensen EA, Pfleger A, Herbig L, Wagoner B, Lorenz L, Watzlawik M. What drives belief in vaccination conspiracy theories in Germany? Front Commun. (2021) 6:105. 10.3389/fcomm.2021.678335 Ruiz JB, Bell RA. Predictors of intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: results of a nationwide survey. Vaccine. (2021) 39:1080–6. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.010 Zelič Ž, Berič M, Grum DK. Examining the role of Covid-19 conspiracy beliefs in predicting vaccination intentions, preventive behavior and willingness to share opinions about the coronavirus. Stud Psychol. (2022) 64:136–53. 10.31577/sp.2022.01.844 Ato M, López-García JJ, Benavente A. Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anal Psicol. (2013) 29:1038–59. 10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511 Caycho-Rodríguez T, Valencia PD, Vilca LW, Lee SA, Carbajal-León C, Vivanco-Vidal A, et al. . COVID-19 bereavement in ten Latin American countries: measurement invariance of the pandemic grief scale and its relation to suicidal ideation. Omega. (2021) 1–29. 10.1177/00302228211048566 Pierce BS, Perrin PB, Tyler CM, McKee GB, Watson JD. The COVID-19 telepsychology revolution: a national study of pandemic-based changes in US mental health care delivery. Am Psychol. (2021) 76:14–25. 10.1037/amp0000722 Caycho-Rodríguez T, Valencia PD, Vilca LW, Carbajal-León C, Vivanco-Vidal A, Saroli-Araníbar D, et al. . Prevalence and predictors of intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19 in thirteen Latin American and Caribbean countries. Trends Psychol. (2022) 1–25. 10.1007/s43076-022-00170-x Latkin C, Dayton LA, Yi G, Konstantopoulos A, Park J, Maulsby C, et al. . COVID-19 vaccine intentions in the United States, a social-ecological framework. Vaccine. (2021) 39:2288–94. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.058 Our World in Data (2021) . Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations (2022). Available online at: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations (accessed January 19, 2022). Penfield RD, Giacobbi JrPR. Applying a score confidence interval to Aiken's item content-relevance index. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. (2004) 8:213–25. 10.1207/s15327841mpee0804_3 - Caycho T. Aportes a la cuantificación de la validez de contenido de cuestionarios en enfermería. Rev Cubana Enferm. (2018) 34:262–4. Available online at: http://revenfermeria.sld.cu/index.php/enf/article/view/2779/343 Ventura-León J. De regreso a la validez basada en el contenido. Adicciones. (2019) 1–3. 10.20882/adicciones.1213 Aiken LR. Content validity and reliability of single items or questionnaires. Educ Psychol Meas. (1980) 40:955–9. 10.1177/001316448004000419 Ferrando PJ, Anguiano-Carrasco C. El análisis factorial como técnica de investigación en psicología [Factor analysis as a technique in psychological research]. Papeles del Psicólogo. (2010) 31:18–33. Available online at: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/778/77812441003.pdf Yuan K-H, Bentler PM. Three likelihood-based methods for mean and covariance structure analysis with nonnormal missing data. Sociol Methodol. (2000) 30:165–200. 10.1111/0081-1750.00078 Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. (1999) 6:1–55. 10.1080/10705519909540118 Dimitrov DM. Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Meas Eval Couns Dev. (2010) 43:121–49. 10.1177/0748175610373459 Fischer R, Karl JA. A primer to (cross-cultural) multi-group invariance testing possibilities in R. Front Psychol. (2019) 10:1507. 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01507 Muthén B, Asparouhov T. IRT studies of many groups: the alignment method. Front Psychol. (2014) 5:978. 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00978 Furr . Psychometrics: An Introduction (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; (2018). Edelen MO, Reeve BB. Applying item response theory (IRT) modeling to questionnaire development, evaluation, and refinement. Qual Life Res. (2007) 16:5–18. 10.1007/s11136-007-9198-0 Fraley RC, Waller NG, Brennan KA. An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. J Pers Soc Psychol. (2000) 78:350–65. 10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350 Brown TA. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; (2015). Savalei V. A comparison of several approaches for controlling measurement error in small samples. Psychol Methods. (2019) 24:352–70. 10.1037/met0000181 Hughes S, Machan L. It's a conspiracy: covid-19 conspiracies link to psychopathy, Machiavellianism and collective narcissism. Pers Individ Dif. (2021) 171:110559. 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110559 Milfont TL, Fischer R. Testing measurement invariance across groups: applications in cross-cultural research. Int J Psychol Res. (2010) 3:111–30. 10.21500/20112084.857 Buil I, de Chernatony L, Martínez E. Methodological issues in cross-cultural research: an overview and recommendations. J Target Meas Anal Mark. (2012) 20:223–34. 10.1057/jt.2012.18 McDonald RP. Test Theory: A Unified Treatment. Mahwah, NJ: L Erlbaum Associates; (1999). Hagell P. Testing rating scale unidimensionality using the principal component analysis (PCA)/t-test protocol with the Rasch model: the primacy of theory over statistics. Open J Stat. (2014) 4:456–65. 10.4236/ojs.2014.46044 Gustafsson J-E, Åberg-Bengtsson L. Unidimensionality and interpretability of psychological instruments. In: Embretson SE. editor. Measuring Psychological Constructs: Advances in Model-Based Approaches. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; (2010). p. 97–121. Immekus JC. Multigroup CFA and alignment approaches for testing measurement invariance and factor score estimation: Illustration with the schoolwork-related anxiety survey across countries and gender. Methodol. (2021) 17:22–38. 10.5964/meth.2281 Wong LP, Alias H, Danaee M, Ahmed J, Lachyan A, Cai CZ, et al. . COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance: a global survey of 17 countries. Infect Dis Poverty. (2021) 10:1–14. 10.1186/s40249-021-00900-w Munck I, Barber C, Torney-Purta J. Measurement invariance in comparing attitudes toward immigrants among youth across Europe in 1999 and 2009: the alignment method applied to IEA CIVED and ICCS. Sociol Methods Res. (2018) 47:687–728. 10.1177/0049124117729691 Cieciuch J, Davidov E, Schmidt P. Alignment optimization: estimation of the most trustworthy means in cross-cultural studies even in the presence of noninvariance. In: Davidov E, Schmidt P, Billiet J, Meuleman B. editors. Cross-Cultural Analysis: Methods and Applications. New York, NY: Routledge; (2018). p. 571–92. Altamirano VF, Bacon SL, Baró S, Benítez DA, Caravello JC, Filippa NL, et al. . Representaciones Sociales sobre las Vacunas y la Vacunación frente al COVID 19. Revista Científica Arbitrada de la Fundación MenteClara. (2021) 6:1–15. 10.32351/rca.v6.252 Marco JJG, Pasquín MJÁ, Martín SM. Efectividad y seguridad de las vacunas para el SARS-CoV-2 actualmente disponibles. FMC. (2021) 28:442–51. 10.1016/j.fmc.2021.07.001 Wood MJ, Douglas KM. What about building 7? a social psychological study of online discussion of 9/11 conspiracy theories. Front Psychol. (2013) 4:409. 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00409 Anderson RM, Vegvari C, Truscott J, Collyer BS. Challenges in creating herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection by mass vaccination. Lancet. (2020) 396:1614–6. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32318 Meda-Lara RM, Juárez-Rodríguez P, Carrasco-Tapias NE, Barrales-Díaz CR, Palomera-Chávez A, González-Díaz E, et al. . Precautionary behaviors during the second and third phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: comparative study in the Latin American population. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2021) 18:6882. 10.3390/ijerph18136882 Cerda AA, García LY. Willingness to Pay for a COVID-19 Vaccine. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. (2021) 19:343–51. 10.1007/s40258-021-00644-6 Zhang Y, Luo X, Ma ZF. Willingness of the general population to accept and pay for COVID-19 vaccination during the early stages of COVID-19 pandemic: a nationally representative survey in mainland China. Hum Vaccin Immunother. (2021) 17:1622–7. 10.1080/21645515.2020.1847585 Rosiello DF, Ferreto LE, Aburto JT, Rojas JE, Enitan SS, Yomi AR, et al. . Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination at different hypothetical efficacy and safety levels in ten countries in Asia, Africa, and South America. Narra J. (2021) 1:e55. 10.52225/narra.v1i3.55 Vega-Dienstmaier JM. Teorías de conspiración y desinformación entorno a la epidemia de la COVID-19. Rev Neuropsiquiatr. (2020) 83:135–7. 10.20453/rnp.v83i3.3792 Mostajo-Radji MA. Pseudoscience in the times of crisis: how and why chlorine dioxide consumption became popular in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Polit Sci. (2021) 3:25. 10.3389/fpos.2021.621370 Biddlestone M, Green R, Douglas KM. Cultural orientation, power, belief in conspiracy theories, and intentions to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Br J Soc Psychol. (2020) 59:663–73. 10.1111/bjso.12397 Plohl N, Musil B. Modeling compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines: The critical role of trust in science. Psychol Health Med. (2021) 26:1–12. 10.1080/13548506.2020.1772988 Tonković M, Dumančić F, Jelić M, Biruški DC. Who believes in COVID-19 conspiracy theories in Croatia? prevalence and predictors of conspiracy beliefs. Front Psychol. (2021) 12:643568. 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643568 Scrima F, Miceli S, Caci B, Cardaci M. The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and intention to get vaccinated. The serial mediation roles of existential anxiety and conspiracy beliefs. Pers Individ Dif. (2022) 184:111188. 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111188 Salali GD, Uysal MS. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is associated with beliefs on the origin of the novel coronavirus in the UK and Turkey. Psychol Med. (2020) 1–3. 10.1017/S0033291720004067 Bierwiaczonek K, Gundersen AB, Kunst JR. The role of conspiracy beliefs for COVID-19 health responses: a meta-analysis. Curr Opin Psychol. (2022) 46:101346. 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101346 Lewandowsky S, Gignac GE, Oberauer K. The role of conspiracist ideation and worldviews in predicting rejection of science. PLoS ONE. (2013) 8:e75637. 10.1371/journal.pone.0075637 Eberhardt J, Ling J. Predicting COVID-19 vaccination intention using protection motivation theory and conspiracy beliefs. Vaccine. (2021) 39:6269–75. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.010 Yang Z, Luo X, Jia H. Is it all a conspiracy? Conspiracy theories and people's attitude to COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccines. (2021) 9:1051. 10.3390/vaccines9101051 Daly M, Robinson E. Longitudinal changes in psychological distress in the UK from 2019 to September 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from a large nationally representative study. Psychiatry Res. (2021) 300:113920. 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113920 González-Melado FJ, Di Pietro ML. La vacuna frente a la COVID-19 y la confianza institucional. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. (2021) 39:510–5. 10.1016/j.eimc.2020.08.001 Jennings W, Stoker G, Bunting H, Valgarð*sson VO, Gaskell J, Devine D, et al. . Lack of trust, conspiracy beliefs, and social media use predict COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Vaccines. (2021) 9:593. 10.3390/vaccines9060593 Seddig D, Maskileyson D, Davidov E, Ajzen I, Schmidt P. Correlates of COVID-19 vaccination intentions: attitudes, institutional trust, fear, conspiracy beliefs, and vaccine skepticism. Soc Sci Med. (2022) 302:114981. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114981 Vezzoni C, Sani GMD, Chiesi AM, Ladini R, Biolcati F, Guglielmi S, et al. . Where does the coronavirus come from? On the mechanisms underlying the endorsement of conspiracy theories on the origin of SARS-CoV-2. Ital Polit Sci Rev. (2022) 52:51–65. 10.1017/ipo.2021.19 Pivetti M, Melotti G, Bonomo M, Hakoköngäs E. Conspiracy beliefs and acceptance of COVID-vaccine: an exploratory study in Italy. Soc Sci. (2021) 10:108. 10.3390/socsci10030108 Stecula DA, Pickup M. How populism and conservative media fuel conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 and what it means for COVID-19 behaviors. Res Polit. (2021) 8:2053168021993979. 10.1177/2053168021993979 McCarthy M, Murphy K, Sargeant E, Williamson H. Examining the relationship between conspiracy theories and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: a mediating role for perceived health threats, trust, and anomie? Anal Soc Issues Public Policy. (2022) 22:106–29. 10.1111/asap.12291 Caycho-Rodríguez T, Ventura-León J, Valencia PD, Vilca LW, Carbajal-León C, Reyes-Bossio M, et al. . What is the support for conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines in Latin America? a prospective exploratory study in 13 countries. Front Psychol. (2022) 13:855713. 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.855713 |
| dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0) |
| dc.rights.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
| dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
| dc.publisher.place.none.fl_str_mv |
Suiza |
| publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
| dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35774567/ |
| institution |
Universidad de Ibagué |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.unibague.edu.co/bitstreams/0db02a9a-564a-449b-b1fc-67c15ab01906/download https://repositorio.unibague.edu.co/bitstreams/1e13adc3-7be2-4b2e-95cf-6412f0ccfb89/download https://repositorio.unibague.edu.co/bitstreams/32f62b01-406f-4d6b-9f42-e212e711406c/download https://repositorio.unibague.edu.co/bitstreams/eea69dbf-ab80-40a3-98e1-b53057f2956b/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
7dad7b2f2b64643d9353b62d84bfd88c 30a9e93fd0d08c8c97c67966b6e43615 2fa3e590786b9c0f3ceba1b9656b7ac3 3c1e34b446d89bfb2fa892e5856dc4ea |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Ibagué |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
bdigital@metabiblioteca.com |
| _version_ |
1851059991854710784 |
| spelling |
Caycho-Rodríguez, Tomás4f9cc0a5-f1c8-4214-8e5e-9fa047f25600-1Valencia, Pablo D.8cb8c41a-4484-4c6b-b4a3-664341d12a1e-1Ventura-León, José8a8217c5-e3b4-448e-809a-f6508939efd7-1Vilca, Lindsey W.f6ae1777-2153-4cab-ad39-d1e3ae827538-1Carbajal-León, Carlos931e4351-7d9b-49b1-956b-0133870f37c2-1Reyes-Bossio, Marioba231db2-23a0-40d0-a59b-bbe0cb637bd2-1White, Michael96b41d96-fa69-4fe5-8371-957a3bcc6068-1Rojas-Jara, Claudio7f0e23a3-229b-4190-8d4d-376a5d5a31f4-1Polanco-Carrasco, Robertoc663f0ac-21b0-4839-9474-86d75fd65db6-1Gallegos, Miguel80ac4243-7407-4d51-93e0-0eb35bf0eaeb-1Cervigni, Mauricio493a3a70-cc69-4b6e-a78f-e861cb5afc42-1Martino, Pabloa4b33fb3-e72b-4490-a320-327e12a78249-1Palacios, Diego Alejandro2eb894f5-edbd-47a8-8819-c5b51b98a228-1Moreta-Herrera, Rodrigo7e895ef7-527a-4c26-bff0-9c065fc47a52-1Samaniego-Pinho, Antoniobeffc6ba-b55d-47c4-b542-25ab0434d148-1Lobos-Rivera, Marlon Elías9c2fa568-7876-4677-858d-2e635a636ca0-1Figares, Andrés Buschiazzo6a7986ab-8700-42fe-853c-df2cf758d33a-1Puerta-Cortés, Diana Ximena42d16ffc-a64a-4702-8ce7-996503e9b1a2-1Corrales-Reyes, Ibraín Enrique85bce143-0b7b-40b2-b9dc-009fa2896ea8-1Calderón, Raymundo379848b5-9abd-427e-b384-ecb6659c49df-1Mogollon Pinto, Henry Mauricio77ad8e00-7f9d-45e0-9504-85363325d430600Arias Gallegos, Walter L.6747c234-196a-4e88-a954-95b50c670a1f-1Petzold, Olimpia78939b19-1e8e-4092-aad9-b137f776dac7-12025-08-29T22:39:26Z2025-08-29T22:39:26Z2022-06-14Aims: Over the past 2 years, the vaccine conspiracy beliefs construct has been used in a number of different studies. These publications have assessed the determinants and outcomes of vaccine conspiracy beliefs using, in some cases, pooled data from different countries, and compared the results across these contexts. However, studies often do not consider measurement invariance as a necessary requirement for comparative analyses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the cross-cultural MI of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 12 Latin American countries. Methods: Confirmatory factor analysis, item response theory analysis and alignment method were applied to test measurement invariance in a large number of groups. Results: The COVID-VCBS showed robust psychometric properties and measurement invariance for both factor loadings and crosstabs. Also, a higher level of acceptance of conspiracy beliefs about vaccines is necessary to respond to higher response categories. Similarly, greater acceptance of conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines was related to a lower intention to be vaccinated. Conclusion: The results allow for improved understanding of conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines in the countries assessed; furthermore, they provide researchers and practitioners with an invariant measure that they can use in cross-cultural studies in Latin America. However, further studies are needed to test invariance in other countries, with the goal of developing a truly international measure of conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines.application/pdfCaycho-Rodríguez, T., Valencia, P., Ventura-León, J., Vilca, L., Carbajal-León, C., Reyes-Bossio, M., White, M., Rojas-Jara, C., Polanco-Carrasco, R., Gallegos, M., Cervigni, M., Martino, P., Palacios, D., Moreta-Herrera, R., Samaniego-Pinho, A., Lobos-Rivera, M., Figares, A., Puerta-Cortés, D., Corrales-Reyes, I., Calderón, R., Tapia, B., Arias Gallegos, W. y Petzold, O. (2022). Design and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 13 Latin American Countries. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.90872010.3389/fpubh.2022.90872022962565https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12313/5574https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.908720/fullengFrontiers Media S.A.Suiza10Frontiers in Public HealthGates B. Responding to Covid-19—a once-in-a-century pandemic? N Engl J Med. (2020) 382:1677–9. 10.1056/NEJMp2003762Coronavirus Resource Center COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) (2021). Available online at: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html (accessed January 10, 2022).Sallam M, Dababseh D, Eid H, Hasan H, Taim D, Al-Mahzoum K, et al. . Low covid-19 vaccine acceptance is correlated with conspiracy beliefs among university students in Jordan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2021) 18:2407. 10.3390/ijerph18052407Plans-Rubió P. The vaccination coverage required to establish herd immunity against influenza viruses. Prev Med. (2012) 55:72–7. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.02.015Hodgson D, Flasche S, Jit M, Kucharski AJ, Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease (CMMID) COVID-19 Working Group . The potential for vaccination-induced herd immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 B 11 7 variant. Euro Surveill. (2021) 26:2100428. 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.20.2100428Bolotin S, Wilson S, Murti M. Achieving and sustaining herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2. CMAJ. (2021) 193:E1089. 10.1503/cmaj.210892Kwok KO, Lai F, Wei WI, Wong SYS, Tang JW. Herd immunity–estimating the level required to halt the COVID-19 epidemics in affected countries. J Infect. (2020) 80:e32–3. 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.027Bangerter A, Krings F, Mouton A, Gilles I, Green EG, Clémence A. Longitudinal investigation of public trust in institutions relative to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in Switzerland. PLoS ONE. (2012) 7:e49806. 10.1371/journal.pone.0049806Thangaraju P, Venkatesan S. WHO. Ten threats to global health in 2019: antimicrobial resistance. Cukurova Med J. (2019) 44:1150–1. 10.17826/cumj.511810Sallam M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines. (2021) 9:160. 10.3390/vaccines9020160Arshad MS, Hussain I, Mahmood T, Hayat K, Majeed A, Imran I, et al. . National survey to assess the COVID-19 vaccine-related conspiracy beliefs, acceptability, preference, and willingness to pay among the general population of Pakistan. Vaccines. (2021) 9:720. 10.3390/vaccines9070720Argote P, Barham E, Daly SZ, Gerez JE, Marshall J, Pocasangre O. The shot, the message, and the messenger: COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Latin America. NPJ Vaccines. (2021) 6:1–9. 10.1038/s41541-021-00380-xUrrunaga-Pastor D, Herrera-Añazco P, Uyen-Cateriano A, Toro-Huamanchumo CJ, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Hernandez AV, et al. . Prevalence and factors associated with parents' non-intention to vaccinate their children and adolescents against COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean. Vaccines. (2021) 9:1303. 10.3390/vaccines9111303Loomba S, de Figueiredo A, Piatek SJ, de Graaf K, Larson HJ. Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA. Nat Hum Behav. (2021) 5:337–48. 10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1Sallam M, Dababseh D, Eid H, Al-Mahzoum K, Al-Haidar A, Taim D, et al. . High rates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its association with conspiracy beliefs: a study in Jordan and Kuwait among other Arab countries. Vaccines. (2021) 9:42. 10.3390/vaccines9010042Stein RA, Ometa O, Shetty SP, Katz A, Popitiu MI, Brotherton R. Conspiracy theories in the era of COVID-19: a tale of two pandemics. Int J Clin Pract. (2021) 75:e13778. 10.1111/ijcp.13778 -Wirawan GBS, Mahardani PNTY, Cahyani MRK, Laksmi NLPSP, Januraga PP. Conspiracy beliefs and trust as determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Bali, Indonesia: cross-sectional study. Pers Individ Dif. (2021) 180:110995. 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110995Swami V, Voracek M, Stieger S, Tran US, Furnham A. Analytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories. Cognition. (2014) 133:572–85. 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.08.006Taylor S, Landry CA, Paluszek MM, Groenewoud R, Rachor GS, Asmundson GJ, et al. . proactive approach for managing COVID-19: the importance of understanding the motivational roots of vaccination hesitancy for SARS-CoV2. Front Psychol. (2020) 11:2890. 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.575950Ball P, Maxmen A. The epic battle against coronavirus misinformation and conspiracy theories. Nature. (2020) 581:371–5. 10.1038/d41586-020-01452-zSallam M, Dababseh D, Yaseen A, Al-Haidar A, Ababneh NA, Bakri FG, et al. . Conspiracy beliefs are associated with lower knowledge and higher anxiety levels regarding COVID-19 among students at the University of Jordan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2020) 17:4915. 10.3390/ijerph17144915Allington D, Duffy B, Wessely S, Dhavan N, Rubin J. Health-protective behaviour, social media usage and conspiracy belief during the COVID-19 public health emergency. Psychol Med. (2021) 51:1763–9. 10.1017/S003329172000224XEarnshaw VA, Eaton LA, Kalichman SC, Brousseau NM, Hill EC, Fox AB. COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, health behaviors, and policy support. Transl Behav Med. (2020) 10:850–6. 10.1093/tbm/ibaa090Hornsey MJ, Chapman CM, Alvarez B, Bentley S, Salvador Casara BG, Crimston CR, et al. . To what extent are conspiracy theorists concerned for self versus others? A COVID-19 test case. Eur J Soc Psychol. (2021) 51:285–93. 10.1002/ejsp.2737Bertin P, Nera K, Delouvée S. Conspiracy beliefs, rejection of vaccination, and support for hydroxychloroquine: A conceptual replication-extension in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Front Psychol. (2020) 11:2471. 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565128Simione L, Vagni M, Gnagnarella C, Bersani G, Pajardi D. Mistrust and beliefs in conspiracy theories differently mediate the effects of psychological factors on propensity for COVID-19 vaccine. Front Psychol. (2021) 12:683684. 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.683684Ceron W, Sanseverino GG, de-Lima-Santos MF, Quiles MG. COVID-19 fake news diffusion across Latin America. Soc Netw Anal Min. (2021) 11:1–20. 10.1007/s13278-021-00753-zBrotherton R, French CC, Pickering AD. Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: the generic conspiracist beliefs scale. Front Psychol. (2013) 4:279. 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279Lantian A, Muller D, Nurra C, Douglas KM. Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: Validation of a French and English single-item scale. Int Rev Soc Psychol. (2016) 29:1–14. 10.5334/irsp.8Jolley D, Douglas KM. The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions. PLoS ONE. (2014) 9:e89177. 10.1371/journal.pone.0089177Sijtsma K, Junker BW. Item response theory: past performance, present developments, and future expectations. Behaviormetrika. (2006) 33:75–102. 10.2333/bhmk.33.75Hambleton RK, Jones RW. Comparison of classical test theory and item response theory and their applications to test development. Educ Meas. (1993) 12:38–47. 10.1111/j.1745-3992.1993.tb00543.xVolk C, Rosenstiel S, Demetriou Y, Sudeck G, Thiel A, Wagner W, et al. . Health-related fitness knowledge in adolescence: evaluation of a new test considering different psychometric approaches (CTT and IRT). Ger J Exerc Sport Res. (2021) 52:11–23. 10.1007/s12662-021-00735-5Crocker L, Algina J. Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory. Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; (1986).Lord FM. Applications of Item Response Theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; (1980).Samejima F. Graded response model. In: van der Linden WJ, Hambleton RK. editors. Handbook of Modern Item Response Theory. New York, NY: Springer; (1996). p. 85–100.Jiang S, Wang C, Weiss DJ. Sample size requirements for estimation of item parameters in the multidimensional graded response model. Front Psychol. (2016) 7:109. 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00109 -Auné SE, Abal FJ, Attorresi HF. Application of the graded response model to a scale of empathie behavior. Int J Psychol Res. (2019) 12:49–56. 10.21500/20112084.3753Raykov T, Dimitrov DM, Marcoulides GA, Harrison M. On the connections between item response theory and classical test theory: a note on true score evaluation for polytomous items via item response modeling. Educ Psychol Meas. (2019) 79:1198–209. 10.1177/0013164417745949Cordonier L, Cafiero F, Bronner G. Why are conspiracy theories more successful in some countries than in others? An exploratory study on Internet users from 22 Western and non-Western countries. Soc Sci Inf. (2021) 60:436–56. 10.1177/05390184211018961Sternisko A, Cichocka A, Cislak A, Van Bavel JJ. National narcissism predicts the belief in and the dissemination of conspiracy theories during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from 56 countries. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. (2021) 1–18. 10.1177/01461672211054947Hornsey MJ, Harris EA, Fielding KS. The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: a 24-nation investigation. Health Psychol. (2018) 37:307–15. 10.1037/hea0000586Boer D, Hanke K, He J. On detecting systematic measurement error in cross-cultural research: a review and critical reflection on equivalence and invariance tests. J Cross Cult Psychol. (2018) 49:713–34. 10.1177/0022022117749042Millsap RE. Statistical Approaches to Measurement Invariance. New York: Routledge; (2012).Chen FF. What happens if we compare chopsticks with forks? The impact of making inappropriate comparisons in cross-cultural research. J Pers Soc Psychol. (2008) 95:1005–18. 10.1037/a0013193Vandenberg RJ, Lance CE. A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organ Res Methods. (2000) 3:4–70. 10.1177/109442810031002Scholten S, Velten J, Bieda A, Zhang XC, Margraf J. Testing measurement invariance of the depression, anxiety, and stress scales (DASS-21) across four countries. Psychol Assess. (2017) 29:1376–90. 10.1037/pas0000440Davidov E, Meuleman B, Cieciuch J, Schmidt P, Billiet J. Measurement equivalence in cross-national research. Annu Rev Sociol. (2014) 40:55–75. 10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043137Lomazzi V. Using alignment optimization to test the measurement invariance of gender role attitudes in 59 countries. Methods Data Anal. (2018) 12:77–103. 10.12758/mda.2017.09Steenkamp JBE, Baumgartner H. Assessing measurement invariance in cross-national consumer research. J Consum Res. (1998) 25:78–90. 10.1086/209528Davidov E. Testing for comparability of human values across countries and time with the third round of the European social survey. Int J Comp Sociol. (2010) 51:171–91. 10.1177/0020715210363534Asparouhov T, Muthén B. Multiple-group factor analysis alignment. Struct Equ Modeling. (2014) 21:495–508. 10.1080/10705511.2014.919210Muthén B, Asparouhov T. BSEM measurement invariance analysis. Mplus Web Notes. (2013) 17:1–48. Available online at: https://www.statmodel.com/examples/webnotes/webnote17.pdfMuthén B, Asparouhov T. BSEM measurement invariance analysis. Mplus Web Notes. (2013) 17:1–48. Available online at: https://www.statmodel.com/examples/webnotes/webnote17.pdfMarsh HW, Guo J, Parker PD, Nagengast B, Asparouhov T, Muthén B, et al. . What to do when scalar invariance fails: the extended alignment method for multi-group factor analysis comparison of latent means across many groups. Psychol Methods. (2018) 23:524–45. 10.1037/met0000113 - DOI - PubMedSchlipphak B, Bollwerk M, Back M. Beliefs in conspiracy theories (CT): the role of country context. Political Res Exch. (2019) 3:e1949358. 10.1080/2474736X.2021.1949358van Prooijen JW, Van Vugt M. Conspiracy theories: evolved functions and psychological mechanisms. Perspect Psychol Sci. (2018) 13:770–88. 10.1177/1745691618774270Burki T. COVID-19 in Latin America. Lancet Infect Dis. (2020) 20:547–8. 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30303-0Pablos-Méndez A, Vega J, Aranguren FP, Tabish H, Raviglione MC. Covid-19 in Latin America. BMJ. (2020) 370:m2939. 10.1136/bmj.m2939Segovia J, Pontarollo N, Orellana M. Discontent with democracy in Latin America. Cam J Reg Econ Soc. (2021) 14:417–38. 10.1093/cjres/rsab020Andrade G. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, conspiracist beliefs, paranoid ideation and perceived ethnic discrimination in a sample of University students in Venezuela. Vaccine. (2021) 39:6837–42. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.037Jensen EA, Pfleger A, Herbig L, Wagoner B, Lorenz L, Watzlawik M. What drives belief in vaccination conspiracy theories in Germany? Front Commun. (2021) 6:105. 10.3389/fcomm.2021.678335Ruiz JB, Bell RA. Predictors of intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: results of a nationwide survey. Vaccine. (2021) 39:1080–6. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.010Zelič Ž, Berič M, Grum DK. Examining the role of Covid-19 conspiracy beliefs in predicting vaccination intentions, preventive behavior and willingness to share opinions about the coronavirus. Stud Psychol. (2022) 64:136–53. 10.31577/sp.2022.01.844Ato M, López-García JJ, Benavente A. Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anal Psicol. (2013) 29:1038–59. 10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511Caycho-Rodríguez T, Valencia PD, Vilca LW, Lee SA, Carbajal-León C, Vivanco-Vidal A, et al. . COVID-19 bereavement in ten Latin American countries: measurement invariance of the pandemic grief scale and its relation to suicidal ideation. Omega. (2021) 1–29. 10.1177/00302228211048566Pierce BS, Perrin PB, Tyler CM, McKee GB, Watson JD. The COVID-19 telepsychology revolution: a national study of pandemic-based changes in US mental health care delivery. Am Psychol. (2021) 76:14–25. 10.1037/amp0000722Caycho-Rodríguez T, Valencia PD, Vilca LW, Carbajal-León C, Vivanco-Vidal A, Saroli-Araníbar D, et al. . Prevalence and predictors of intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19 in thirteen Latin American and Caribbean countries. Trends Psychol. (2022) 1–25. 10.1007/s43076-022-00170-xLatkin C, Dayton LA, Yi G, Konstantopoulos A, Park J, Maulsby C, et al. . COVID-19 vaccine intentions in the United States, a social-ecological framework. Vaccine. (2021) 39:2288–94. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.058Our World in Data (2021) . Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations (2022). Available online at: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations (accessed January 19, 2022).Penfield RD, Giacobbi JrPR. Applying a score confidence interval to Aiken's item content-relevance index. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. (2004) 8:213–25. 10.1207/s15327841mpee0804_3 -Caycho T. Aportes a la cuantificación de la validez de contenido de cuestionarios en enfermería. Rev Cubana Enferm. (2018) 34:262–4. Available online at: http://revenfermeria.sld.cu/index.php/enf/article/view/2779/343Ventura-León J. De regreso a la validez basada en el contenido. Adicciones. (2019) 1–3. 10.20882/adicciones.1213Aiken LR. Content validity and reliability of single items or questionnaires. Educ Psychol Meas. (1980) 40:955–9. 10.1177/001316448004000419Ferrando PJ, Anguiano-Carrasco C. El análisis factorial como técnica de investigación en psicología [Factor analysis as a technique in psychological research]. Papeles del Psicólogo. (2010) 31:18–33. Available online at: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/778/77812441003.pdfYuan K-H, Bentler PM. Three likelihood-based methods for mean and covariance structure analysis with nonnormal missing data. Sociol Methodol. (2000) 30:165–200. 10.1111/0081-1750.00078Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. (1999) 6:1–55. 10.1080/10705519909540118Dimitrov DM. Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Meas Eval Couns Dev. (2010) 43:121–49. 10.1177/0748175610373459Fischer R, Karl JA. A primer to (cross-cultural) multi-group invariance testing possibilities in R. Front Psychol. (2019) 10:1507. 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01507Muthén B, Asparouhov T. IRT studies of many groups: the alignment method. Front Psychol. (2014) 5:978. 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00978Furr . Psychometrics: An Introduction (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; (2018).Edelen MO, Reeve BB. Applying item response theory (IRT) modeling to questionnaire development, evaluation, and refinement. Qual Life Res. (2007) 16:5–18. 10.1007/s11136-007-9198-0Fraley RC, Waller NG, Brennan KA. An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. J Pers Soc Psychol. (2000) 78:350–65. 10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350Brown TA. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; (2015).Savalei V. A comparison of several approaches for controlling measurement error in small samples. Psychol Methods. (2019) 24:352–70. 10.1037/met0000181Hughes S, Machan L. It's a conspiracy: covid-19 conspiracies link to psychopathy, Machiavellianism and collective narcissism. Pers Individ Dif. (2021) 171:110559. 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110559Milfont TL, Fischer R. Testing measurement invariance across groups: applications in cross-cultural research. Int J Psychol Res. (2010) 3:111–30. 10.21500/20112084.857Buil I, de Chernatony L, Martínez E. Methodological issues in cross-cultural research: an overview and recommendations. J Target Meas Anal Mark. (2012) 20:223–34. 10.1057/jt.2012.18McDonald RP. Test Theory: A Unified Treatment. Mahwah, NJ: L Erlbaum Associates; (1999).Hagell P. Testing rating scale unidimensionality using the principal component analysis (PCA)/t-test protocol with the Rasch model: the primacy of theory over statistics. Open J Stat. (2014) 4:456–65. 10.4236/ojs.2014.46044Gustafsson J-E, Åberg-Bengtsson L. Unidimensionality and interpretability of psychological instruments. In: Embretson SE. editor. Measuring Psychological Constructs: Advances in Model-Based Approaches. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; (2010). p. 97–121.Immekus JC. Multigroup CFA and alignment approaches for testing measurement invariance and factor score estimation: Illustration with the schoolwork-related anxiety survey across countries and gender. Methodol. (2021) 17:22–38. 10.5964/meth.2281Wong LP, Alias H, Danaee M, Ahmed J, Lachyan A, Cai CZ, et al. . COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance: a global survey of 17 countries. Infect Dis Poverty. (2021) 10:1–14. 10.1186/s40249-021-00900-wMunck I, Barber C, Torney-Purta J. Measurement invariance in comparing attitudes toward immigrants among youth across Europe in 1999 and 2009: the alignment method applied to IEA CIVED and ICCS. Sociol Methods Res. (2018) 47:687–728. 10.1177/0049124117729691Cieciuch J, Davidov E, Schmidt P. Alignment optimization: estimation of the most trustworthy means in cross-cultural studies even in the presence of noninvariance. In: Davidov E, Schmidt P, Billiet J, Meuleman B. editors. Cross-Cultural Analysis: Methods and Applications. New York, NY: Routledge; (2018). p. 571–92.Altamirano VF, Bacon SL, Baró S, Benítez DA, Caravello JC, Filippa NL, et al. . Representaciones Sociales sobre las Vacunas y la Vacunación frente al COVID 19. Revista Científica Arbitrada de la Fundación MenteClara. (2021) 6:1–15. 10.32351/rca.v6.252Marco JJG, Pasquín MJÁ, Martín SM. Efectividad y seguridad de las vacunas para el SARS-CoV-2 actualmente disponibles. FMC. (2021) 28:442–51. 10.1016/j.fmc.2021.07.001Wood MJ, Douglas KM. What about building 7? a social psychological study of online discussion of 9/11 conspiracy theories. Front Psychol. (2013) 4:409. 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00409Anderson RM, Vegvari C, Truscott J, Collyer BS. Challenges in creating herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection by mass vaccination. Lancet. (2020) 396:1614–6. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32318Meda-Lara RM, Juárez-Rodríguez P, Carrasco-Tapias NE, Barrales-Díaz CR, Palomera-Chávez A, González-Díaz E, et al. . Precautionary behaviors during the second and third phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: comparative study in the Latin American population. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2021) 18:6882. 10.3390/ijerph18136882Cerda AA, García LY. Willingness to Pay for a COVID-19 Vaccine. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. (2021) 19:343–51. 10.1007/s40258-021-00644-6Zhang Y, Luo X, Ma ZF. Willingness of the general population to accept and pay for COVID-19 vaccination during the early stages of COVID-19 pandemic: a nationally representative survey in mainland China. Hum Vaccin Immunother. (2021) 17:1622–7. 10.1080/21645515.2020.1847585Rosiello DF, Ferreto LE, Aburto JT, Rojas JE, Enitan SS, Yomi AR, et al. . Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination at different hypothetical efficacy and safety levels in ten countries in Asia, Africa, and South America. Narra J. (2021) 1:e55. 10.52225/narra.v1i3.55Vega-Dienstmaier JM. Teorías de conspiración y desinformación entorno a la epidemia de la COVID-19. Rev Neuropsiquiatr. (2020) 83:135–7. 10.20453/rnp.v83i3.3792Mostajo-Radji MA. Pseudoscience in the times of crisis: how and why chlorine dioxide consumption became popular in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Polit Sci. (2021) 3:25. 10.3389/fpos.2021.621370Biddlestone M, Green R, Douglas KM. Cultural orientation, power, belief in conspiracy theories, and intentions to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Br J Soc Psychol. (2020) 59:663–73. 10.1111/bjso.12397Plohl N, Musil B. Modeling compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines: The critical role of trust in science. Psychol Health Med. (2021) 26:1–12. 10.1080/13548506.2020.1772988Tonković M, Dumančić F, Jelić M, Biruški DC. Who believes in COVID-19 conspiracy theories in Croatia? prevalence and predictors of conspiracy beliefs. Front Psychol. (2021) 12:643568. 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643568Scrima F, Miceli S, Caci B, Cardaci M. The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and intention to get vaccinated. The serial mediation roles of existential anxiety and conspiracy beliefs. Pers Individ Dif. (2022) 184:111188. 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111188Salali GD, Uysal MS. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is associated with beliefs on the origin of the novel coronavirus in the UK and Turkey. Psychol Med. (2020) 1–3. 10.1017/S0033291720004067Bierwiaczonek K, Gundersen AB, Kunst JR. The role of conspiracy beliefs for COVID-19 health responses: a meta-analysis. Curr Opin Psychol. (2022) 46:101346. 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101346Lewandowsky S, Gignac GE, Oberauer K. The role of conspiracist ideation and worldviews in predicting rejection of science. PLoS ONE. (2013) 8:e75637. 10.1371/journal.pone.0075637Eberhardt J, Ling J. Predicting COVID-19 vaccination intention using protection motivation theory and conspiracy beliefs. Vaccine. (2021) 39:6269–75. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.010Yang Z, Luo X, Jia H. Is it all a conspiracy? Conspiracy theories and people's attitude to COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccines. (2021) 9:1051. 10.3390/vaccines9101051Daly M, Robinson E. Longitudinal changes in psychological distress in the UK from 2019 to September 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from a large nationally representative study. Psychiatry Res. (2021) 300:113920. 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113920González-Melado FJ, Di Pietro ML. La vacuna frente a la COVID-19 y la confianza institucional. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. (2021) 39:510–5. 10.1016/j.eimc.2020.08.001Jennings W, Stoker G, Bunting H, Valgarð*sson VO, Gaskell J, Devine D, et al. . Lack of trust, conspiracy beliefs, and social media use predict COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Vaccines. (2021) 9:593. 10.3390/vaccines9060593Seddig D, Maskileyson D, Davidov E, Ajzen I, Schmidt P. Correlates of COVID-19 vaccination intentions: attitudes, institutional trust, fear, conspiracy beliefs, and vaccine skepticism. Soc Sci Med. (2022) 302:114981. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114981Vezzoni C, Sani GMD, Chiesi AM, Ladini R, Biolcati F, Guglielmi S, et al. . Where does the coronavirus come from? On the mechanisms underlying the endorsement of conspiracy theories on the origin of SARS-CoV-2. Ital Polit Sci Rev. (2022) 52:51–65. 10.1017/ipo.2021.19Pivetti M, Melotti G, Bonomo M, Hakoköngäs E. Conspiracy beliefs and acceptance of COVID-vaccine: an exploratory study in Italy. Soc Sci. (2021) 10:108. 10.3390/socsci10030108Stecula DA, Pickup M. How populism and conservative media fuel conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 and what it means for COVID-19 behaviors. Res Polit. (2021) 8:2053168021993979. 10.1177/2053168021993979McCarthy M, Murphy K, Sargeant E, Williamson H. Examining the relationship between conspiracy theories and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: a mediating role for perceived health threats, trust, and anomie? Anal Soc Issues Public Policy. (2022) 22:106–29. 10.1111/asap.12291Caycho-Rodríguez T, Ventura-León J, Valencia PD, Vilca LW, Carbajal-León C, Reyes-Bossio M, et al. . What is the support for conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines in Latin America? a prospective exploratory study in 13 countries. Front Psychol. (2022) 13:855713. 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.855713Copyright © 2022 Caycho-Rodríguez, Valencia, Ventura-León, Vilca, Carbajal-León, Reyes-Bossio, White, Rojas-Jara, Polanco-Carrasco, Gallegos, Cervigni, Martino, Palacios, Moreta-Herrera, Samaniego-Pinho, Lobos-Rivera, Figares, Puerta-Cortés, Corrales-Reyes, Calderón, Tapia, Arias Gallegos and Petzold.info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35774567/Covid 19Covid 19 - Vacunas - América LatinaConspiracy beliefsCOVID-19InvarianceLatin AmericaVaccinesDesign and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (COVID-VCBS) in 13 Latin American CountriesArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionPublicationTEXTArtículo.pdf.txtArtículo.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain5268https://repositorio.unibague.edu.co/bitstreams/0db02a9a-564a-449b-b1fc-67c15ab01906/download7dad7b2f2b64643d9353b62d84bfd88cMD53THUMBNAILArtículo.pdf.jpgArtículo.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg24294https://repositorio.unibague.edu.co/bitstreams/1e13adc3-7be2-4b2e-95cf-6412f0ccfb89/download30a9e93fd0d08c8c97c67966b6e43615MD54LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-8134https://repositorio.unibague.edu.co/bitstreams/32f62b01-406f-4d6b-9f42-e212e711406c/download2fa3e590786b9c0f3ceba1b9656b7ac3MD51ORIGINALArtículo.pdfArtículo.pdfapplication/pdf168173https://repositorio.unibague.edu.co/bitstreams/eea69dbf-ab80-40a3-98e1-b53057f2956b/download3c1e34b446d89bfb2fa892e5856dc4eaMD5220.500.12313/5574oai:repositorio.unibague.edu.co:20.500.12313/55742025-09-12 12:14:44.258https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Copyright © 2022 Caycho-Rodríguez, Valencia, Ventura-León, Vilca, Carbajal-León, Reyes-Bossio, White, Rojas-Jara, Polanco-Carrasco, Gallegos, Cervigni, Martino, Palacios, Moreta-Herrera, Samaniego-Pinho, Lobos-Rivera, Figares, Puerta-Cortés, Corrales-Reyes, Calderón, Tapia, Arias Gallegos and Petzold.https://repositorio.unibague.edu.coRepositorio Institucional Universidad de Ibaguébdigital@metabiblioteca.comQ3JlYXRpdmUgQ29tbW9ucyBBdHRyaWJ1dGlvbi1Ob25Db21tZXJjaWFsLU5vRGVyaXZhdGl2ZXMgNC4wIEludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgTGljZW5zZQ0KaHR0cHM6Ly9jcmVhdGl2ZWNvbW1vbnMub3JnL2xpY2Vuc2VzL2J5LW5jLW5kLzQuMC8= |
