Effects of Mindfulness and Holotropic Breathwork on the Rehabilitation of Adolescents Who Use Psychoactive Substances: A Pilot Study

This pilot study aims to compare the effects of mindfulness and holotropic breathwork treatments on adolescents in the rehabilitation process for psychoactive substance use. Participants comprised 18 female adolescents aged 15–18 admitted to the Fundación Grupo de Apoyo, affiliated with the Colombia...

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Autores:: Sánchez Quijano, Eyde Frank
Puertas Cortes, Diana Ximena
Mazorco Salas, Julio Eduardo

Tipo de recurso:: Article of investigation

Fecha de publicación:: 2023

Institución:: Universidad de Ibagué

Repositorio:: Repositorio Universidad de Ibagué

Idioma:: eng

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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv	Effects of Mindfulness and Holotropic Breathwork on the Rehabilitation of Adolescents Who Use Psychoactive Substances: A Pilot Study
title	Effects of Mindfulness and Holotropic Breathwork on the Rehabilitation of Adolescents Who Use Psychoactive Substances: A Pilot Study
spellingShingle	Effects of Mindfulness and Holotropic Breathwork on the Rehabilitation of Adolescents Who Use Psychoactive Substances: A Pilot Study Sustancia psicoactivas - Respiración holotrópica Adolescentes - Sustancia psicoactivas - Respiración holotrópica Mindfulness Holotropic breathwork Psychoactive substances Heart rate Craving
title_short	Effects of Mindfulness and Holotropic Breathwork on the Rehabilitation of Adolescents Who Use Psychoactive Substances: A Pilot Study
title_full	Effects of Mindfulness and Holotropic Breathwork on the Rehabilitation of Adolescents Who Use Psychoactive Substances: A Pilot Study
title_fullStr	Effects of Mindfulness and Holotropic Breathwork on the Rehabilitation of Adolescents Who Use Psychoactive Substances: A Pilot Study
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of Mindfulness and Holotropic Breathwork on the Rehabilitation of Adolescents Who Use Psychoactive Substances: A Pilot Study
title_sort	Effects of Mindfulness and Holotropic Breathwork on the Rehabilitation of Adolescents Who Use Psychoactive Substances: A Pilot Study
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Sánchez Quijano, Eyde Frank Puertas Cortes, Diana Ximena Mazorco Salas, Julio Eduardo
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Sánchez Quijano, Eyde Frank Puertas Cortes, Diana Ximena Mazorco Salas, Julio Eduardo
dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv	Sustancia psicoactivas - Respiración holotrópica Adolescentes - Sustancia psicoactivas - Respiración holotrópica
topic	Sustancia psicoactivas - Respiración holotrópica Adolescentes - Sustancia psicoactivas - Respiración holotrópica Mindfulness Holotropic breathwork Psychoactive substances Heart rate Craving
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Mindfulness Holotropic breathwork Psychoactive substances Heart rate Craving
description	This pilot study aims to compare the effects of mindfulness and holotropic breathwork treatments on adolescents in the rehabilitation process for psychoactive substance use. Participants comprised 18 female adolescents aged 15–18 admitted to the Fundación Grupo de Apoyo, affiliated with the Colombian Family Welfare Institute. The Fundación is dedicated to rehabilitation from, detoxification from, and prevention of psychoactive substance use. The study utilizes a mixed methods approach with an exploratory design. Heart rate is used as an important indicator of psychological well-being and overall cardiovascular health, and the mean pretest/posttest heart rates of the control and experimental groups are compared quantitatively. The effects of both treatments on the study population are described qualitatively. The results show a reduction in heart rate in the mindfulness group compared to the control. The narratives of the participants and the institution’s workers show positive changes in emotional regulation and coping, better communication, and a reduction in stress and anxiety or the desire to use, as a result of both experimental treatments.
publishDate	2023
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2025-09-08T13:52:12Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2025-09-08T13:52:12Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv	Sanchez-Quijano, Frank; Puerta-Cortés, Diana Ximena; and Mazorco Salas, Julio Eduardo, "Effects of Mindfulness and Holotropic Breathwork on the Rehabilitation of Adolescents Who Use Psychoactive Substances: A Pilot Study" (2023). International Journal of Transpersonal Studies Advance Publication Archive. 77. https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/advance-archive/77
dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv	1942-3241
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv	1321-0122
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12313/5640
dc.identifier.url.none.fl_str_mv	https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/advance-archive/77/
identifier_str_mv	Sanchez-Quijano, Frank; Puerta-Cortés, Diana Ximena; and Mazorco Salas, Julio Eduardo, "Effects of Mindfulness and Holotropic Breathwork on the Rehabilitation of Adolescents Who Use Psychoactive Substances: A Pilot Study" (2023). International Journal of Transpersonal Studies Advance Publication Archive. 77. https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/advance-archive/77 1942-3241 1321-0122
url	https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12313/5640 https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/advance-archive/77/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv	International Journal of transpersonal studies
dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv	Afanasenko, I., Emelianenko, V., & Emelianenko, A. (2014). Spiritual transformation: A qualitativequantitative analysis of the application of the holotropic breathwork method. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 6(1), 25–37 Alfonso, J. P., Caracuel, A., Delgado-Pastor, L. C., & Verdejo-García, A. (2011). Combined goal management training and mindfulness meditation improve executive functions and decision-making performance in abstinent polysubstance abusers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 117(1), 78–81. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.025 Barragán, R., Lewis, S., & Palacio, J. (2007). Autopercepción de cambios en los déficit atencionales intermedios de estudiantes universitarios de Barranquilla sometidos al Método de Autocontrol de la Atención (Mindfulness). Revista Científica Salud Uninorte, 23(2), 184–192. Bemak, F., & Young, M. E. (1998). Role of catharsis in group psychotherapy. International Journal of Action Methods: Psychodrama, Skill Training, and Role Playing, 50(4), 166–184. Bien, T. (2009). Paradise lost: Mindfulness and addictive behavior. In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 289–297). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387- 09593-6_16 Bonilla, K., & Padilla, Y. (2015). Estudio piloto de un modelo grupal de meditación de atención plena (Mindfulness) de manejo de la ansiedad para estudiantes universitarios en Puerto Rico. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 26(1), 72– 87. Bowen, S., Chawla, N., & Marlatt, G. A. (2011). Prevención de recaídas en conductas adictivas basadas en Mindfulness. Guía clínica. Desclée De Brouwer. (Original work published 2010). Brewerton, T. D., Eyerman, J. E., Cappetta, P., & Mithoefer, M. C. (2012). Long-term abstinence following holotropic breathwork as adjunctive treatment of substance use disorders and related psychiatric comorbidity. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(3), 453–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9352-3 Bryant, A., & Charmaz, K. (Eds.). (2010). The SAGE handbook of grounded theory. SAGE. Cervantes, J., & Puente, I. (2014). Effects of holorenic breathwork on anxiety and heart rate variability: Preliminary results. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 6(1), 134–142 Chen, K. W., Comerford, A., Shinnick, P., & Ziedonis, D. M. (2010). Introducing Qigong meditation into residential addiction treatment: A pilot study where gender makes a difference. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(8), 875–882. https://doi.org/10.1089/ acm.2009.0443 Contreras, C., & Zenteno, F. (2014). El potencial integrativo de la respiración holotrópica en los procesos de cierre de la adolescencia. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 6(1), 73–83 Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. SAGE. https://doi. org/10.4135/9781452230153 Del Toro Añel, A. Y., González, M. Á., Arce, D. L., Reinoso, S. M., & Reina, L. M. (2014). Mecanismos fisiológicos implicados en la ansiedad previa a los exámenes. MEDISAN, 18(10), 1419–1429 Fericgla, J. M., & Guarch, G. (2014). Respiración holorénica: Proceso, efectos y fenomenología. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 6(1), 121–133. Ferreira, A. L., Acioly-Regnier, N. M., Ribeiro, R. B., & Ferreira, M. L. (2017). Cuidar do ser: Um grupo transpessoal com adolescentes de periferias. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 9(1), 37–50. Francis, J., & Robbins, M. (2009). Prayer, purpose in life, and attitudes toward substances: A study among 13- to 15-year-olds in England and Wales. Counseling et Spiritualite, 28(2), 83–104 Franco, C., Soriano, E., & Justo, E. (2010). Incidencia de un programa psicoeducativo de mindfulness (conciencia plena) sobre el autoconcepto y el rendimiento académico de estudiantes inmigrantes sudamericanos residentes en España. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación, 53(6). https://doi.org/10.35362/rie5361709 Fuente-Arias, J., Franco-Justo, C., & Mañas-Mañas, I. (2010). Efectos de un programa de entrenamiento en conciencia plena (mindfulness) en el estado emocional de estudiantes universitarios. Revista Estudios Sobre Educación, 19, 31–52. Grof, C. (1996). Sed de plenitud: Apego, adicción y el camino espiritual (A. Colodron Gómez, Trans.). Los Libros del Comienzo. (Original work published 1993) Grof, S. (1992). Adicción, espiritualidad y ciencia occidental (K. A. Symington & TAKIWASI, Trans.). Revista Takiwasi, 1, 71–85. Grof, S. (2008). Brief history of transpersonal psychology. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 27(1), 46–54. https://doi. org/10.24972/ijts.2008.27.1.46 Grof, S., & Grof, C. (1995). La tormentosa búsqueda del ser: Una guía para el crecimiento personal a través de la emergencia espiritual (F. Pardo, Trans). La Liebre de Marzo. (Original work published 1992) Grof, S., & Grof, C. (2010). La respiración holotrópica. La Liebre de Marzo. (Original work published 2010). Hernández, R., Fernández, C., & Baptista, P. (2014). Metodología de la investigación (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Jiménez, M., Graña, J. L., & Rubio, G. (2002). Modelos teóricos de conceptualización del craving. Trastornos Adictivos, 4(4), 209–215 Landaeta, F. (2014). Hacia una comprensión expandida del potencial transformador de la respiración holotrópica. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 6(1), 112–120. Li, W., Howard, M. O., Garland, E. L., McGovern, P., & Lazar, M. (2017). Mindfulness treatment for substance misuse: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 75, 62–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jsat.2017.01.008 Mazorco, J. (2014). Respiración holotrópica y corporalidad: Una marca transversal. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 6(1), 95–102. Mazorco, J. E., & Cuenca, A. C. (2020). A practical pilot experience of a mindfulness program in university teacher—researcher training. Human Arenas, 3, 360–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s42087-019-00084-8 Meuret, A. E., Ritz, T., Wilhelm, F. H., & Roth, T. R. (2005). Voluntary hyperventilation in the treatment of panic disorder—functions of hyperventilation, their implications for breathing training, and recommendations for standardization. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(3), 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cpr.2005.01.002 Minda, K. (2015). Mandalas and guided imagery: Improving the life quality of elders. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 7(2), 152–164. ODC (2020, Dec. 1). Estudio nacional de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en Colombia. Ministerio de Justicia Observatorio de Drogas de Colombia. Recuperado el 24 de enero 2023 de https://www.minjusticia.gov.co/programasco/ODC Alonso, M. (2012). Mindfulness en el tratamiento de los trastornos de ansiedad. In M. T. Miró & V. Simón (Eds.), Mindfulness en la práctica clínica (pp. 81–140). Desclée de Brouwer Nedumpillil, M., Malarvizhi, M., & Neelakshi, G. (2014). Effectiveness of holotropic breathwork on anxiety among patients with alcohol dependence syndrome admitted at selected deaddiction cum rehabilitation centre. International Journal of Advanced Information and Communication Technology, 1(2), 271–273. https://doi.org/01.0401/ijaict.2014.02.19 O’Donohue, W. T. (1998). Conditioning and third-generation behavior therapy. In W. T. O’Donohue (Ed.), Learning and behavior therapy (pp. 1–14). Allyn & Bacon. Puente, I. (2008). Effects of a prolonged and voluntary hyperventilation procedure in a psychotherapeutical context. International Journal of Psychology, 43(3–4). Puente, I. (2014). Complejidad y psicología transpersonal: Caos, autoorganización y experiencias cumbre en psicoterapia [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/ handle/10803/283929/ipv1de1. pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Rechtshaffen, D. J. (2017). Educación mindfulness: El cultivo de la conciencia y la atención para profesores y alumnos (A. Pareja Rodríguez, Trans.). Gaia Ediciones. (Original work published 2014 Respira (2013, Dec. 13). Programa respira en Colombia. Recuperado el 24 de enero de 2023 de https://respira.co/atencion-plena/ Rhinewine, J. P., & Williams, O. J. (2007). Holotropic breathwork: The potential role of a prolonged, voluntary hyperventilation procedure as an adjunct to psychotherapy. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(7), 771–776. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2006.6203 Sánchez-Hervás, E., Molina, N., Del Olmo Gurrea, R., Tomás, V., & Morales, E. (2001). Craving y adicción a las drogas. Trastornos Adictivos, 3(4), 237–243. Sánchez-Quijano, F. (2016). Efectos de un programa de meditación mindfulness en el sentido de vida de jóvenes universitarios de la ciudad de Ibagué—Colombia (Programa Consciencia Plena del Sentido en la Vida –CPSV) [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad de Flores, Argentina. http://doc.uflo.abcdonline.com.ar/tesis_ doctorado_sanchez_quijano_frank.pdf Siegel, D. J. (2010). Cerebro y mindfulness (M. Fernández, Trans.). Paidós. (Original work published 2007) Simón, M. A., & Amenedo, E. (2001). Manual de psicofisiologia clinica. Pirámide. Simón, V. (2006). Mindfulness y neurobiología. Revista de Psicoterapia, 17(66/67), 5–30. Skinner, M. D., & Aubin, H. J. (2010). Craving’s place in addiction theory: Contributions of the major models. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(4), 606–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. neubiorev.2009.11.024 Stahl, B., & Goldstein, E. (2010). Mindfulness para reducir el estrés: Una guía práctica (D. González Raga, Trans.). Kairós. (Original work published 2010) Tapper, K. (2018). Mindfulness and craving: Effects and mechanisms. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cpr.2017.11.003 Viggiano, D. B., & Krippner, S. (2010). The Grofs’ model of spiritual emergency in retrospect: Has it stood the test of time? International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 29(1), 118–127. Walsh, R., & Vaughan, F. (2008). Comparación entre psicoterapias. In R. Walsh & F. Vaughan (Eds.), Más allá del ego. Textos de psicología transpersonal (7th ed.; pp. 247-254) Kairós. Bien, T. (2009). Paradise lost: Mindfulness and addictive behavior. In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 289–297). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6_16 World Health Organization. (2011). The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): Manual for use in primary care. https://www.who.int/publications/i/ item/978924159938-2
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spelling	Sánchez Quijano, Eyde Frank44582ce0-b7a5-4cb9-8430-2764fdf9ced0600Puertas Cortes, Diana Ximena1c4980d8-09ff-4939-8662-3ba2cac1265e-1Mazorco Salas, Julio Eduardo9f98441a-eb33-4d43-b086-e7726a891222-12025-09-08T13:52:12Z2025-09-08T13:52:12Z2023This pilot study aims to compare the effects of mindfulness and holotropic breathwork treatments on adolescents in the rehabilitation process for psychoactive substance use. Participants comprised 18 female adolescents aged 15–18 admitted to the Fundación Grupo de Apoyo, affiliated with the Colombian Family Welfare Institute. The Fundación is dedicated to rehabilitation from, detoxification from, and prevention of psychoactive substance use. The study utilizes a mixed methods approach with an exploratory design. Heart rate is used as an important indicator of psychological well-being and overall cardiovascular health, and the mean pretest/posttest heart rates of the control and experimental groups are compared quantitatively. The effects of both treatments on the study population are described qualitatively. The results show a reduction in heart rate in the mindfulness group compared to the control. The narratives of the participants and the institution’s workers show positive changes in emotional regulation and coping, better communication, and a reduction in stress and anxiety or the desire to use, as a result of both experimental treatments.application/pdfSanchez-Quijano, Frank; Puerta-Cortés, Diana Ximena; and Mazorco Salas, Julio Eduardo, "Effects of Mindfulness and Holotropic Breathwork on the Rehabilitation of Adolescents Who Use Psychoactive Substances: A Pilot Study" (2023). International Journal of Transpersonal Studies Advance Publication Archive. 77. https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/advance-archive/771942-32411321-0122https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12313/5640https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/advance-archive/77/engInternational Journal of transpersonal studiesAfanasenko, I., Emelianenko, V., & Emelianenko, A. (2014). Spiritual transformation: A qualitativequantitative analysis of the application of the holotropic breathwork method. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 6(1), 25–37Alfonso, J. P., Caracuel, A., Delgado-Pastor, L. C., & Verdejo-García, A. (2011). Combined goal management training and mindfulness meditation improve executive functions and decision-making performance in abstinent polysubstance abusers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 117(1), 78–81. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.025Barragán, R., Lewis, S., & Palacio, J. (2007). Autopercepción de cambios en los déficit atencionales intermedios de estudiantes universitarios de Barranquilla sometidos al Método de Autocontrol de la Atención (Mindfulness). Revista Científica Salud Uninorte, 23(2), 184–192.Bemak, F., & Young, M. E. (1998). Role of catharsis in group psychotherapy. International Journal of Action Methods: Psychodrama, Skill Training, and Role Playing, 50(4), 166–184.Bien, T. (2009). Paradise lost: Mindfulness and addictive behavior. In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 289–297). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387- 09593-6_16Bonilla, K., & Padilla, Y. (2015). Estudio piloto de un modelo grupal de meditación de atención plena (Mindfulness) de manejo de la ansiedad para estudiantes universitarios en Puerto Rico. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 26(1), 72– 87.Bowen, S., Chawla, N., & Marlatt, G. A. (2011). Prevención de recaídas en conductas adictivas basadas en Mindfulness. Guía clínica. Desclée De Brouwer. (Original work published 2010).Brewerton, T. D., Eyerman, J. E., Cappetta, P., & Mithoefer, M. C. (2012). Long-term abstinence following holotropic breathwork as adjunctive treatment of substance use disorders and related psychiatric comorbidity. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(3), 453–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9352-3Bryant, A., & Charmaz, K. (Eds.). (2010). The SAGE handbook of grounded theory. SAGE.Cervantes, J., & Puente, I. (2014). Effects of holorenic breathwork on anxiety and heart rate variability: Preliminary results. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 6(1), 134–142Chen, K. W., Comerford, A., Shinnick, P., & Ziedonis, D. M. (2010). Introducing Qigong meditation into residential addiction treatment: A pilot study where gender makes a difference. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(8), 875–882. https://doi.org/10.1089/ acm.2009.0443Contreras, C., & Zenteno, F. (2014). El potencial integrativo de la respiración holotrópica en los procesos de cierre de la adolescencia. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 6(1), 73–83Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. SAGE. https://doi. org/10.4135/9781452230153Del Toro Añel, A. Y., González, M. Á., Arce, D. L., Reinoso, S. M., & Reina, L. M. (2014). Mecanismos fisiológicos implicados en la ansiedad previa a los exámenes. MEDISAN, 18(10), 1419–1429Fericgla, J. M., & Guarch, G. (2014). Respiración holorénica: Proceso, efectos y fenomenología. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 6(1), 121–133.Ferreira, A. L., Acioly-Regnier, N. M., Ribeiro, R. B., & Ferreira, M. L. (2017). Cuidar do ser: Um grupo transpessoal com adolescentes de periferias. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 9(1), 37–50.Francis, J., & Robbins, M. (2009). Prayer, purpose in life, and attitudes toward substances: A study among 13- to 15-year-olds in England and Wales. Counseling et Spiritualite, 28(2), 83–104Franco, C., Soriano, E., & Justo, E. (2010). Incidencia de un programa psicoeducativo de mindfulness (conciencia plena) sobre el autoconcepto y el rendimiento académico de estudiantes inmigrantes sudamericanos residentes en España. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación, 53(6). https://doi.org/10.35362/rie5361709Fuente-Arias, J., Franco-Justo, C., & Mañas-Mañas, I. (2010). Efectos de un programa de entrenamiento en conciencia plena (mindfulness) en el estado emocional de estudiantes universitarios. Revista Estudios Sobre Educación, 19, 31–52.Grof, C. (1996). Sed de plenitud: Apego, adicción y el camino espiritual (A. Colodron Gómez, Trans.). Los Libros del Comienzo. (Original work published 1993)Grof, S. (1992). Adicción, espiritualidad y ciencia occidental (K. A. Symington & TAKIWASI, Trans.). Revista Takiwasi, 1, 71–85.Grof, S. (2008). Brief history of transpersonal psychology. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 27(1), 46–54. https://doi. org/10.24972/ijts.2008.27.1.46Grof, S., & Grof, C. (1995). La tormentosa búsqueda del ser: Una guía para el crecimiento personal a través de la emergencia espiritual (F. Pardo, Trans). La Liebre de Marzo. (Original work published 1992)Grof, S., & Grof, C. (2010). La respiración holotrópica. La Liebre de Marzo. (Original work published 2010).Hernández, R., Fernández, C., & Baptista, P. (2014). Metodología de la investigación (6th ed.). McGraw-HillJiménez, M., Graña, J. L., & Rubio, G. (2002). Modelos teóricos de conceptualización del craving. Trastornos Adictivos, 4(4), 209–215Landaeta, F. (2014). Hacia una comprensión expandida del potencial transformador de la respiración holotrópica. Journal of Transpersonal Research, 6(1), 112–120.Li, W., Howard, M. O., Garland, E. L., McGovern, P., & Lazar, M. (2017). Mindfulness treatment for substance misuse: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 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The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): Manual for use in primary care. https://www.who.int/publications/i/ item/978924159938-2This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ CIIS. 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Effects of Mindfulness and Holotropic Breathwork on the Rehabilitation of Adolescents Who Use Psychoactive Substances: A Pilot Study

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