Osseointegration of Antimicrobial Acrylic Bone Cements Modified with Graphene Oxide and Chitosan
Acrylic bone cement (ABC) is one of the most used materials in orthopedic surgery, mainly for the fixation of orthopedic implants to the bone. However, ABCs usually present lack of biological activity and osseointegration capacity that leads to loosening of the prosthesis. This work reports the effe...
- Autores:
-
Valencia Zapata, Mayra Eliana
- Tipo de recurso:
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2020
- Institución:
- Universidad del Atlántico
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Uniatlantico
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co:20.500.12834/920
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12834/920
- Palabra clave:
- acrylic bone cement; antibacterial activity; biocompatibility; cell viability; chitosan; graphene oxide; nanocomposite; osseointegration
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
id |
UNIATLANT2_4349cbfcf654361f714c8f77acaf83aa |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co:20.500.12834/920 |
network_acronym_str |
UNIATLANT2 |
network_name_str |
Repositorio Uniatlantico |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Osseointegration of Antimicrobial Acrylic Bone Cements Modified with Graphene Oxide and Chitosan |
title |
Osseointegration of Antimicrobial Acrylic Bone Cements Modified with Graphene Oxide and Chitosan |
spellingShingle |
Osseointegration of Antimicrobial Acrylic Bone Cements Modified with Graphene Oxide and Chitosan acrylic bone cement; antibacterial activity; biocompatibility; cell viability; chitosan; graphene oxide; nanocomposite; osseointegration |
title_short |
Osseointegration of Antimicrobial Acrylic Bone Cements Modified with Graphene Oxide and Chitosan |
title_full |
Osseointegration of Antimicrobial Acrylic Bone Cements Modified with Graphene Oxide and Chitosan |
title_fullStr |
Osseointegration of Antimicrobial Acrylic Bone Cements Modified with Graphene Oxide and Chitosan |
title_full_unstemmed |
Osseointegration of Antimicrobial Acrylic Bone Cements Modified with Graphene Oxide and Chitosan |
title_sort |
Osseointegration of Antimicrobial Acrylic Bone Cements Modified with Graphene Oxide and Chitosan |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Valencia Zapata, Mayra Eliana |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Valencia Zapata, Mayra Eliana |
dc.contributor.other.none.fl_str_mv |
Mina Hernandez, José Herminsul Valencia Llano, Carlos Humberto Grande Tovar, Carlos David Vázquez-Lasa, Blanca San Román, Julio Rojo, Luis |
dc.subject.keywords.spa.fl_str_mv |
acrylic bone cement; antibacterial activity; biocompatibility; cell viability; chitosan; graphene oxide; nanocomposite; osseointegration |
topic |
acrylic bone cement; antibacterial activity; biocompatibility; cell viability; chitosan; graphene oxide; nanocomposite; osseointegration |
description |
Acrylic bone cement (ABC) is one of the most used materials in orthopedic surgery, mainly for the fixation of orthopedic implants to the bone. However, ABCs usually present lack of biological activity and osseointegration capacity that leads to loosening of the prosthesis. This work reports the effect of introducing graphene oxide (GO) and chitosan (CS), separately or together, in the ABC formulation on setting performance, mechanical behavior, and biological properties. Introduction of both CS and GO to the ABC decreased the maximum temperature by 21% and increased the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli by 87%, while introduction of only CS decreased bending strength by 32%. The results of cell viability and cell adhesion tests showed in vitro biocompatibility. The in vivo response was investigated using both subdermal and bone parietal implantations in Wistar rats. Modified ABCs showed absence of immune response, as confirmed by a normal inflammatory response in Wistar rat subdermal implantation. The results of the parietal bone implantation showed that the addition of CS and GO together allowed a near total healing bone–cement interface, as observed in the micrographic analysis. The overall results support the great potential of the modified ABCs for application in orthopedic surgery mainly in those cases where osseointegration is required. |
publishDate |
2020 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-09-18 |
dc.date.submitted.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-07-29 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-11-15T20:57:48Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-11-15T20:57:48Z |
dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.hasVersion.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.spa.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12834/920 |
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.3390/app10186528 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad del Atlántico |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Universidad del Atlántico |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12834/920 |
identifier_str_mv |
10.3390/app10186528 Universidad del Atlántico Repositorio Universidad del Atlántico |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
dc.rights.cc.*.fl_str_mv |
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International |
dc.rights.accessRights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Barranquilla |
dc.publisher.sede.spa.fl_str_mv |
Sede Norte |
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
Applied Sciences |
institution |
Universidad del Atlántico |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12834/920/1/applsci-10-06528-v2.pdf https://repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12834/920/2/license_rdf https://repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12834/920/3/license.txt |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
43145915f6c3509ccbd0258b8d470c1c 24013099e9e6abb1575dc6ce0855efd5 67e239713705720ef0b79c50b2ececca |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
DSpace de la Universidad de Atlántico |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
sysadmin@mail.uniatlantico.edu.co |
_version_ |
1814203413104164864 |
spelling |
Valencia Zapata, Mayra Elianac9423aa9-8912-4a7c-82d7-d8e4335d733eMina Hernandez, José HerminsulValencia Llano, Carlos HumbertoGrande Tovar, Carlos DavidVázquez-Lasa, BlancaSan Román, JulioRojo, Luis2022-11-15T20:57:48Z2022-11-15T20:57:48Z2020-09-182020-07-29https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12834/92010.3390/app10186528Universidad del AtlánticoRepositorio Universidad del AtlánticoAcrylic bone cement (ABC) is one of the most used materials in orthopedic surgery, mainly for the fixation of orthopedic implants to the bone. However, ABCs usually present lack of biological activity and osseointegration capacity that leads to loosening of the prosthesis. This work reports the effect of introducing graphene oxide (GO) and chitosan (CS), separately or together, in the ABC formulation on setting performance, mechanical behavior, and biological properties. Introduction of both CS and GO to the ABC decreased the maximum temperature by 21% and increased the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli by 87%, while introduction of only CS decreased bending strength by 32%. The results of cell viability and cell adhesion tests showed in vitro biocompatibility. The in vivo response was investigated using both subdermal and bone parietal implantations in Wistar rats. Modified ABCs showed absence of immune response, as confirmed by a normal inflammatory response in Wistar rat subdermal implantation. The results of the parietal bone implantation showed that the addition of CS and GO together allowed a near total healing bone–cement interface, as observed in the micrographic analysis. The overall results support the great potential of the modified ABCs for application in orthopedic surgery mainly in those cases where osseointegration is required.application/pdfenghttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Internationalinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Applied SciencesOsseointegration of Antimicrobial Acrylic Bone Cements Modified with Graphene Oxide and ChitosanPúblico generalacrylic bone cement; antibacterial activity; biocompatibility; cell viability; chitosan; graphene oxide; nanocomposite; osseointegrationinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionArtículohttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1BarranquillaSede Norte1. Slane, J.; Vivanco, J.; Meyer, J.; Ploeg, H.L.; Squire, M. Modification of acrylic bone cement with mesoporous silica nanoparticles: Effects on mechanical, fatigue and absorption properties. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2014, 29, 451–461.2. Lissarrague, M.H.; Fascio, M.L.; Goyanes, S.; D’Accorso, N.B. Acrylic Bone Cements: The Role of Nanotechnology in Mechanical Properties. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2014, 10, 3536–35573. Franco-Marquès, E.; Méndez, J.A.; Gironès, J.; Ginebra, M.P.; Pèlach, M.A. Evaluation of the influence of the addition of biodegradable polymer matrices in the formulation of self-curing polymer systems for biomedical purposes. Acta Biomater. 2009, 5, 2953–29624. Endogan, T.; Kiziltay, A.; Kose, G.T.; Comunoglu, N.; Beyzadeoglu, T.; Hasirci, N. Acrylic bone cements: Effects of the poly(methyl methacrylate) powder size and chitosan addition on their properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 396625. Webb, J.C.J.; Spencer, R.F. The role of polymethylmethacrylate bone cement in modern orthopaedic surgery. J. Bone Jt. Surg. 2007, 89, 851–8576. Yan, F.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, Y.; Xie, Y.; Lei, J.; Cai, L. Biphasic Injectable Bone Cement with Fe3O4 /GO Nanocomposites for the Minimally Invasive Treatment of Tumor-Induced Bone Destruction. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2019, 5, 5833–58437. Pahlevanzadeh, F.; Bakhsheshi-Rad, H.R.; Hamzah, E. In-vitro biocompatibility, bioactivity, and mechanical strength of PMMA-PCL polymer containing fluorapatite and graphene oxide bone cements. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2018, 82, 257–2678. Ni, G.X.; Chiu, K.Y.; Lu, W.W.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.G.; Hao, L.B.; Li, Z.Y.; Lam, W.M.; Lu, S.B.; Luk, K.D.K. Strontium-containing hydroxyapatite bioactive bone cement in revision hip arthroplasty. Biomaterials 2006, 27, 4348–43559. De Mori, A.; Di Gregorio, E.; Kao, A.P.; Tozzi, G.; Barbu, E.; Sanghani-Kerai, A.; Draheim, R.R.; Roldo, M. Antibacterial PMMA Composite Cements with Tunable Thermal and Mechanical Properties. ACS Omega 2019, 4, 19664–1967510. Shi, Z.; Neoh, K.G.; Kang, E.T.; Wang, W. Antibacterial and mechanical properties of bone cement impregnated with chitosan nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2006, 27, 2440–2449.11. Kowalski, R.; Schmaehling, R. Chapter 6. Commercial aspects and delivery systems of bone cements. In Orthopaedic Bone Cements; Deb, S., Ed.; Woodhead Publishing Limited: Cambridge, UK, 2008; pp. 113–139, ISBN 978-1-84569-517-012. Boesel, L.F.; Cachinho, S.C.P.; Fernandes, M.H.V.; Reis, R.L. The in vitro bioactivity of two novel hydrophilic, partially degradable bone cements. Acta Biomater. 2007, 3, 175–18213. Khan, A.A.; Mirza, E.H.; Mohamed, B.A.; Alharthi, N.H.; Abdo, H.S.; Javed, R.; Alhur, R.S.; Vallittu, P.K. Physical, mechanical, chemical and thermal properties of nanoscale graphene oxide-poly methylmethacrylate composites. J. Compos. Mater. 2018, 52, 2803–281314. Lozano, K.; Mina, J.; Zuluaga, F.; Valencia, C.; Valencia, M. Influencia de la incorporación de un co-monómero alcalino e hidroxiapatita en las propiedades de cementos óseos acrílicos. DYNA 2013, 80, 153–162.15. Espigares, I.; Elvira, C.; Mano, J.F.; Vázquez, B.; San Román, J.; Reis, R.L. New partially degradable and bioactive acrylic bone cements based on starch blends and ceramic fillers. Biomaterials 2002, 23, 1883–1895.16. Dalby, M.J.; Di Silvio, L.; Harper, E.J.; Bonfield, W. In vitro evaluation of a new polymethylmethacrylate cement reinforced with hydroxyapatite. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 1999, 10, 793–796.17. Lopes, P.P.; Garcia, M.P.; Fernandes, M.H.; Fernandes, M.H.V. Acrylic formulations containing bioactive and biodegradable fillers to be used as bone cements: Properties and biocompatibility assessment. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2013, 33, 1289–129918. Fini, M.; Giavaresi, G.; Nicoli Aldini, N.; Torricelli, P.; Botter, R.; Beruto, D.; Giardino, R. A bone substitute composed of polymethylmethacrylate and α-tricalcium phosphate: Results in terms of osteoblast function and bone tissue formation. Biomaterials 2002, 23, 4523–453119. García-Enriquez, S.; Guadarrama, H.E.R.; Reyes-González, I.; Mendizábal, E.; Jasso-Gastinel, C.F.; García-Enriquez, B.; Rembao-Bojórquez, D.; Pane-Pianese, C. Mechanical performance and in vivo tests of an acrylic bone cement filled with bioactive sepia officinalis cuttlebone. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2010, 21, 113–12520. He, Q.; Chen, H.; Huang, L.; Dong, J.; Guo, D.; Mao, M.; Kong, L.; Li, Y.; Wu, Z.; Lei, W. Porous Surface Modified Bioactive Bone Cement for Enhanced Bone Bonding. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e4252521. Lewis, G. Alternative acrylic bone cement formulations for cemented arthroplasties: Present status, key issues, and future prospects. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2008, 84, 301–31922. Rodríguez-Vázquez, M.; Vega-Ruiz, B.; Ramos-Zúñiga, R.; Saldaña-Koppel, D.A.; Quiñones-Olvera, L.F. Chitosan and Its Potential Use as a Scaffold for Tissue Engineering in Regenerative Medicine. Biomed. Res. Int. 2015, 2015, 82127923. Oryan, A.; Sahvieh, S. Effectiveness of chitosan scaffold in skin, bone and cartilage healing. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017, 104, 1003–1011.24. Kim, C.H.; Park, S.J.; Yang, D.H.; Chun, H.J. Chitosan for Tissue Engineering. In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology; Springer: Singapore, 2018; Volume 1077, pp. 475–485, ISBN 9789811309472.25. Aguilar, A.; Zein, N.; Harmouch, E.; Hafdi, B.; Bornert, F.; Damien, O.; Clauss, F.; Fioretti, F.; Huck, O.; Benkirane-jessel, N.; et al. Application of Chitosan in Bone and Dental Engineering. Molecules 2019, 24, 300926. Tamburaci, S.; Tihminlioglu, F. Chitosan-hybrid poss nanocomposites for bone regeneration: The effect of poss nanocage on surface, morphology, structure and in vitro bioactivity. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 142, 643–657.27. Hamilton, V.; Yuan, Y.; Rigney, D.A.; Chesnutt, B.M.; Puckett, A.D.; Ong, J.L.; Yang, Y.; Haggard, W.O.; Elder, S.H.; Bumgardner, J.D. Bone cell attachment and growth on well-characterized chitosan films. Polym. Int. 2006, 55, 641–64728. Lin, M.C.; Chen, C.C.; Wu, I.T.; Ding, S.J. Enhanced antibacterial activity of calcium silicate-based hybrid cements for bone repair. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2020, 110, 11072729. Palla-Rubio, B.; Araujo-Gomes, N.; Fernandez-Gutierrez, M.; Rojo, L.; Suay, J.; Gurruchaga, M.; Goni, I. Synthesis and characterization of silica-chitosan hybrid materials as antibacterial coatings for titanium implants. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 203, 331–34130. Rojo, L.; Deb, S. Polymer Therapeutics in Relation to Dentistry. Front. Oral Biol. 2015, 17, 13–21.31. Valencia Zapata, M.E.; Mina Hernandez, J.H.; Grande Tovar, C.D.; Valencia Llano, C.H.; Diaz Escobar, J.A.; Vázquez-Lasa, B.; San Román, J.; Rojo, L.; Rojo, L. Novel Bioactive and Antibacterial Acrylic Bone Cement Nanocomposites Modified with Graphene Oxide and Chitosan. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 293832. Li, Z.; Khun, N.W.; Tang, X.Z.; Liu, E.; Khor, K.A. Mechanical, tribological and biological properties of novel 45S5 Bioglass® composites reinforced with in situ reduced graphene oxide. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2017, 65, 77–8933. Kurapati, R.; Bonachera, F.; Russier, J.; Sureshbabu, A.R.; Ménard-Moyon, C.; Kostarelos, K.; Bianco, A. Covalent chemical functionalization enhances the biodegradation of graphene oxide. 2D Mater. 2018, 5, 015020.34. Palmieri, V.; Papi, M.; Conti, C.; Ciasca, G.; Maulucci, G.; De Spirito, M.; Palmieri, V.; Papi, M.; Conti, C.; Ciasca, G.; et al. The future development of bacteria fighting medical devices: The role of graphene oxide. Expert Rev. Med. Devices 2016, 13, 1013–101935. Mirza, E.H.; Khan, A.A.; Al-Khureif, A.A.; Saadaldin, S.A.; Mohamed, B.A.; Fareedi, F.; Khan, M.M.; Alfayez, M.; Al-Fotawi, R.; Vallittu, P.K.; et al. Characterization of osteogenic cells grown over modified graphene-oxide-biostable polymers. Biomed. Mater. 2019, 14, 6500436. Mukherjee, S.P.; Gliga, A.R.; Lazzaretto, B.; Brandner, B.; Fielden, M.; Vogt, C.; Newman, L.; Rodrigues, A.F.; Shao, W.; Fournier, P.M.; et al. Graphene oxide is degraded by neutrophils and the degradation products are non-genotoxic. Nanoscale 2018, 10, 1180–118837. Girish, C.M.; Sasidharan, A.; Gowd, G.S.; Nair, S.; Koyakutty, M. Confocal raman imaging study showing macrophage mediated biodegradation of graphene in vivo. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2013, 2, 1489–1500.38. Kotchey, G.P.; Allen, B.L.; Vedala, H.; Yanamala, N.; Kapralov, A.A.; Tyurina, Y.Y.; Klein-Seetharaman, J.; Kagan, V.E.; Star, A. The enzymatic oxidation of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 2098–2108.39. Wright, Z.M.; Arnold, A.M.; Holt, B.D.; Eckhart, K.E.; Sydlik, S.A. Functional Graphenic Materials, Graphene Oxide, and Graphene as Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration. Regen. Eng. Transl. Med. 2019, 5, 190–20940. Holt, B.D.; Arnold, A.M.; Sydlik, S.A. In It for the Long Haul: The Cytocompatibility of Aged Graphene Oxide and Its Degradation Products. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2016, 5, 3056–306641. International Standard ISO 5833: Implants for Surgery—Acrylic Resin Cements; ISO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2002; pp. 1–22.42. International Organization for Standardization ISO 10993-6:2016: Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices—Part 6: Tests for Local Effects after Implantation; ISO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2016.43. Sharma, R.; Kapusetti, G.; Bhong, S.Y.; Roy, P.; Singh, S.K.; Singh, S.; Balavigneswaran, C.K.; Mahato, K.K.; Ray, B.; Maiti, P.; et al. Osteoconductive Amine-Functionalized Graphene-Poly(methyl methacrylate) Bone Cement Composite with Controlled Exothermic Polymerization. Bioconjug. Chem. 2017, 28, 2254–226544. Paz, E.; Forriol, F.; del Real, J.C.; Dunne, N. Graphene oxide versus graphene for optimisation of PMMA bone cement for orthopaedic applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2017, 77, 1003–101145. Ormsby, R.W.; Modreanu, M.; Mitchell, C.A.; Dunne, N.J. Carboxyl functionalised MWCNT/polymethyl methacrylate bone cement for orthopaedic applications. J. Biomater. Appl. 2014, 29, 209–22146. Gonalves, G.; Cruz, S.M.A.; Ramalho, A.; Grácio, J.; Marques, P.A.A.P. Graphene oxide versus functionalized carbon nanotubes as a reinforcing agent in a PMMA/HA bone cement. Nanoscale 2012, 4, 2937–294547. Lin, L.; Chang, S.; Kuo, S.M.; Chen, S.H.U.F.E.N. Evaluation of chitosan/β-tricalcium phosphate microspheres as a constituent to PMMA cement. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2005, 16, 567–574.48. Zamora Lagos, S.I.; Murillo Salas, J.; Valencia Zapata, M.E.; Mina Hernandez, J.H.; Valencia, C.H.; Rojo, L.; Grande Tovar, C.D. Influence of the chitosan morphology on the properties of acrylic cements and their biocompatibility. RSC Adv. 2020, 10, 31156–31164.49. Ruiz, S.; Tamayo, J.A.; Ospina, J.D.; Navia Porras, D.P.; Valencia Zapata, M.E.; Mina Hernandez, J.H.; Valencia, C.H.; Zuluaga, F.; Grande Tovar, C.D. Antimicrobial Films Based on Nanocomposites of Chitosan/Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Graphene Oxide for Biomedical Applications. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 109.50. Valencia, C.; Valencia, C.; Zuluaga, F.; Valencia, M.; Mina, J.; Grande-Tovar, C. Synthesis and Application of Scaffolds of Chitosan-Graphene Oxide by the Freeze-Drying Method for Tissue Regeneration. Molecules 2018, 23, 265151. Tavakoli, M.; Bakhtiari, S.S.E.; Karbasi, S. Incorporation of chitosan/graphene oxide nanocomposite in to the PMMA bone cement: Physical, mechanical and biological evaluation. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 149, 783–79352. Moon, C.; Seo, D.J.; Song, Y.S.; Jung, W.J. Antibacterial activity of various chitosan forms against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 156, 1600–160553. Maleki Dizaj, S.; Mennati, A.; Jafari, S.; Khezri, K.; Adibkia, K. Antimicrobial activity of carbon-based nanoparticles. Adv. Pharm. Bull. 2015, 5, 19–2354. Akhavan, O.; Ghaderi, E. Toxicity of graphene and graphene oxide nanowalls against bacteria. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 5731–573655. Gurunathan, S.; Han, J.W.; Abdal Dayem, A.; Eppakayala, V.; Kim, J.H. Oxidative stress-mediated antibacterial activity of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int. J. Nanomed. 2012, 7, 5901–591456. Mangadlao, J.D.; Santos, C.M.; Felipe, M.J.L.; de Leon, A.C.C.; Rodrigues, D.F.; Advincula, R.C. On the antibacterial mechanism of graphene oxide (GO) Langmuir–Blodgett films. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 2886–2889.57. Liu, S.; Zeng, T.H.; Hofmann, M.; Burcombe, E.; Wei, J.; Jiang, R.; Kong, J.; Chen, Y. Antibacterial activity of graphite, graphite oxide, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide: Membrane and oxidative stress. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 6971–698058. Chen, J.; Peng, H.; Wang, X.; Shao, F.; Yuan, Z.; Han, H. Graphene oxide exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacterial phytopathogens and fungal conidia by intertwining and membrane perturbation. Nanoscale 2014, 6, 1879–188959. Ahmed, S.; Annu; Ali, A.; Sheikh, J. A review on chitosan centred scaffolds and their applications in tissue engineering. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 116, 849–862.60. Khandaker, M.; Vaughan, M.B.; Morris, T.L.; White, J.J.; Meng, Z. Effect of additive particles on mechanical, thermal, and cell functioning properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) cement. Int. J. Nanomed. 2014, 9, 2699–271261. Richards, R.G. The effect of surface roughness on fibroblast adhesion in vitro. Injury 1996, 27, S/C38–S/C43.62. Wirth, C.; Comte, V.; Lagneau, C.; Exbrayat, P.; Lissac, M.; Jaffrezic-Renault, N.; Ponsonnet, L. Nitinol surface roughness modulates in vitro cell response: A comparison between fibroblasts and osteoblasts. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2005, 25, 51–6063. Zhang, M.; Zhang, Z.; Ding, N.; Zheng, D. Effect of airborne-particle abrasion of presintered zirconia on surface roughness and bacterial adhesion. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2015, 113, 448–45264. Rosqvist, E.; Niemelä, E.; Venu, A.P.; Kummala, R.; Ihalainen, P.; Toivakka, M.; Eriksson, J.E.; Peltonen, J. Human dermal fibroblast proliferation controlled by surface roughness of two-component nanostructured latex polymer coatings. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2019, 174, 136–144.65. Andrukhov, O.; Behm, C.; Blufstein, A.; Wehner, C.; Gahn, J.; Pippenger, B.; Wagner, R.; Rausch-Fan, X. Effect of implant surface material and roughness to the susceptibility of primary gingival fibroblasts to inflammatory stimuli. Dent. Mater. 2020, 36, e194–e20566. Anderson, J.M.; Rodriguez, A.; Chang, D.T. Foreign body reaction to biomaterials. Semin. Immunol. 2008, 20, 86–10067. Maiborodin, I.V.; Shevela, A.I.; Morozov, V.V.; Novikova, Y.V.; Matveeva, V.A.; Drovosekov, M.N.; Barannik, M.I. Reaction of the rat tissues to implantation of polyhydroxyalkanoate films and ultrafine fibers. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2013, 154, 379–38468. Lorenz, J.; Barbeck, M.; Sader, R.A.; Kirkpatrick, C.J.; Russe, P.; Choukroun, J.; Ghanaati, S. Foreign Body Giant Cell-Related Encapsulation of a Synthetic Material Three Years after Augmentation. J. Oral Implantol. 2016, 42, 273–277.http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501ORIGINALapplsci-10-06528-v2.pdfapplsci-10-06528-v2.pdfapplication/pdf11555111https://repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12834/920/1/applsci-10-06528-v2.pdf43145915f6c3509ccbd0258b8d470c1cMD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8914https://repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12834/920/2/license_rdf24013099e9e6abb1575dc6ce0855efd5MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81306https://repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12834/920/3/license.txt67e239713705720ef0b79c50b2ececcaMD5320.500.12834/920oai:repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co:20.500.12834/9202022-11-15 15:57:48.972DSpace de la Universidad de Atlánticosysadmin@mail.uniatlantico.edu.coVMOpcm1pbm9zIGdlbmVyYWxlcyBkZWwgUmVwb3NpdG9yaW8gSW5zdGl0dWNpb25hbCBkZSBsYSBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZCBkZWwgQXRsw6FudGljbwoKRWwgKGxvcykgYXV0b3IgKGVzKSBoYW4gYXNlZ3VyYWRvIChuKSBsbyBzaWd1aWVudGUgc29icmUgbGEgb2JyYSBhIGludGVncmFyIGVuIGVsIFJlcG9zaXRvcmlvIEluc3RpdHVjaW9uYWwsIHF1ZToKCuKXjwlFcyBvcmlnaW5hbCwgZGUgc3UgZXhjbHVzaXZhIGF1dG9yw61hLCBzZSByZWFsaXrDsyBzaW4gdmlvbGFyIG8gdXN1cnBhciBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBkZSB0ZXJjZXJvcyB5IHBvc2VlIGxhIHRpdHVsYXJpZGFkLgril48JQXN1bWlyw6FuIGxhIHJlc3BvbnNhYmlsaWRhZCB0b3RhbCBwb3IgZWwgY29udGVuaWRvIGEgbGEgb2JyYSBhbnRlIGxhIEluc3RpdHVjacOzbiB5IHRlcmNlcm9zLgril48JQXV0b3JpemFuIGEgdMOtdHVsbyBncmF0dWl0byB5IHJlbnVuY2lhcyBhIHJlY2liaXIgZW1vbHVtZW50b3MgcG9yIGxhcyBhY3RpdmlkYWRlcyBxdWUgc2UgcmVhbGljZW4gY29uIGVsbGEsIHNlZ8O6biBzdSBsaWNlbmNpYS4KCgpMYSBVbml2ZXJzaWRhZCBkZWwgQXRsw6FudGljbywgcG9yIHN1IHBhcnRlLCBzZSBjb21wcm9tZXRlIGEgYWN0dWFyIGVuIGxvcyB0w6lybWlub3MgZXN0YWJsZWNpZG9zIGVuIGxhIExleSAyMyBkZSAxOTgyIHkgbGEgRGVjaXNpw7NuIEFuZGluYSAzNTEgZGUgMTk5MywgZGVtw6FzIG5vcm1hcyBnZW5lcmFsZXMgc29icmUgbGEgbWF0ZXJpYSB5IGVsIEFjdWVyZG8gU3VwZXJpb3IgMDAxIGRlIDE3IGRlIG1hcnpvIGRlIDIwMTEsIHBvciBtZWRpbyBkZWwgY3VhbCBzZSBleHBpZGUgZWwgRXN0YXR1dG8gZGUgUHJvcGllZGFkIEludGVsZWN0dWFsIGRlIGxhIFVuaXZlcnNpZGFkIGRlbCBBdGzDoW50aWNvLgoKUG9yIMO6bHRpbW8sIGhhbiBzaWRvIGluZm9ybWFkb3Mgc29icmUgZWwgdHJhdGFtaWVudG8gZGUgZGF0b3MgcGVyc29uYWxlcyBwYXJhIGZpbmVzIGFjYWTDqW1pY29zIHkgZW4gYXBsaWNhY2nDs24gZGUgY29udmVuaW9zIGNvbiB0ZXJjZXJvcyBvIHNlcnZpY2lvcyBjb25leG9zIGNvbiBhY3RpdmlkYWRlcyBwcm9waWFzIGRlIGxhIGFjYWRlbWlhLCBiYWpvIGVsIGVzdHJpY3RvIGN1bXBsaW1pZW50byBkZSBsb3MgcHJpbmNpcGlvcyBkZSBsZXkuCgpMYXMgY29uc3VsdGFzLCBjb3JyZWNjaW9uZXMgeSBzdXByZXNpb25lcyBkZSBkYXRvcyBwZXJzb25hbGVzIHB1ZWRlbiBwcmVzZW50YXJzZSBhbCBjb3JyZW8gZWxlY3Ryw7NuaWNvIGhhYmVhc2RhdGFAbWFpbC51bmlhdGxhbnRpY28uZWR1LmNvCg== |