Limited evidence of coupling between above and belowground functional traits in tropical dry forest seedlings

Introduction: Water availability is one of the main factors determining the distribution of woody species in the tropics. Although the functional mechanisms that determine the species tolerance to water deficit have been extensively studied in adult individuals, the responses of early ontogenetic st...

Full description

Autores:
Arrieta-González, Rosa
Tipo de recurso:
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Universidad del Atlántico
Repositorio:
Repositorio Uniatlantico
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co:20.500.12834/1144
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12834/1144
Palabra clave:
acquisitive strategy; Colombia; conservative strategy; functional traits; water deficit; water storage.
Rights
openAccess
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
id UNIATLANT2_2cdee87e1e7c5cd6e899ee8a2cfd6c36
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co:20.500.12834/1144
network_acronym_str UNIATLANT2
network_name_str Repositorio Uniatlantico
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Limited evidence of coupling between above and belowground functional traits in tropical dry forest seedlings
dc.title.alternative.spa.fl_str_mv Limited evidence of coupling between above and belowground functional traits in tropical dry forest seedlings
title Limited evidence of coupling between above and belowground functional traits in tropical dry forest seedlings
spellingShingle Limited evidence of coupling between above and belowground functional traits in tropical dry forest seedlings
acquisitive strategy; Colombia; conservative strategy; functional traits; water deficit; water storage.
title_short Limited evidence of coupling between above and belowground functional traits in tropical dry forest seedlings
title_full Limited evidence of coupling between above and belowground functional traits in tropical dry forest seedlings
title_fullStr Limited evidence of coupling between above and belowground functional traits in tropical dry forest seedlings
title_full_unstemmed Limited evidence of coupling between above and belowground functional traits in tropical dry forest seedlings
title_sort Limited evidence of coupling between above and belowground functional traits in tropical dry forest seedlings
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Arrieta-González, Rosa
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Arrieta-González, Rosa
dc.contributor.other.none.fl_str_mv Paez, Juan
Dominguez-Haydar, Yamileth
Salgado-Negret, Beatriz
dc.subject.keywords.spa.fl_str_mv acquisitive strategy; Colombia; conservative strategy; functional traits; water deficit; water storage.
topic acquisitive strategy; Colombia; conservative strategy; functional traits; water deficit; water storage.
description Introduction: Water availability is one of the main factors determining the distribution of woody species in the tropics. Although the functional mechanisms that determine the species tolerance to water deficit have been extensively studied in adult individuals, the responses of early ontogenetic stages have been less explored. Objective: To identify functional strategies and trait correlations between different seedlings’ dimensions (leaf, stem, and root). We expect limited coordination between above and below-ground functional traits due to a single conservation-acquisition trade-off cannot capture the variability of functions and environmental pressures to which the root system is subjected. Methods: We measured 12 functional traits belonging to 38 seedling species in a tropical dry forest in Colombia. We explored the relationships between pairs of traits using Pearson correlations, and to obtain an integrated view of the functional traits, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Results: The results showed limited evidence of linkage between above- and below-ground traits, but we did find significant correlations between traits for the continuum of conservative and acquisitive strategies. Root traits related to water and nutrient take capacity formed an orthogonal axis to the acquisitive-conservative continuum. Conclusions: Our results showed that dry forest seedlings have different functional strategies to cope with water deficit. The incorporation of root traits helps to explain new functional strategies not reported for leaf and stem traits. This study contributes to understanding the mechanisms that explain species coexistence and is particularly relevant for predicting future forest trajectories.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-06-30
dc.date.submitted.none.fl_str_mv 2021-04-06
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-12-19T02:42:48Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-12-19T02:42:48Z
dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.hasVersion.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.spa.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv Arrieta-González, R., Paez, J., Dominguez-Haydar, Y., & Salgado Negret, B. (2021). Limited evidence of coupling between above and belowground functional traits in tropical dry forest seedlings. Revista De Biología Tropical, 69(2), 763–771. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v69i2.46549
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12834/1144
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.15517/rbt.v69i2.46549
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad del Atlántico
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Universidad del Atlántico
identifier_str_mv Arrieta-González, R., Paez, J., Dominguez-Haydar, Y., & Salgado Negret, B. (2021). Limited evidence of coupling between above and belowground functional traits in tropical dry forest seedlings. Revista De Biología Tropical, 69(2), 763–771. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v69i2.46549
10.15517/rbt.v69i2.46549
Universidad del Atlántico
Repositorio Universidad del Atlántico
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12834/1144
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.rights.cc.*.fl_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
dc.rights.accessRights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Barranquilla
dc.publisher.discipline.spa.fl_str_mv Biología
dc.publisher.sede.spa.fl_str_mv Sede Norte
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv Revista de Biología Tropical
institution Universidad del Atlántico
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12834/1144/1/0034-7744-rbt-69-02-763.pdf
https://repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12834/1144/2/license_rdf
https://repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12834/1144/3/license.txt
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 17c0aef481e097b144392c3fce838067
24013099e9e6abb1575dc6ce0855efd5
67e239713705720ef0b79c50b2ececca
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv DSpace de la Universidad de Atlántico
repository.mail.fl_str_mv sysadmin@mail.uniatlantico.edu.co
_version_ 1808413935141912576
spelling Arrieta-González, Rosa325e0d5a-ee60-45df-8eeb-3d2b39e1fad7Paez, JuanDominguez-Haydar, YamilethSalgado-Negret, Beatriz2022-12-19T02:42:48Z2022-12-19T02:42:48Z2021-06-302021-04-06Arrieta-González, R., Paez, J., Dominguez-Haydar, Y., & Salgado Negret, B. (2021). Limited evidence of coupling between above and belowground functional traits in tropical dry forest seedlings. Revista De Biología Tropical, 69(2), 763–771. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v69i2.46549https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12834/114410.15517/rbt.v69i2.46549Universidad del AtlánticoRepositorio Universidad del AtlánticoIntroduction: Water availability is one of the main factors determining the distribution of woody species in the tropics. Although the functional mechanisms that determine the species tolerance to water deficit have been extensively studied in adult individuals, the responses of early ontogenetic stages have been less explored. Objective: To identify functional strategies and trait correlations between different seedlings’ dimensions (leaf, stem, and root). We expect limited coordination between above and below-ground functional traits due to a single conservation-acquisition trade-off cannot capture the variability of functions and environmental pressures to which the root system is subjected. Methods: We measured 12 functional traits belonging to 38 seedling species in a tropical dry forest in Colombia. We explored the relationships between pairs of traits using Pearson correlations, and to obtain an integrated view of the functional traits, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Results: The results showed limited evidence of linkage between above- and below-ground traits, but we did find significant correlations between traits for the continuum of conservative and acquisitive strategies. Root traits related to water and nutrient take capacity formed an orthogonal axis to the acquisitive-conservative continuum. Conclusions: Our results showed that dry forest seedlings have different functional strategies to cope with water deficit. The incorporation of root traits helps to explain new functional strategies not reported for leaf and stem traits. This study contributes to understanding the mechanisms that explain species coexistence and is particularly relevant for predicting future forest trajectories.application/pdfenghttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Internationalinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Revista de Biología TropicalLimited evidence of coupling between above and belowground functional traits in tropical dry forest seedlingsLimited evidence of coupling between above and belowground functional traits in tropical dry forest seedlingsPúblico generalacquisitive strategy; Colombia; conservative strategy; functional traits; water deficit; water storage.info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionArtículohttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1BarranquillaBiologíaSede NorteBonal, D., & Guehl, J.M. (2001). Contrasting patterns of leaf water potential and gas exchange responses to drought in seedlings of tropical rainforest species. Functional Ecology, 15(4), 490–496. https://doi. org/10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00537.xBorchert, R. (1994). Soil and stem water storage determine phenology and distribution of tropical dry forest trees. Ecology, 75(5), 1437–1449. https://doi. org/10.2307/1937467Čermák, J., Kucera, J., Bauerle, W.L., Phillips, N., & Hinckley, T.M. (2007). Tree water storage and its diurnal dynamics related to sap flow and changes in stem volume in old-growth Douglas-fir trees. Tree Physiology, 27(2), 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1093/ treephys/27.2.181Comita, L., & Engelbrecht, B. (2014). Drought as a driver of tropical tree species regeneration dynamics and distribution patterns. In D. Coomes, D. Burslem, & W. Simonson (Eds.), Forests and Global Change (pp. 261-308). Cambridge University Press. https://doi. org/10.1017/cbo9781107323506.013Dai, A. (2013). Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models. Nature Climate Change, 3(1), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1633Eissenstat, D.M., Wells, C.E., Yanai, R.D., & Whitbeck, J.L. (2000). Building roots in a changing environment: Implications for root longevity. New Phytologist, 147(1), 33–42. https://doi. org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00686.xEngelbrecht, B.M., & Kursar, T.A. (2003). Comparative drought-resistance of seedlings of 28 species of co-occurring tropical woody plants. Oecologia, 136(3), 383-393.Engelbrecht, B.M.J., Comita, L.S., Condit, R., Kursar, T.A., Tyree, M.T., Turner, B.L., & Hubbell, S.P. (2007). Drought sensitivity shapes species distribution patterns in tropical forests. Nature, 447(7140), 80–82. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05747Feng, X., Porporato, A., & Rodriguez-Iturbe, I. (2013). Changes in rainfall seasonality in the tropics. Nature Climate Change, 3(9), 811–815. https://doi. org/10.1038/nclimate1907Freschet, G.T., Roumet, C., Comas, L.H., Weemstra, M., Bengough, A.G., Rewald, B., Bardgett, R., De Deyn, G., Johnson, D., Klimesová, J., Lukac, M., McCormack, M., Meier, I., Pages, L., Poorter, H., Prieto, I., Wurzburger, N., Zadworny, M., … Stokes, A. (2020). Root traits as drivers of plant and ecosystem functioning: Current understanding, pitfalls and future research needs. New Phytologist, 1-36. https://doi. org/10.1111/nph.17072González-M., R., Norden, N., Posada, J.M., Pizano, C., García, H., Idárraga-Piedrahita, Á., López-Camacho, R., Nieto, J., Rodríguez-M, G.M., Torres, A.M., Castaño-Naranjo, A., Jurado, R., Franke-Ante, R., Galindo-T, R., Hernández, E., Barbosa, A., & Salgado-Negret, B. (2019). Climate severity and landcover transformation determine plant community attributes in Colombian dry forests. Biotropica, 51(6), 826–837. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12715González-M., R., Posada, J.M., Carmona, C.P., Garzón, F., Salinas, V., Idárraga-Piedrahita, Á., Pizano, C., Avella, A., López-Camacho, R., Norden, N., Nieto, J., Medina, S.P., Rodríguez-M., G.M., Franke-Ante, R., Torres, A.M., Jurado, R., Cuadros, H., Castaño-Naranjo, A., García, H., & Salgado-Negret, B. (2020). Diverging functional strategies but high sensitivity to an extreme drought in tropical dry forests. Ecology Letters, 24(3), 451–463. https://doi. org/10.1111/ele.13659Hacke, U.G., Sperry, J.S., Pockman, W.T., Davis, S.D., & McCulloh, K.A. (2001). Trends in wood density and structure are linked to prevention of xylem implosion by negative pressure. Oecologia, 126(4), 457–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100628Hubbell, S.P., Foster, R.B., O’Brien, S.T., Harms, K.E., Condit, R., Wechsler, B., Wright, S.J., & Loo De Lao, S. (1999). Light-gap disturbances, recruitment limitation, and tree diversity in a neotropical forest. Science, 283(5401), 554–557. https://doi.org/10.1126/ science.283.5401.554Lewis, S.L., & Tanner, E.V.J. (2000). Effects of above- and belowground competition on growth and survival of rain forest tree seedlings. Ecology, 81(9), 2525. https://doi.org/10.2307/177472Markesteijn, L., & Poorter, L. (2009). Seedling root morphology and biomass allocation of 62 tropical tree species in relation to drought- and shade-tolerance. Journal of Ecology, 97(2), 311–325. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01466.xMarkesteijn, L., Poorter, L., Bongers, F., Paz, H., & Sack, L. (2011). Hydraulics and life history of tropical dry forest tree species: Coordination of species’ drought and shade tolerance. New Phytologist, 191(2), 480–495. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03708.xMéndez-Alonzo, R., Paz, H., Cruz, R., Rosell, J.A., & Olson, M.E. (2012). Coordinated evolution of leaf and stem economics in tropical dry forest trees. Ecology, 93(11), 2397–2406. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/41739311Murphy, P.G., & Lugo, A.E. (1986). Ecology of tropical dry forest. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 17, 67–88. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev. es.17.110186.000435Osuri, A.M., Chakravarthy, D., Mudappa, D., Raman, T.R.S., Ayyappan, N., Muthuramkumar, S., & Parthasarathy, N. (2017). Successional status, seed dispersal mode and overstorey species influence tree regeneration in tropical rain-forest fragments in Western Ghats, India. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 33(4), 270–284. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467417000219Paz, H., Pineda-García, F., & Pinzón-Pérez, L.F. (2015). Root depth and morphology in response to soil drought: comparing ecological groups along the secondary succession in a tropical dry forest. Oecologia, 179(2), 551–561. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00442-015-3359-6Pérez-Harguindeguy, N., Díaz, S., Garnier, E., Lavorel, S., Poorter, H., Jaureguiberry, P., Bret-Harte, M.S., Cornwell, W.K., Craine, J.M., Gurvich, D.E., Urcelay, C., Veneklaas, E.J., Reich, P.B., Poorter, L., Wright, I.J., Ray, P., Enrico, L., Pausas, J.G., De Vos, A.C., … Cornelissen, J.H.C. (2013). New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Australian Journal of Botany, 61(3), 167–234. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT12225Pineda-García, F., Paz, H., & Meinzer, F.C. (2013). Drought resistance in early and late secondary successional species from a tropical dry forest: The interplay between xylem resistance to embolism, sapwood water storage and leaf shedding. Plant, Cell and Environment, 36(2), 405–418. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02582.xPineda-García, F., Paz, H., Meinzer, F.C., & Angeles, G. (2015). Exploiting water versus tolerating drought: Water-use strategies of trees in a secondary successional tropical dry forest. Tree Physiology, 36(2), 208–217. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpv124Poorter, L., & Markesteijn, L. (2008). Seedling traits determine drought tolerance of tropical tree species. Biotropica, 40(3), 321–331.Poorter, L., Wright, S.J., Paz, H., Ackerly, D.D., Condit, R., Ibarra-Manríquez, G., Harms, K.E., Licona, J.C., Martínez-Ramos, M., Mazer, S.J., Muller-Landau, H.C., Peña-Claros, M., Webb, C.O., & Wright, I.J. (2008). Are functional traits good predictors of demographic rates? Evidence from five neotropical forests. Ecology, 89(7), 1908–1920.Poorter, H., Niinemets, Ü., Poorter, L., Wright, I.J., & Villar, R. (2009). Causes and consequences of variation in leaf mass per area (LMA): A meta-analysis. New Phytologist, 182(3), 565–588. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02830.xPrieto, I., Roumet, C., Cardinael, R., Dupraz, C., Jourdan, C., Kim, J.H., Maeght, J.L., Mao, Z., Pierret, A., Portillo, N., Roupsard, O., Thammahacksa, C., & Stokes, A. (2015). Root functional parameters along a land-use gradient: Evidence of a community-level economics spectrum. Journal of Ecology, 103(2), 361–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12351R Core Team. (2015). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (v3.2.2). R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http//www.Rproject.org/Romo, M. (2005). Efecto de la luz en el crecimiento de plántulas de Dipteryx Micrantha Harms “Shihuahuaco” tranplantadas a sotobosque, claros y plantaciones. Ecología Aplicada, 4, 1–8. http://www.scielo.org.pe/ pdf/ecol/v4n1-2/a01v4n1-2.pdfRoumet, C., Urcelay, C., & Díaz, S. (2006). Suites of root traits differ between annual and perennial species growing in the field. New Phytologist, 170(2), 357–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01667.xSalgado-Negret, B., Rodríguez, E.N.P., Cabrera, M., Osorio, C.R., & Paz, H. (2016). Protocolo para la medición de rasgos funcionales en plantas. In B. Salgado-Negret (Ed.), La ecología funcional como aproximación al estudio, manejo y conservación de la biodiversidad: protocolos y aplicaciones (pp. 12–35). Instituto de Investigaciones de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Colombia.Scholz, F.G., Bucci, S.J., Goldstein, G., Meinzer, F.C., Franco, A.C., & Miralles-Wilhelm, F. (2007). Biophysical properties and functional significance of stem water storage tissues in Neotropical savanna trees. Plant, Cell and Environment, 30(2), 236–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01623.xValverde-Barrantes, O.J., Smemo, K.A., & Blackwood, C.B. (2015). Fine root morphology is phylogenetically structured, but nitrogen is related to the plant economics spectrum in temperate trees. Functional Ecology, 29(6), 796-807. https://doi. org/10.1111/1365-2435.12384Weemstra, M., Mommer, L., Visser, E.J.W., van Ruijven, J., Kuyper, T.W., Mohren, G.M.J., & Sterck, F.J. (2016). Towards a multidimension root trait framework: a tree root review. New Phytologist, 211(4), 1159-1169. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14003Withington, J., Reich, P., Oleksyn, J., & Eissenstat, D. (2006). Comparisons of structure and life span in roots and leaves among temperate trees. Ecological Monographs, 76, 381–397. https://doi. org/10.1890/0012-9615(2006)076[0381:COSALS]2 .0.CO;2http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1ORIGINAL0034-7744-rbt-69-02-763.pdf0034-7744-rbt-69-02-763.pdfapplication/pdf634305https://repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12834/1144/1/0034-7744-rbt-69-02-763.pdf17c0aef481e097b144392c3fce838067MD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8914https://repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12834/1144/2/license_rdf24013099e9e6abb1575dc6ce0855efd5MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81306https://repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co/bitstream/20.500.12834/1144/3/license.txt67e239713705720ef0b79c50b2ececcaMD5320.500.12834/1144oai:repositorio.uniatlantico.edu.co:20.500.12834/11442022-12-18 21:42:49.78DSpace de la Universidad de Atlánticosysadmin@mail.uniatlantico.edu.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