Speaking Activities to Improve a Grammatical Aspect and Oral Production in English as a Second Language Students

In the Pedagogy Concentration of the Languages and Cultures program at Universidad de Los Andes, students must complete a research project or a Pedagogical Practice as one of the requirements to graduate from the program. Thus, the second option was chosen, so the Pedagogical Practice was carried ou...

Full description

Autores:
Jaimes Reyes, Natalia
Tipo de recurso:
Trabajo de grado de pregrado
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Universidad de los Andes
Repositorio:
Séneca: repositorio Uniandes
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.uniandes.edu.co:1992/60661
Acceso en línea:
http://hdl.handle.net/1992/60661
Palabra clave:
Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar
The Bilingualism Program
Participant Observation
Problematic Grammatical Aspect
Speaking skill
Task-based Learning
Communicative Approach
Oral Production
Teaching
Co-teaching
Collaborative Work
Qualitative Research
Lenguas y Cultura
Rights
openAccess
License
Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
id UNIANDES2_a8771cd0f25ddbf63f5367479515dadf
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.uniandes.edu.co:1992/60661
network_acronym_str UNIANDES2
network_name_str Séneca: repositorio Uniandes
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Speaking Activities to Improve a Grammatical Aspect and Oral Production in English as a Second Language Students
title Speaking Activities to Improve a Grammatical Aspect and Oral Production in English as a Second Language Students
spellingShingle Speaking Activities to Improve a Grammatical Aspect and Oral Production in English as a Second Language Students
Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar
The Bilingualism Program
Participant Observation
Problematic Grammatical Aspect
Speaking skill
Task-based Learning
Communicative Approach
Oral Production
Teaching
Co-teaching
Collaborative Work
Qualitative Research
Lenguas y Cultura
title_short Speaking Activities to Improve a Grammatical Aspect and Oral Production in English as a Second Language Students
title_full Speaking Activities to Improve a Grammatical Aspect and Oral Production in English as a Second Language Students
title_fullStr Speaking Activities to Improve a Grammatical Aspect and Oral Production in English as a Second Language Students
title_full_unstemmed Speaking Activities to Improve a Grammatical Aspect and Oral Production in English as a Second Language Students
title_sort Speaking Activities to Improve a Grammatical Aspect and Oral Production in English as a Second Language Students
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Jaimes Reyes, Natalia
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv Rincón Vásquez, Ana Milena
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Jaimes Reyes, Natalia
dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv Lugo Vásquez, Víctor Elías
dc.subject.keyword.none.fl_str_mv Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar
The Bilingualism Program
Participant Observation
Problematic Grammatical Aspect
Speaking skill
Task-based Learning
Communicative Approach
Oral Production
Teaching
Co-teaching
Collaborative Work
Qualitative Research
topic Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar
The Bilingualism Program
Participant Observation
Problematic Grammatical Aspect
Speaking skill
Task-based Learning
Communicative Approach
Oral Production
Teaching
Co-teaching
Collaborative Work
Qualitative Research
Lenguas y Cultura
dc.subject.themes.es_CO.fl_str_mv Lenguas y Cultura
description In the Pedagogy Concentration of the Languages and Cultures program at Universidad de Los Andes, students must complete a research project or a Pedagogical Practice as one of the requirements to graduate from the program. Thus, the second option was chosen, so the Pedagogical Practice was carried out Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF), teaching English to members of the ICBF. In this context, the practitioner conducted a Participant Observation during the English classes, to find problematic aspects in the learning process of the students, to find solutions to such situations. So, during the observations made by the practitioner, several problematic aspects were found, and the focus was on a grammatical aspect that was problematic, and that also had a negative influence on the students' speaking ability. Consequently, in order to solve this aspect, were proposed series of group activities with a communicative approach and using the "Task-Based Learning" methodology. Finally, it was evidenced an improvement of the students regarding this grammatical issue after having applied the proposed solutions, and it was also observed an improvement in the oral production of the learners.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020-05-17
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-09-14T18:04:12Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-09-14T18:04:12Z
dc.type.es_CO.fl_str_mv Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis
dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
dc.type.content.es_CO.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TP
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/1992/60661
dc.identifier.instname.es_CO.fl_str_mv instname:Universidad de los Andes
dc.identifier.reponame.es_CO.fl_str_mv reponame:Repositorio Institucional Séneca
dc.identifier.repourl.es_CO.fl_str_mv repourl:https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/
url http://hdl.handle.net/1992/60661
identifier_str_mv instname:Universidad de los Andes
reponame:Repositorio Institucional Séneca
repourl:https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.es_CO.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.es_CO.fl_str_mv Armendariz, J. (2013). Técnicas de Investigación cualitativa en educación. [SlideShare presentation]. Retrieved from https://es.slideshare.net/bambino9/tcnicas-de-investigacin-cualitativa-en-educacin-javier-armendariz-cortez-y-la-universidad-americana-del-noreste
Aktinson, P., & Hammersley, M. (1998). Ethnography and participant observation. Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 248-261.
Azar, B. S. (2002). Understanding and using. English Grammar.
Bowen, T. (2010). Teaching approaches: task-based learning. Onestopenglish. Com.
British Council (n.d). Retrieved from https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/internalisation
Check, J., & Schutt, R. K. (2012). Survey research. Research methods in education, 159-185
El Instituto. (2020). Retrieved 16 May 2020, from https://www.icbf.gov.co/instituto
Fandiño-Parra, Y. J., Bermúdez-Jiménez, J. R., & Lugo-Vásquez, V. E. (2012). The challenges facing the national program for bilingualism: Bilingual Colombia. Educación y Educadores, 15(3), 363-381.
Frels, R. K., Sharma, B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Leech, N. L., & Stark, M. D. (2011). The Use of a Checklist and Qualitative Notebooks for an Interactive Process of Teaching and Learning Qualitative Research. Journal of Effective Teaching, 11(1), 62-79.
Gillis, A., & Jackson, W. (2002). Research for nurses: Methods and interpretation. FA Davis Company.
Hymes, D. (1972). On communicative competence. sociolinguistics, 269293, 269-293.
Lemmolo, G. (n.d). Academics answer: What is task based-learning. English First.
McLeod, S. A. (2019). Qualitative vs. quantitative research. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/qualitative-quantitative.html
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Task. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/task
Portal ICBF (n.d) - Inscripción Biliguismo. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.icbf.gov.co/sites/default/files/inscripcion_bilinguismo_1.pdf
Portal ICBF (n.d). Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar ICBF. Retrieved from https://www.icbf.gov.co/
Punch, K. F. (1998). Collecting qualitative data. Introduction to social research: quantitative and qualitative approaches, 174-197.
Qureshi, I. A. (2007). The Importance of Speaking Skills for EFL Learners. Department of English, Alama Iqbal Open University, Pakistan. Psycholinguistics.
Richards, J. C., & Richards, J. C. (1990). The language teaching matrix. Cambridge University Press.
Schensul, S., Schensul, J., & Diane, M. M. LeCompte. 1999. Essential ethnographic methods: Observations, interviews, and questionnaires/(Ethnographer's Toolkit Vol. II).
Scrivener, J. (2003). Oxford basics: Teaching grammar. Oxford University Press.
SENA. (2018). bilingüismo para funcionarios públicos. (Manual de Bilingüismo). Recuperado de file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/MANUAL%20BILINGUISMO%20(2).pdf
Thornbury, S. (1999). How to teach grammar (Vol. 3). Harlow: Longman.
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.extent.es_CO.fl_str_mv 41 páginas
dc.format.mimetype.es_CO.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.es_CO.fl_str_mv Universidad de los Andes
dc.publisher.program.es_CO.fl_str_mv Lenguas y Cultura
dc.publisher.faculty.es_CO.fl_str_mv Facultad de Ciencias Sociales
dc.publisher.department.es_CO.fl_str_mv Departamento de Lenguas y Cultura
institution Universidad de los Andes
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/e68ab61c-3fd8-41b9-b567-0af956da52c2/download
https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/b65075c9-68bf-4101-b798-f59372a9a472/download
https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/f7ea6e06-f9c4-48e9-b2c0-8138d034969a/download
https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/5745bd0f-dd98-4610-a8c1-409b21d43e83/download
https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/b8df8cdd-e89a-41c7-8535-c3e3b82fa58d/download
https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/a3a8f461-6e61-452a-ac16-a24ce84bc508/download
https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/131bd8c8-7f8d-477f-8d36-61c7f2625d43/download
https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/922969a6-2198-4b80-ab2e-bba935ed670e/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 34de822aa463b50fcb4e3efc4287d10f
ab0cec70c86cdb10770b6f749f275e00
5aa5c691a1ffe97abd12c2966efcb8d6
0cb508e1527307f1d7af40b0a16ac059
4491fe1afb58beaaef41a73cf7ff2e27
f7d494f61e544413a13e6ba1da2089cd
85ea33fcc44639c350065ce31d680ef4
cc813d8439802d06848783aece571512
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio institucional Séneca
repository.mail.fl_str_mv adminrepositorio@uniandes.edu.co
_version_ 1812134029896450048
spelling Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Rincón Vásquez, Ana Milena54129eb5-e091-4213-952d-57575341dd16600Jaimes Reyes, Natalia9df19e88-6f10-420c-b629-c49fed3c4be3600Lugo Vásquez, Víctor Elías2022-09-14T18:04:12Z2022-09-14T18:04:12Z2020-05-17http://hdl.handle.net/1992/60661instname:Universidad de los Andesreponame:Repositorio Institucional Sénecarepourl:https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/In the Pedagogy Concentration of the Languages and Cultures program at Universidad de Los Andes, students must complete a research project or a Pedagogical Practice as one of the requirements to graduate from the program. Thus, the second option was chosen, so the Pedagogical Practice was carried out Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF), teaching English to members of the ICBF. In this context, the practitioner conducted a Participant Observation during the English classes, to find problematic aspects in the learning process of the students, to find solutions to such situations. So, during the observations made by the practitioner, several problematic aspects were found, and the focus was on a grammatical aspect that was problematic, and that also had a negative influence on the students' speaking ability. Consequently, in order to solve this aspect, were proposed series of group activities with a communicative approach and using the "Task-Based Learning" methodology. Finally, it was evidenced an improvement of the students regarding this grammatical issue after having applied the proposed solutions, and it was also observed an improvement in the oral production of the learners.Profesional en Lenguas y CulturaPregrado41 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad de los AndesLenguas y CulturaFacultad de Ciencias SocialesDepartamento de Lenguas y CulturaSpeaking Activities to Improve a Grammatical Aspect and Oral Production in English as a Second Language StudentsTrabajo de grado - Pregradoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TPInstituto Colombiano de Bienestar FamiliarThe Bilingualism ProgramParticipant ObservationProblematic Grammatical AspectSpeaking skillTask-based LearningCommunicative ApproachOral ProductionTeachingCo-teachingCollaborative WorkQualitative ResearchLenguas y CulturaArmendariz, J. (2013). Técnicas de Investigación cualitativa en educación. [SlideShare presentation]. Retrieved from https://es.slideshare.net/bambino9/tcnicas-de-investigacin-cualitativa-en-educacin-javier-armendariz-cortez-y-la-universidad-americana-del-noresteAktinson, P., & Hammersley, M. (1998). Ethnography and participant observation. Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 248-261.Azar, B. S. (2002). Understanding and using. English Grammar.Bowen, T. (2010). Teaching approaches: task-based learning. Onestopenglish. Com.British Council (n.d). Retrieved from https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/internalisationCheck, J., & Schutt, R. K. (2012). Survey research. Research methods in education, 159-185El Instituto. (2020). Retrieved 16 May 2020, from https://www.icbf.gov.co/institutoFandiño-Parra, Y. J., Bermúdez-Jiménez, J. R., & Lugo-Vásquez, V. E. (2012). The challenges facing the national program for bilingualism: Bilingual Colombia. Educación y Educadores, 15(3), 363-381.Frels, R. K., Sharma, B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Leech, N. L., & Stark, M. D. (2011). The Use of a Checklist and Qualitative Notebooks for an Interactive Process of Teaching and Learning Qualitative Research. Journal of Effective Teaching, 11(1), 62-79.Gillis, A., & Jackson, W. (2002). Research for nurses: Methods and interpretation. FA Davis Company.Hymes, D. (1972). On communicative competence. sociolinguistics, 269293, 269-293.Lemmolo, G. (n.d). Academics answer: What is task based-learning. English First.McLeod, S. A. (2019). Qualitative vs. quantitative research. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/qualitative-quantitative.htmlMerriam-Webster. (n.d.). Task. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/taskPortal ICBF (n.d) - Inscripción Biliguismo. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.icbf.gov.co/sites/default/files/inscripcion_bilinguismo_1.pdfPortal ICBF (n.d). Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar ICBF. Retrieved from https://www.icbf.gov.co/Punch, K. F. (1998). Collecting qualitative data. Introduction to social research: quantitative and qualitative approaches, 174-197.Qureshi, I. A. (2007). The Importance of Speaking Skills for EFL Learners. Department of English, Alama Iqbal Open University, Pakistan. Psycholinguistics.Richards, J. C., & Richards, J. C. (1990). The language teaching matrix. Cambridge University Press.Schensul, S., Schensul, J., & Diane, M. M. LeCompte. 1999. Essential ethnographic methods: Observations, interviews, and questionnaires/(Ethnographer's Toolkit Vol. II).Scrivener, J. (2003). Oxford basics: Teaching grammar. Oxford University Press.SENA. (2018). bilingüismo para funcionarios públicos. (Manual de Bilingüismo). Recuperado de file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/MANUAL%20BILINGUISMO%20(2).pdfThornbury, S. (1999). How to teach grammar (Vol. 3). Harlow: Longman.201615042PublicationTHUMBNAILFinal Report 2020-1 (1).pdf.jpgFinal Report 2020-1 (1).pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg7322https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/e68ab61c-3fd8-41b9-b567-0af956da52c2/download34de822aa463b50fcb4e3efc4287d10fMD56FORMATO DE AUTORIZ.pdf.jpgFORMATO DE AUTORIZ.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg16036https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/b65075c9-68bf-4101-b798-f59372a9a472/downloadab0cec70c86cdb10770b6f749f275e00MD58LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81810https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/f7ea6e06-f9c4-48e9-b2c0-8138d034969a/download5aa5c691a1ffe97abd12c2966efcb8d6MD51TEXTFinal Report 2020-1 (1).pdf.txtFinal Report 2020-1 (1).pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain67239https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/5745bd0f-dd98-4610-a8c1-409b21d43e83/download0cb508e1527307f1d7af40b0a16ac059MD55FORMATO DE AUTORIZ.pdf.txtFORMATO DE AUTORIZ.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain1163https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/b8df8cdd-e89a-41c7-8535-c3e3b82fa58d/download4491fe1afb58beaaef41a73cf7ff2e27MD57CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8799https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/a3a8f461-6e61-452a-ac16-a24ce84bc508/downloadf7d494f61e544413a13e6ba1da2089cdMD52ORIGINALFinal Report 2020-1 (1).pdfFinal Report 2020-1 (1).pdfTrabajo de Grado-Lenguas y Culturaapplication/pdf1271379https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/131bd8c8-7f8d-477f-8d36-61c7f2625d43/download85ea33fcc44639c350065ce31d680ef4MD53FORMATO DE AUTORIZ.pdfFORMATO DE AUTORIZ.pdfHIDEapplication/pdf188189https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/922969a6-2198-4b80-ab2e-bba935ed670e/downloadcc813d8439802d06848783aece571512MD541992/60661oai:repositorio.uniandes.edu.co:1992/606612023-10-10 19:01:16.769http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/open.accesshttps://repositorio.uniandes.edu.coRepositorio institucional Sénecaadminrepositorio@uniandes.edu.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