Seismic retrofit of two-story earthen historic buildings using steel plates
Se presenta un documento con una evaluación experimental sobre el comportamiento sísmico de edificaciones en tierra de dos pisos con y sin refuerzo con placas de acero.
- Autores:
-
Ruiz Valencia, Daniel Mauricio
- Tipo de recurso:
- Doctoral thesis
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Universidad de los Andes
- Repositorio:
- Séneca: repositorio Uniandes
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.uniandes.edu.co:1992/67213
- Acceso en línea:
- http://hdl.handle.net/1992/67213
- Palabra clave:
- Rammed earth wall
Historic buildings
Cyclic test
Shear strength
Full-scale two-story earthen building test
Earthen buildings
Out-of-plane strength
Ingeniería
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional
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| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Seismic retrofit of two-story earthen historic buildings using steel plates |
| dc.title.alternative.none.fl_str_mv |
Rehabilitación sísmica de edificaciones en tierra (patrimoniales) de dos niveles con platinas de acero |
| title |
Seismic retrofit of two-story earthen historic buildings using steel plates |
| spellingShingle |
Seismic retrofit of two-story earthen historic buildings using steel plates Rammed earth wall Historic buildings Cyclic test Shear strength Full-scale two-story earthen building test Earthen buildings Out-of-plane strength Ingeniería |
| title_short |
Seismic retrofit of two-story earthen historic buildings using steel plates |
| title_full |
Seismic retrofit of two-story earthen historic buildings using steel plates |
| title_fullStr |
Seismic retrofit of two-story earthen historic buildings using steel plates |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Seismic retrofit of two-story earthen historic buildings using steel plates |
| title_sort |
Seismic retrofit of two-story earthen historic buildings using steel plates |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Ruiz Valencia, Daniel Mauricio |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Reyes Ortíz, Juan Carlos |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Ruiz Valencia, Daniel Mauricio |
| dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv |
Jerez Barbosa, Sandra Rocío Blondet Saavedra, Marcial Tarque Ruiz, Sabino Nicola Correal Daza, Juan Francisco Javier |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.es_CO.fl_str_mv |
Centro de Investigación en Materiales y Obras Civiles (CIMOC) |
| dc.subject.keyword.none.fl_str_mv |
Rammed earth wall Historic buildings Cyclic test Shear strength Full-scale two-story earthen building test Earthen buildings Out-of-plane strength |
| topic |
Rammed earth wall Historic buildings Cyclic test Shear strength Full-scale two-story earthen building test Earthen buildings Out-of-plane strength Ingeniería |
| dc.subject.themes.es_CO.fl_str_mv |
Ingeniería |
| description |
Se presenta un documento con una evaluación experimental sobre el comportamiento sísmico de edificaciones en tierra de dos pisos con y sin refuerzo con placas de acero. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-06-06T16:35:33Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-06-06T16:35:33Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-06-02 |
| dc.type.es_CO.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Doctorado |
| dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06 |
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Text |
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https://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TD |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06 |
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acceptedVersion |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/1992/67213 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.57784/1992/67213 |
| dc.identifier.instname.es_CO.fl_str_mv |
instname:Universidad de los Andes |
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reponame:Repositorio Institucional Séneca |
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repourl:https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/ |
| url |
http://hdl.handle.net/1992/67213 |
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10.57784/1992/67213 instname:Universidad de los Andes reponame:Repositorio Institucional Séneca repourl:https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.es_CO.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.references.es_CO.fl_str_mv |
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[Law 163/1959: By which measures are dictated on defense and conservation of the historical, artistic heritage and public monuments of the Nation, 1959; Law 1185/2008: By which Law 397 of 1997 - General Law of Culture - 2008 is modified and added] Angulo-Ibáñez Q., Wooden Reinforcement for Earth Constructions in Albacete, Spain, Journal of Architectural Conservation 21, no. 2 (2015): 98-112. Corradine, A. (1989). Historia de la arquitectura colombiana. Colonia 1538-1850, Bogotá, Biblioteca Cundinamarca, Primera Edición. D'Ayala D., Benzoni G. (2010). Historic and Traditional Structures during the 2010 Chile Earthquake: Observations, Codes, and Conservation strategies. Earthq. Spectra. 28, 425-451, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000030 D'Ayala D., Speranza E. (2003). Definition of collapse mechanisms and seismic vulnerability of historic masonry buildings, Earthq. Spectra. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1599896 Day, R. W. (1993). Performance of Historic Adobe Structure. 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Seismic retrofitting of rural rammed-earth buildings using externally bonded fibers, Constr. Build. Mater. 100, 91-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.048 López, C., Ruiz, D., Muñoz, E., Uribe, J., Maldonado, P., Jerez, S. (2005). Rehabilitación de arquitectura en tierra en el área andina. En Sismo Adobe 2005. Lima. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. López C., Ruiz D., Jerez S., Quiroga P., Uribe J. and Muñoz E. (2007). Rehabilitación sísmica de muros de adobe de edificaciones monumentales mediante tensores de acero [Seismic rehabilitation of adobe brick walls in heritage buildings using steel tensors]. Apuntes: Revista de Estudios Sobre Patrimonio Cultural - Journal of Cultural Heritage Studies, 20(2): 304-317. https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/handle/10554/22922 López, C., Ruiz, D., Jerez, S., Aguilar, S., Torres, J., and Alvarado, Y. (2020). Seismic behaviour of rammed-earth buildings reinforced with wood elements and an upper concrete beam. 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Joint Research Center. EUR 21190EN. Reyes J.C., Yamín L.E., Hassan W.M., Sandoval J.D., Gonzalez C.D., Galvis F.A. (2018). Shear behavior of adobe and rammed-earth walls of heritage structures, Eng. Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.061 Reyes, J. C., Smith-Pardo, J. P., Yamín, L. E., Galvis, F. A., Sandoval, J. D., Gonzalez, C. D., and Correal, J. F. (2019). In-plane seismic behavior of full-scale earthen walls with openings retrofitted with timber elements and vertical tensors. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 17(7), 4193-4215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00601-8 Reyes, J. C., Smith, J. P., Yamín, L. E., heritage structures, F. A., Angel, C. C., Sandoval, J. D., and Gonzalez, C. D. (2019a). Seismic experimental assessment of steel and synthetic meshes for retrofitting heritage earthen structures. Engineering Structures, 198, 109477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109477 Reyes, J. C., Galvis F., Yamín L., Gonzalez C., Sandoval J.D., Heresi P. (2019b). Out of "plane shaking table tests of full" scale historic adobe corner walls retrofitted with timber elements. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics. 48:888-909. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3168 Reyes, J. C., Rincon, R., Yamín, L. E., Correal, J. F., Martinez, J. G., Sandoval, J. D., Gonzalez, C. D., and Angel, C. (2020). Seismic retrofitting of existing earthen structures using steel plates. Construction and Building Materials, 230, 117039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117039 Rincon R, Reyes JC, Carrillo J, Clavijo-Tocasuchyl A. (2022). Empirical fragility assessment of adobe and rammed-earth walls subjected to seismic actions. Earthquake Engng Struct Dyn. 2022;1-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3608 Río G.B., Barrios PB. (1992). Bases para el diseño y construcción con tapial. Madrid, Spain. Ruiz D., López C., and Rivera, J. C. (2012). Propuesta de normativa para la rehabilitación símica de edificaciones patrimoniales [Proposed regulations for seismic rehabilitation of earthen heritage buildings]. Apuntes: Revista de Estudios Sobre Patrimonio Cultural - Journal of Cultural Heritage Studies, 25(2 SE-). https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/handle/10554/23115 Ruiz D., López C., Unigarro S., and Domínguez M. (2014). Seismic Rehabilitation of Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Rammed-earth Built Churches in the Andean Highlands: Field and Laboratory Study. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 29(6): 04014144-1 - 04014144-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000605 Ruiz, D., Silva, M., Cerón, L. and López, C. (2017). Seismic performance of rammed-earth town halls reinforced with confinement wooden elements. Revista Ingeniería de Construcción, 32(2): 25-44. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50732017000200003 Ruiz D.M., Reyes J.C., Bran C., Restrepo M., Alvarado Y.A., Barrera N., Suesca D. (2022). Flexural behavior of rammed-earth components reinforced with steel plates based on experimental, numerical, and analytical modeling. Construction and Building Materials. 320, 126231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126231 Ruiz D., Galindo P., Hernández A., Reyes J. C., Restrepo M., Barrera N., Martinez J., López C. (2023). Structural reinforcement of 1 and 2 story heritage earthen buildings: application of the AIS-610-EP-2017 regulation. Informes de la Construcción, 75(269), e488. https://doi.org/10.3989/ic.90103 Ruiz D. M., Barrera N., Reyes J.C., Alvarado Y.A., Villalba J., Gómez I.D., Vacca H., Carrasco D. (2023a). Bi-axial shaking table tests to evaluate the seismic performance of two-story rammed earth walls retrofitted with steel plates. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering (submitted). Ruiz D. M., Barrera N., Reyes J.C., Restrepo M., Alvarado Y.A., Lozada M., Vacca H. (2023b). "Strengthening of historical earthen constructions with steel plates: Full-scale test of a two-story wall subjected to in-plane lateral load". Construction and Building Materials, Volume 363, 11 January 2023, 129877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129877 Saldarriaga A. (2012). La restauración del patrimonio construido en Colombia. Experiencias y Métodos de Restauración En Colombia, vol. 2 (Roma: Aracne), 29-35.7 Sánchez-Gama, C. E. (2007). La arquitectura de tierra en Colombia, procesos y culturas constructivas. Revista Apuntes: Revista de Estudios Sobre Patrimonio Cultural, 20(2), 242-255. https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/handle/10554/23047 SENCICO. (2020). NTE-E-0.80. Diseño y construcción con tierra reforzada. Reglamento Nacional de Edificaciones. Lima, Perú. Shrestha, K. C., Aoki, T., Konishi, T., Miyamoto, M., Zhang, J., Takahashi, N., Wangmo, P., Aramaki, T., and Yuasa, N. (2019). Full Scale Pull Down Tests on a Two Storied Rammed-earth Building with Possible Strengthening Interventions. Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. Vol. 18. Springer, Cham. (pp. 1557-1565). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99441-3_167 Shrestha, K. C., Aoki, T., Miyamoto, M., Wangmo, P., Pema, Zhang, J., and Takahashi, N. (2020). Strengthening of rammed-earth structures with simple interventions. Journal of Building Engineering, 29, 101179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101179 Standards Australia. (2002). The Australian Earth Building Handbook. Sydney, AU. Tarque N., Crowley H., Pinho R., Varum H. (2012). Displacement-based fragility curves for seismic assessment of adobe buildings in Cusco, Peru. Earthquake Spectra. 2012;28(2):759-794. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000001 Tarque N., Blondet M., Vargas Neumann J., Yallico Luque, R. (2022). Rope mesh as a seismic reinforcement for two story adobe buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-022-01346-7 Tavares, A., Costa, A., and Varum, H. (2012). Common pathologies in composite adobe and reinforced concrete constructions. J. Perform. Constr. Facil. Volume 26, Issue 4, 389-401. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000200 Tiegang Zhou, Bo Liu, Xiang Zhao, Jun Mu. (2018). Experimental testing of the in-plane behavior of bearing modern rammed-earth walls. Advances in Structural Engineering 2018, Vol. 21(13) 2045-2055. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433218764978 Tiegang Zhou, Zaiyu Zhang, Zhifan Su and Peng Tian. (2021). Seismic performance test of rammed-earth wall with different structural columns. Advances in Structural Engineering 2021, Vol. 24(1) 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433220944506 Tolles, L. and Krawinkler, H. (1990). Seismic Studies on Small-Scale Models on Adobe Houses. John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center Technical Report Series Nº 91. Stanford University. https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:ct954yd6550/TR91_Tolles.pdf Torres S.J. (2019). The anti-seismic capacity and enhancement of earthen structures. Earthen architecture for the urban context of Bogotá, (master's thesis, Politecnico di Torino). Urbina A. (2012). El Centro Histórico de Bogotá de puertas para adentro [Inside the Historic Center of Bogotá]. Cuadernos de vivienda y urbanismo 5, no. 9: 46-69. Uribe, C., López C., and Ruiz D. (2014). Casas consistoriales en Cundinamarca. Estudio de caso de la casa del municipio de Cogua. Apuntes: Revista de Estudios Sobre Patrimonio Cultural. https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/handle/10554/23227 Varum, H., Figueiredo, A., Silveira, D., Martins, T., Costa, A. (2011). Investigaciones realizadas en la Universidad de Aveiro sobre caracterización mecánica de las construcciones existentes en adobe en Portugal y propuestas de rehabilitación y refuerzo. Informes de la Construcción, 63(523): 127-142. https://doi.org/10.3989/ic.10.016 Varum H., D. Silviera, C. Figeiredo, A. Costa. (2014). Structural Behaviour and Retrofitting of Adobe Masonry Buildings, Structural Rehabilitation of Old Buildings. Building Pathology and Rehabilitation. 2, 37-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39686-1_2 Varum h., Parisi F., Tarque N., Silveira D. (2021). Structural Characterization and Seismic Retrofitting of Adobe Constructions. Building Pathology and Rehabilitation. Volume 20. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74737-4 Vyncke J., L. Kupers, N. Denies. (2018). Earth as Building Material an overview of RILEM activities and recent Innovations in Geotechnics. In MATEC Web of Conferences. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902001 Yamín L. E., Phillips C., Reyes J. C., and Ruiz D. (2007). Estudios de vulnerabilidad sísmica, rehabilitación y refuerzo de casas en adobe y tapia pisada. Apuntes: Revista de Estudios Sobre Patrimonio Cultural, 20(2), 286-303. https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/handle/10554/23002 Yamín, L. E., Rodríguez, A. E., Fonseca, L. R., Reyes, J. C., and Phillips, C. A. (2003). Comportamiento sísmico y alternativas de rehabilitación de edificaciones en adobe y tapia pisada con base en modelos a escala reducida ensayados en mesa vibratoria. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de los Andes. https://ojsrevistaing.uniandes.edu.co/ojs/index.php/revista/article/view/492 Yamín L., Phillips C., Reyes J. C., Ruiz D. (2004). Seismic Behavior and Rehabilitation Alternatives for Adobe and Rammed-earth Buildings. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, August 1-6. Zavala C., Igarashi L. (2005). Propuesta de reforzamiento para muros de adobe. SismoAdobe2005: Arquitectura, Construcción y Conservación de Edificaciones de Tierra en Áreas Sísmicas. 2005. Zegarra L., San-Bartolome A., Quiun D. y Giesecke, A. (1997). Manual Técnico para el reforzamiento de las viviendas de adobe existentes en la costa y la sierra, Lima-Perú. https://www.preventionweb.net/files/7630_manualtecnico.pdf |
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Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacionalhttps://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/static/pdf/aceptacion_uso_es.pdfinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Reyes Ortíz, Juan Carlosvirtual::959-1Ruiz Valencia, Daniel Mauricio65f1eb3e-0f2b-4d33-a153-3700916e9aa5600Jerez Barbosa, Sandra RocíoBlondet Saavedra, MarcialTarque Ruiz, Sabino NicolaCorreal Daza, Juan Francisco JavierCentro de Investigación en Materiales y Obras Civiles (CIMOC)2023-06-06T16:35:33Z2023-06-06T16:35:33Z2023-06-02http://hdl.handle.net/1992/6721310.57784/1992/67213instname:Universidad de los Andesreponame:Repositorio Institucional Sénecarepourl:https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/Se presenta un documento con una evaluación experimental sobre el comportamiento sísmico de edificaciones en tierra de dos pisos con y sin refuerzo con placas de acero.The Spaniard colonizers of Latin America built constructions using earthen materials, and consequently, adobe and rammed earth became part of the cultural heritage of northern South America. However, these heritage structures have been deteriorating due to the inherent structural vulnerability, mainly caused by earthquakes and moisture. Previous earthquakes have shown that unreinforced earthen buildings are susceptible to seismic damage, resulting in heritage, economic, and human losses. In recent years, research has focused on seismic retrofitting alternatives that included confining wooden/steel elements, steel cables, tie beams, steel tensioners, internal reinforcements, mesh reinforcements, polypropylene bands, etc. Confinement of earthen walls with steel strips was proposed recently and consisted of structural steel plates (101.6 mm width and 6.35 mm thickness) installed on the inner and outer faces of earthen walls (vertically and horizontally) forming a grid. The A36 steel plates are separated a distance between 1000 mm and 1500 mm and are joined with through bolts spaced every 500 mm. Despite the advances in the steel plate retrofitting technique for earthen buildings, design equations are not available, and studies on two-story full-scale specimens are limited, particularly in Colombia. This is an important issue because a large percentage of historic earthen buildings in Colombia have two stories. Therefore, the effectiveness of retrofitting techniques for these cases is not well understood. To address this gap in knowledge, this research project tested large-scale two-story walls or segments retrofitted with steel plates using pseudo-static and dynamic (shake table test) load protocols in one and two directions, respectively. Despite the high variability involved in the mechanical properties of earthen materials and the uncertainty in the interaction between the steel plates and the rammed earth, an analytical model, and an empirical design equation (validated with experimental tests) were proposed to predict the flexural out-of-plane strength of reinforced earthen elements. Additionally, a full-scale two-story rammed-earth wall with openings (0.65 m thickness, 6.20 m height, and 5.95 m length) was subjected to cyclic in-plane shear loads with two MTS actuators. These actuators applied loads until the reparable damage threshold was reached, which corresponds to the point at which the resistance shown in the hysteresis loops began to decrease. Later, the wall was reinforced with steel plates, and the same test protocol was repeated. The experimental results suggested that the in-plane stiffness was restored, and the lateral load capacity was increased by about 200 % on average. Furthermore, the unreinforced wall had a drift capacity of 0.5 %, while the reinforced wall reached a maximum drift of 1.8 %. Finally, two 1:2 scale rammed earth walls (unreinforced and reinforced with steel strips) were tested on a bi-axial shaking table device (X and Y ground motions). Based on the experimental tests, the unreinforced wall presented irreparable damage and high residual drifts at acceleration levels corresponding to a return period of 475 years (PGAy=0.43g). In contrast, the reinforced wall had a better seismic performance with lower damage levels and was highly resilient, withstanding an earthquake greater than the one with a 2500 return period without collapsing (PGAy=0.76g). Therefore, the experimental research conducted suggests that the steel plates reinforcement technique improves the seismic performance of two-story heritage rammed-earth walls while reducing damage and protecting human lives. Confinement with steel plates also reduced early failures and permanent residual drifts, allowed a higher range of non-linear displacements, reduced cracks and damage, and improved out-of-plane stability.La construcción de los modelos experimentales y sus actividades conexas (materiales, prestación de servicios, instrumentación. etc.) así como el personal científico contratado fue financiado por MinCiencias, de conformidad con el contrato 510-2020. La investigación fue desarrollada por la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana y por la Universidad de los Andes quienes contribuyeron con recursos de laboratorio y tiempo de profesores e investigadores. La Vicerrectoría Académica de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana patrocinó el proyecto mediante el contrato DJE-004-2020.Doctor en IngenieríaDoctoradoEstructuras y modelos estructuralesMateriales116 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad de los AndesDoctorado en IngenieríaFacultad de IngenieríaDepartamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambientalhttps://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/static/pdf/aceptacion_uso_es.pdfSeismic retrofit of two-story earthen historic buildings using steel platesRehabilitación sísmica de edificaciones en tierra (patrimoniales) de dos niveles con platinas de aceroTrabajo de grado - Doctoradoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06Texthttps://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TDRammed earth wallHistoric buildingsCyclic testShear strengthFull-scale two-story earthen building testEarthen buildingsOut-of-plane strengthIngenieríaAcero E. (2012). Aproximación al comportamiento estructural de edificaciones en tierra de la arquitectura colonial. Consideraciones para el inventario de bienes del Ministerio de Cultura y la norma de sismo resistencia colombiana. Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional De Colombia.Albrecht P., Hall T. (2003). Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance of Structural Steels. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 15 Issue 1 Feb. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:1(2)AIS-Asociación Colombiana de Ingeniería Sísmica. (2004). Manual para la rehabilitación de viviendas construidas en adobe y tapia pisada [Manual for the rehabilitation of adobe and rammed-earth buildings].AIS-Asociación Colombiana de Ingeniería Sísmica. Reglamento colombiano de construcción sismo resistente NSR-10 [Colombian earthquake resistant construction regulation NSR-10]. 2010.AIS-Asociación Colombiana de Ingeniería Sísmica. (2017). 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Bogotá, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano.ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials. (2007). ASTM D422. Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils.ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials. (2017). ASTM D4318. Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils.ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials. (2017a). ASTM A370-17. Standard test methods and definitions for mechanical testing of steel products.Avila, F., Puertas, E., and Gallego, R. (2020). Characterization of the mechanical and physical properties of unstabilized rammed-earth: A review. Construction and Building Materials, V. 270, 121435.Barbacci N. (2020). Earthen Architecture Valorisation and Underestimation, The International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 44, no. M-1: 1073-1080.Battistelli A. (2005). Tecnología y patrimonio en tierra cruda en Colombia: El caso de Barichara en Santander. 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