Finite element analysis and optimization of an electric bicycle frame
This personal project investigates the failure mechanisms and structural integrity of a Colombian electric bicycle frame through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The primary objectives are to determine the cause of failure at a specific point in the frame, document operational and environmental condit...
- Autores:
-
Cadena Mora, Matías
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2024
- Institución:
- Universidad de los Andes
- Repositorio:
- Séneca: repositorio Uniandes
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.uniandes.edu.co:1992/74703
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/1992/74703
- Palabra clave:
- Ansys
Mecánica
Bicicleta
Elementos Finitos
FEA
Bicycle
Finite Element Analysis
Optimization
Ingeniería
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
| id |
UNIANDES2_0a6b3dd8a354bceacf91827d37041221 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.uniandes.edu.co:1992/74703 |
| network_acronym_str |
UNIANDES2 |
| network_name_str |
Séneca: repositorio Uniandes |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Finite element analysis and optimization of an electric bicycle frame |
| dc.title.alternative.spa.fl_str_mv |
Análisis de elementos finitos y optimización de un cuadro de bicicleta eléctrica |
| title |
Finite element analysis and optimization of an electric bicycle frame |
| spellingShingle |
Finite element analysis and optimization of an electric bicycle frame Ansys Mecánica Bicicleta Elementos Finitos FEA Bicycle Finite Element Analysis Optimization Ingeniería |
| title_short |
Finite element analysis and optimization of an electric bicycle frame |
| title_full |
Finite element analysis and optimization of an electric bicycle frame |
| title_fullStr |
Finite element analysis and optimization of an electric bicycle frame |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Finite element analysis and optimization of an electric bicycle frame |
| title_sort |
Finite element analysis and optimization of an electric bicycle frame |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Cadena Mora, Matías |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Casas Rodríguez, Juan Pablo |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Cadena Mora, Matías |
| dc.subject.keyword.spa.fl_str_mv |
Ansys Mecánica Bicicleta Elementos Finitos |
| topic |
Ansys Mecánica Bicicleta Elementos Finitos FEA Bicycle Finite Element Analysis Optimization Ingeniería |
| dc.subject.keyword.eng.fl_str_mv |
FEA Bicycle Finite Element Analysis Optimization |
| dc.subject.themes.spa.fl_str_mv |
Ingeniería |
| description |
This personal project investigates the failure mechanisms and structural integrity of a Colombian electric bicycle frame through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The primary objectives are to determine the cause of failure at a specific point in the frame, document operational and environmental conditions affecting its structural integrity, analyze the materials used in its manufacture, and evaluate the original design for potential deficiencies. The software used to carry out the analysis was ANSYS and the software used to create all the computer aided designs (CAD’s) was Autodesk Fusion 360. Simulations revealed that horizontal impact is a significant factor contributing to frame failure, with stress concentrations exceeding the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Operational conditions, such as weight distribution and impact scenarios, were documented, highlighting their impact on frame durability. Material analysis indicated that carbon steel AISI 1020, while generally within the elastic region under normal conditions, is prone to fatigue over time. The original design exhibited high-stress areas, particularly near the pedals and the seat joint, suggesting the need for redesign. Recommendations for improvement include reinforcing critical joints, optimizing material use, and eliminating unnecessary supports to reduce weight and enhance performance. An alternative design was proposed, incorporating insights from market research and advanced simulation data. The new design aims to provide a stronger, more reliable frame by addressing the identified weaknesses and leveraging topological optimization. Continued testing and refinement will ensure that the new frame design meets the highest standards of safety and functionality, offering riders a high-performance, durable product. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting bicycle frame integrity and proposes practical solutions for future design improvements. |
| publishDate |
2024 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-07-25T20:24:44Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-07-25T20:24:44Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-07-22 |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Pregrado |
| dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis |
| dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
| dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
| dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TP |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
| status_str |
acceptedVersion |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/1992/74703 |
| dc.identifier.instname.none.fl_str_mv |
instname:Universidad de los Andes |
| dc.identifier.reponame.none.fl_str_mv |
reponame:Repositorio Institucional Séneca |
| dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv |
repourl:https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/ |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/1992/74703 |
| identifier_str_mv |
instname:Universidad de los Andes reponame:Repositorio Institucional Séneca repourl:https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
K. Kuźma, K. Pyrek, W. Kocik, P. Kalinowski, and P. Kamiński, “Individual rail transport and the conception of a means of transport using a suspended railway track,” Min. - Inform. Autom. Electr. Eng., vol. 3 (539), p. 47, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.7494/miag.2019.3.539.47. C. McFadden, “The Long and Fascinating History of the Bicycle,” Interesting Engineering. Accessed: May 27, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://interestingengineering.com/lists/the-long-and-fascinating-history-of-the-bicycle “E-Bikes von Specialized und Scott - Alpbike.” Accessed: May 27, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.alpbike.at/bikes-zubehoer/e-bikes/ “BICICLETAS ELÉCTRICAS,” GUAJIRA. Accessed: May 27, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.guajirabikes.co Sarath, N. S. Daniel, and Jinuchandran, “Stress Analysis of Bicycle Frame using Different Materials by FEA,” 2021. Accessed: May 29, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Stress-Analysis-of-Bicycle-Frame-using-Different-by-Sarath-Daniel/2faa6c3c2045dce171e55f1bb41c075792167571 “Pedaling Force | Physical Cycling.” Accessed: May 29, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://physicalcycling.com/pedaling-force/ Y. Hu, Y. Xiao, W. Shang, and J. Zhang, “Effect of fibre direction and stacking sequence on dynamic impact performance of composite bicycle frame,” Int. J. Crashworthiness, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 556–564, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1080/13588265.2017.1286934. P. D. Soden and B. Adeyefa, “Forces applied to a bicycle during normal cycling,” J. Biomech., vol. 12, pp. 527–41, Feb. 1979, doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(79)90041-1. “Standard Test Methods for Bicycle Frames.” Accessed: May 31, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.astm.org/f2711-19.html D. Covill, P. Allard, J.-M. Drouet, and N. Emerson, “An Assessment of Bicycle Frame Behaviour under Various Load Conditions Using Numerical Simulations,” Procedia Eng., vol. 147, pp. 665–670, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.269. B. B. Devaiah, R. Purohit, R. S. Rana, and V. Parashar, “Stress Analysis of A Bicycle Frame,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 5, no. 9, Part 3, pp. 18920–18926, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.241. D. Covill, S. Begg, E. Elton, M. Milne, R. Morris, and T. Katz, “Parametric Finite Element Analysis of Bicycle Frame Geometries,” Procedia Eng., vol. 72, pp. 441–446, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.077. D. Satrijo, O. Kurdi, and S. Wijaya, Static Linear Stress Analysis of Road Bike Frame Design Using Finite Element Method. 2022. doi: 10.2991/aer.k.220131.065. A. G. Kitselis, C. S. Nikolakea, and D. E. Manolakos, “The Design Process of an Optimized Road Racing Bicycle Frame,” Machines, vol. 10, no. 2, Art. no. 2, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/machines10020149. P. D. Soden and B. Adeyefa, “Forces applied to a bicycle during normal cycling,” J. Biomech., vol. 12, pp. 527–41, Feb. 1979, doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(79)90041-1. |
| dc.rights.en.fl_str_mv |
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International |
| dc.rights.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv |
32 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidad de los Andes |
| dc.publisher.program.none.fl_str_mv |
Ingeniería Mecánica |
| dc.publisher.faculty.none.fl_str_mv |
Facultad de Educación |
| dc.publisher.department.none.fl_str_mv |
Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica |
| publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidad de los Andes |
| institution |
Universidad de los Andes |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/74ee827f-34f8-4862-a487-03d86432f94f/download https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/502be3e1-d350-4c91-bd5d-9ed539c6dfd9/download https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/94109c78-0b72-4d4f-a47d-87b3fa5a485a/download https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/4e04f0f7-4e1a-4859-b4bb-357d91650d16/download https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/c48f2eec-2daa-475d-8778-a483f71617d0/download https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/9f437336-1d37-4abc-9dbe-c654e62617fd/download https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/1158d0d0-6cd9-484c-9567-27b8de28f4e0/download https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/9d66bf6d-bc19-494f-9f93-14aba86b4429/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
a3ec1b11f1a30e676d6359b99542b804 093671bc5e0b3b46842ee24916b7a7c2 ae9e573a68e7f92501b6913cc846c39f 4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347 d6d583c7f9e203b3f88fd2aad03c3f2c 0c4e18bc50c3632118d2e5449080c5d9 a760983d3051a1b7c9b2d52ecae0190f ad601e45ea1469f32f79b43b52067743 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio institucional Séneca |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
adminrepositorio@uniandes.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1812133992890105856 |
| spelling |
Al consultar y hacer uso de este recurso, está aceptando las condiciones de uso establecidas por los autoresAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Casas Rodríguez, Juan Pablovirtual::19237-1Cadena Mora, Matías2024-07-25T20:24:44Z2024-07-25T20:24:44Z2024-07-22https://hdl.handle.net/1992/74703instname:Universidad de los Andesreponame:Repositorio Institucional Sénecarepourl:https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/This personal project investigates the failure mechanisms and structural integrity of a Colombian electric bicycle frame through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The primary objectives are to determine the cause of failure at a specific point in the frame, document operational and environmental conditions affecting its structural integrity, analyze the materials used in its manufacture, and evaluate the original design for potential deficiencies. The software used to carry out the analysis was ANSYS and the software used to create all the computer aided designs (CAD’s) was Autodesk Fusion 360. Simulations revealed that horizontal impact is a significant factor contributing to frame failure, with stress concentrations exceeding the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Operational conditions, such as weight distribution and impact scenarios, were documented, highlighting their impact on frame durability. Material analysis indicated that carbon steel AISI 1020, while generally within the elastic region under normal conditions, is prone to fatigue over time. The original design exhibited high-stress areas, particularly near the pedals and the seat joint, suggesting the need for redesign. Recommendations for improvement include reinforcing critical joints, optimizing material use, and eliminating unnecessary supports to reduce weight and enhance performance. An alternative design was proposed, incorporating insights from market research and advanced simulation data. The new design aims to provide a stronger, more reliable frame by addressing the identified weaknesses and leveraging topological optimization. Continued testing and refinement will ensure that the new frame design meets the highest standards of safety and functionality, offering riders a high-performance, durable product. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting bicycle frame integrity and proposes practical solutions for future design improvements.Pregrado32 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad de los AndesIngeniería MecánicaFacultad de EducaciónDepartamento de Ingeniería MecánicaFinite element analysis and optimization of an electric bicycle frameAnálisis de elementos finitos y optimización de un cuadro de bicicleta eléctricaTrabajo de grado - Pregradoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fTexthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TPAnsysMecánicaBicicletaElementos FinitosFEABicycleFinite Element AnalysisOptimizationIngenieríaK. Kuźma, K. Pyrek, W. Kocik, P. Kalinowski, and P. Kamiński, “Individual rail transport and the conception of a means of transport using a suspended railway track,” Min. - Inform. Autom. Electr. Eng., vol. 3 (539), p. 47, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.7494/miag.2019.3.539.47.C. McFadden, “The Long and Fascinating History of the Bicycle,” Interesting Engineering. Accessed: May 27, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://interestingengineering.com/lists/the-long-and-fascinating-history-of-the-bicycle“E-Bikes von Specialized und Scott - Alpbike.” Accessed: May 27, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.alpbike.at/bikes-zubehoer/e-bikes/“BICICLETAS ELÉCTRICAS,” GUAJIRA. Accessed: May 27, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.guajirabikes.coSarath, N. S. Daniel, and Jinuchandran, “Stress Analysis of Bicycle Frame using Different Materials by FEA,” 2021. Accessed: May 29, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Stress-Analysis-of-Bicycle-Frame-using-Different-by-Sarath-Daniel/2faa6c3c2045dce171e55f1bb41c075792167571“Pedaling Force | Physical Cycling.” Accessed: May 29, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://physicalcycling.com/pedaling-force/Y. Hu, Y. Xiao, W. Shang, and J. Zhang, “Effect of fibre direction and stacking sequence on dynamic impact performance of composite bicycle frame,” Int. J. Crashworthiness, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 556–564, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1080/13588265.2017.1286934.P. D. Soden and B. Adeyefa, “Forces applied to a bicycle during normal cycling,” J. Biomech., vol. 12, pp. 527–41, Feb. 1979, doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(79)90041-1.“Standard Test Methods for Bicycle Frames.” Accessed: May 31, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.astm.org/f2711-19.htmlD. Covill, P. Allard, J.-M. Drouet, and N. Emerson, “An Assessment of Bicycle Frame Behaviour under Various Load Conditions Using Numerical Simulations,” Procedia Eng., vol. 147, pp. 665–670, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.269.B. B. Devaiah, R. Purohit, R. S. Rana, and V. Parashar, “Stress Analysis of A Bicycle Frame,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 5, no. 9, Part 3, pp. 18920–18926, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.241.D. Covill, S. Begg, E. Elton, M. Milne, R. Morris, and T. Katz, “Parametric Finite Element Analysis of Bicycle Frame Geometries,” Procedia Eng., vol. 72, pp. 441–446, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.077.D. Satrijo, O. Kurdi, and S. Wijaya, Static Linear Stress Analysis of Road Bike Frame Design Using Finite Element Method. 2022. doi: 10.2991/aer.k.220131.065.A. G. Kitselis, C. S. Nikolakea, and D. E. Manolakos, “The Design Process of an Optimized Road Racing Bicycle Frame,” Machines, vol. 10, no. 2, Art. no. 2, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/machines10020149.P. D. Soden and B. Adeyefa, “Forces applied to a bicycle during normal cycling,” J. Biomech., vol. 12, pp. 527–41, Feb. 1979, doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(79)90041-1.201920779Publicationhttps://scholar.google.es/citations?user=FhpNaxkAAAAJvirtual::19237-10000-0003-3134-823Xvirtual::19237-1https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000278483virtual::19237-1429bc57d-8f49-47a2-ad42-ba99a44b4693virtual::19237-1429bc57d-8f49-47a2-ad42-ba99a44b4693virtual::19237-1ORIGINALautorizacion tesis.pdfautorizacion tesis.pdfHIDEapplication/pdf477874https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/74ee827f-34f8-4862-a487-03d86432f94f/downloada3ec1b11f1a30e676d6359b99542b804MD51Finite Element Analysis and Optimization of an Electric Bicycle Frame.pdfFinite Element Analysis and Optimization of an Electric Bicycle Frame.pdfapplication/pdf2296467https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/502be3e1-d350-4c91-bd5d-9ed539c6dfd9/download093671bc5e0b3b46842ee24916b7a7c2MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-82535https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/94109c78-0b72-4d4f-a47d-87b3fa5a485a/downloadae9e573a68e7f92501b6913cc846c39fMD54CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/4e04f0f7-4e1a-4859-b4bb-357d91650d16/download4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD55TEXTautorizacion tesis.pdf.txtautorizacion tesis.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain1977https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/c48f2eec-2daa-475d-8778-a483f71617d0/downloadd6d583c7f9e203b3f88fd2aad03c3f2cMD56Finite Element Analysis and Optimization of an Electric Bicycle Frame.pdf.txtFinite Element Analysis and Optimization of an Electric Bicycle Frame.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain56170https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/9f437336-1d37-4abc-9dbe-c654e62617fd/download0c4e18bc50c3632118d2e5449080c5d9MD58THUMBNAILautorizacion tesis.pdf.jpgautorizacion tesis.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg10919https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/1158d0d0-6cd9-484c-9567-27b8de28f4e0/downloada760983d3051a1b7c9b2d52ecae0190fMD57Finite Element Analysis and Optimization of an Electric Bicycle Frame.pdf.jpgFinite Element Analysis and Optimization of an Electric Bicycle Frame.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg6650https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstreams/9d66bf6d-bc19-494f-9f93-14aba86b4429/downloadad601e45ea1469f32f79b43b52067743MD591992/74703oai:repositorio.uniandes.edu.co:1992/747032024-09-12 16:24:42.935http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalopen.accesshttps://repositorio.uniandes.edu.coRepositorio institucional Sénecaadminrepositorio@uniandes.edu.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 |