Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve.

• Autores: Vos, Theo; Lim, Stephen S.; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbas, Kaja M.; Abbasi, Mohammad; Abbasifard, Mitra; Abbasi Kangevari, Mohsen; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd Allah, Foad; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdollahi, Mohammad; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Abolhassani, Hassan; Aboyans, Victor; Abrams, Elissa M.; Abreu, Lucas Guimarães; Abrigo, Michael R. M.; Abu Raddad, Laith Jamal; Abushouk, Abdelrahman I.; Acebedo, Alyssa; Ackerman, Ilana N.; Adabi, Maryam; Adamu, Abdu A.; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adelson, Jaimie D.; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.; Adham, Davoud; Afshari, Mahdi; Afshin, Ashkan; Agardh, Emilie E.; Agarwal, Gina; Agesa, Kareha M.; Aghaali, Mohammad; Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem; Agrawal, Anurag; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmadi, Alireza; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Ahmadieh, Hamid; Ahmadpour, Ehsan; Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie; Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola; Akinyemiju, Tomi; Akombi, Blessing; Al Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alam, Noore; Alam, Samiah; Alam, Tahiya; Alanzi, Turki M.; Albertson, Samuel B.; Alcalde Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth; Alema, Niguse Meles; Ali, Muhammad; Ali, Saqib; Alicandro, Gianfranco; Alijanzadeh, Mehran; Alinia, Cyrus; Alipour, Vahid; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alla, François; Allebeck, Peter; Almasi Hashiani, Amir; Alonso, Jordi; Al Raddadi, Rajaa M.; Altirkawi, Khalid A.; Alvis Guzman, Nelson; Alvis Zakzuk, Nelson J.; Amini, Saeed; Amini Rarani, Mostafa; Aminorroaya, Arya; Amiri, Fatemeh; Amit, Arianna Maever L.; Amugsi, Dickson A.; Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera; Anderlini, Deanna; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Andrei, Tudorel; Anjomshoa, Mina; Ansari, Fereshteh; Ansari, Iman; Ansari Moghaddam, Alireza; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Antony, Catherine M.; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Anvari, Davood; Anwer, Razique; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab Zozani, Morteza; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.; Ariani, Filippo; Ärnlöv, Johan; Aryal, Krishna K.; Arzani, Afsaneh; Asadi Aliabadi, Mehran; Asadi Pooya, Ali A.; Asghari, Babak; Ashbaugh, Charlie; Atnafu, Desta Debalkie; Atre, Sachin R.; Ausloos, Floriane; Ausloos, Marcel; Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina; Ayano, Getinet; Ayanore, Martin Amogre; Aynalem, Yared Asmare; Azari, Samad; Azarian, Ghasem; Azene, Zelalem Nigussie; Babaee, Ebrahim; Badawi, Alaa; Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba; Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein; Bakhtiari, Ahad; Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar; Balalla, Shivanthi; Balassyano, Shelly; Banach, Maciej; Banik, Palash Chandra; Bannick, Marlena S.; Bante, Agegnehu Bante; Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher; Barboza, Miguel A.; Barker Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Barthelemy, Celine M.; Barua, Lingkan; Barzegar, Akbar; Basu, Sanjay; Baune, Bernhard T.; Bayati, Mohsen; Bazmandegan, Gholamreza; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Béjot, Yannick; Bello, Aminu K.|; Bender, Rose G.; Bennett, Derrick A.; Bennitt, Fiona B.; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Benziger, Catherine P.; Berhe, Kidanemaryam; Bernabe, Eduardo; Bertolacci, Gregory J.; Bhageerathy, Reshmi; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhandari, Dinesh; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Bibi, Sadia; Biehl, Molly H.; Bikbov, Boris; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat; Biondi, Antonio; Birihane, Binyam Minuye; Bisanzio, Donal; Bisignano, Catherine; Biswas, Raaj Kishore; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Bohluli, Mehdi; Bolla, Srinivasa Rao Rao; Boloor, Archith; Boon Dooley, Alexandra S.; Borges, Guilherme; Borzì, Antonio Maria; Bourne, Rupert; Brady, Oliver J.; Brauer, Michael; Brayne, Carol; Breitborde, Nicholas J. K.; Brenner, Hermann; Briant, Paul Svitil; Briggs, Andrew M.; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Britton, Gabrielle B.; Bryazka, Dana; Buchbinder, Rachelle; Bumgarner, Blair R.; Busse, Reinhard; Butt, Zahid A.; Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano; Cámera, Luis LA Alberto; Campos Nonato, Ismael R.; Car, Josip; Cárdenas, Rosario; Carreras, Giulia; Carrero, Juan J.; Carvalho, Felix; Castaldelli Maia, Joao Mauricio; Castañeda Orjuela, Carlos A.; Castelpietra, Giulio; Castle, Chris D.; Castro, Franz; Catalá López, Ferrán; Causey, Kate; Cederroth, Christopher R.; Cercy, Kelly M.; Cerin, Ester; Chandan, Joht Singh; Chang, Alex R.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chaturvedi, Sarika; Chimed Ochir, Odgerel; Chin, Ken Lee; Cho, Daniel Youngwhan; Christensen, Hanne; Chu, Dinh Toi; Chung, Michael T.; Cicuttini, Flavia M.; Ciobanu, Liliana G.; Cirillo, Massimo; Collins, Emma L.; Compton, Kelly; Conti, Sara; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Costa, Vera Marisa; Cousin, Ewerton; Cowden, Richard G.; Cowie, Benjamin C.; Cromwell, Elizabeth A.; Cross, Di H.; Crowe, Christopher Stephen; Cruz, Jessica A.; Cunningham, Matthew; Dahlawi, Saad M. A.; Damiani, Giovanni; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Daryani, Ahmad; Das Gupta, Rajat; das Neves, José; Dávila Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Davletov, Kairat; De Leo, Diego; Dean, Frances E.; DeCleene, Nicole K.; Deen, Amanda; Degenhardt, Louisa; Dellavalle, Robert Paul; Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen; Demsie, Desalegn Getnet; Denova Gutiérrez, Edgar; Dereje, Nebiyu Dereje; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Desai, Rupak; Desalew, Assefa; Dessie, Getenet Ayalew; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dhungana, Govinda Prasad; Dianatinasab, Mostafa; Diaz, Daniel; Dibaji Forooshani, Zahra Sadat; Dingels, Zachary V.; Dirac, M. Ashworth; Djalalinia, Shirin; Do, Hoa Thi; Dokova, Klara; Dorostkar, Fariba; Doshi, Chirag P.; Doshmangir, Leila; Douiri, Abdel; Doxey, Matthew C.; Driscoll, Tim Robert; Dunachie, Susanna J.; Duncan, Bruce B.; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Eagan, Arielle Wilder; Ebrahimi Kalan, Mohammad; Edvardsson, David; Ehrlich, Joshua R.; El Nahas, Nevine; El Sayed, Iman; El Tantawi, Maha; Elbarazi, Iffat; Elgendy, Islam Y.; Elhabashy, Hala Rashad; El Jaafary, Shaimaa I.; Elyazar, Iqbal RF; Emamian, Mohammad Hassan; Emmons Bell, Sophia; Erskine, Holly E.; Eshrati, Babak; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esmaeilnejad, Saman; Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz; Esteghamati, Alireza; Estep, Kara; Etemadi, Arash; Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas; Farahmand, Mohammad; Faraj, Anwar; Fareed, Mohammad; Faridnia, Roghiyeh; Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá; Farioli, Andrea; Faro, Andre; Faruque, Mithila; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fattahi, Nazir; Fazlzadeh, Mehdi; Feigin, Valery L.; Feldman, Rachel; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Ferrari, Alize J.; Ferreira, Manuela L.; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fisher, James L.; Fitzgerald, Ryan; Flohr, Carsten; Flor, Luisa Sorio; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Force, Lisa M.; Fornari, Carla; Foroutan, Masoud; Fox, Jack T.; Freitas, Marisa; Fu, Weijia; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Furtado, João M.; Gad, Mohamed M.; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Galles, Natalie C.; Gallus, Silvano; Gamkrelidze, Amiran; Garcia Basteiro, Alberto L.; Gardner, William M.; Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle; Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen; Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork; Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew; Gershberg Hayoon, Anna; Gething, Peter W.; Ghadimi, Maryam; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Ghajar, Alireza; Ghamari, Farhad; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Ghiasvand, Hesam; Ghith, Nermin; Gholamian, Asadollah; Gilani, Syed Amir; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan; Giussani, Giorgia; Goli, Srinivas; Gomez, Ricardo Santiago; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Gorini, Giuseppe; Gorman, Taren M.; Gottlich, Harrison Chase; Goudarzi, Houman; Goulart, Alessandra C.; Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia; Grada, Ayman; Grivna, Michal; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena; Guimarães, Rafael Alves; Guled, Rashid Abdi; Guo, Gaorui; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rajeev; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Haddock, Beatrix; Hafezi Nejad, Nima; Hafiz, Abdul; Hagins, Hailey; Haile, Lydia M.; Hall, Brian J.; Halvaei, Iman; Hamadeh, Randah R.; Hamagharib Abdullah, Kanaan; Hamilton, Erin B.; Han, Chieh; Han, Hannah; Hankey, Graeme J.; Haro, Josep Maria; Harvey, James D.; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Hasanzadeh, Amir; Hashemian, Maryam; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassankhani, Hadi; Havmoeller, Rasmus J.; Hay, Roderick J.; Hay, Simon I.; Hayat, Khezar; Heidari, Behnam; Heidari, Golnaz; Heidari Soureshjani, Reza; Hendrie, Delia; Henrikson, Hannah J.; Henry, Nathaniel J.; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Fatemeh; Hird, Thomas R.; Hoek, Hans W.; Hole, Michael K.; Holla, Ramesh; Hoogar, Praveen; Hosgood, H. Dean; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Househ, Mowafa; Hoy, Damian G.; Hsairi, Mohamed; Hsieh, Vivian Chia rong; Hu, Guoqing; Huda, Tanvir M.; Hugo, Fernando N.; Huynh, Chantal K.; Hwang, Bing Fang; Iannucci, Vincent C.; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ikuta, Kevin S.; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja; Ippolito, Helen; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Islam, M. Mofizul; Islam, MdMohaimenul; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islami, Farhad; Iso, Hiroyasu; Ivers, Rebecca Q.; Iwu, Chidozie C. D.; Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi; Jaafari, Jalil; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jadidi Niaragh, Farhad; Jafari, Hussain; Jafarinia, Morteza; Jahagirdar, Deepa; Jahani, Mohammad Ali; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jalali, Amir; Jalilian, Farzad; James, Spencer L.; Janjani, Hosna; Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jenabi, Ensiyeh; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S.; Jia, Peng; John, Oommen; John Akinola, Yetunde O.; Johnson, Catherine Owens; Johnson, Sarah Charlotte; Jonas, Jost B.; Joo, Tamas; Joshi, Ankur; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jürisson, Mikk; Kabir, Ali; Kabir, Zubair; Kalani, Hamed; Kalani, Rizwan; Kalankesh, Leila R.; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kamiab, Zahra; Kanchan, Tanuj; Karami Matin, Behzad; Karch, André; Karim, Mohd Anisul; Karimi, Salah Eddin; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kawakami, Norito; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Keddie, Suzanne H.; Keller, Cathleen; Kereselidze, Maia; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khalid, Nauman; Khan, Maseer; Khatab, Khaled; Khater, Mona M.; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli; Khayamzadeh, Maryam; Khodayari, Mohammad Taghi; Khundkar, Roba; Kianipour, Neda; Kieling, Christian; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Young Eun; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kissimova Skarbek, Katarzyna; Kivimäki, Mika; Kneib, Cameron J.; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Kocarnik, Jonathan M.; Kolola, Tufa; Kopec, Jacek A.; Kosen, Soewarta; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Koyanagi, Ai; Kravchenko, Michael A.; Krishan, Kewal; Krohn, Kris J.; Kuate Defo, Barthelemy; Kucuk Bicer, Burcu; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kumar, Pushpendra; Kumar, Vivek; Kumaresh, Girikumar; Kurmi, Om P.; Kusuma, Dian; Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lacey, Ben; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lam, Jennifer O.; Lami, Faris Hasan; Landires, Iván; Lang, Justin J.; Lansingh, Van Charles; Larson, Samantha Leigh; Larsson, Anders O.; Lasrado, Savita; Lassi, Zohra S.; Lau, Kathryn Mei Ming; Lavados, Pablo M.; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Ledesma, Jorge R.; Lee, Paul H.; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; LeGrand, Kate E.; Leigh, James; Leonardi, Matilde; Lescinsky, Haley; Leung, Janni; Levi, Miriam; Lewington, Sarah; Li, Shanshan; Lim, Lee Ling; Lin, Christine; Lin, Ro Ting; Linehan, Christine; Linn, Shai; Liu, Hung Chun; Liu, Shiwei; Liu, Zichen; Looker, Katharine J.; Lopez, Alan D.; Lopukhov, Platon D.; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lucas, Tim C. D.; Lugo, Alessandra; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Lyons, Ronan A.; Ma, Jianing; MacLachlan, Jennifer H.; Maddison, Emilie R.; Maddison, Ralph; Madotto, Fabiana; Mahasha, Phetole Walter; Mai, Hue Thi; Majeed, Azeem; Maled, Venkatesh; Maleki, Shokofeh; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A.; Manafi, Amir; Manafi, Navid; Manguerra, Helena; Mansouri, Borhan; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mantilla Herrera, Ana M.; Maravilla, Joemer C.; Marks, Ashley; Martins Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio; Martopullo, Ira; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra; Massano, João; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Mathur, Manu Raj; Maulik, Pallab K.; McAlinden, Colm; McGrath, John J.; McKee, Martin; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Mehri, Fereshteh; Mehta, Kala M.; Meitei, Wahengbam Bigyananda; Memiah, Peter T. N.; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku; Mengesha, Meresa Berwo; Mereke, Alibek; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Michalek, Irmina Maria; Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu; Miller, Ted R.; Mills, Edward J.; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirzaei, Maryam; Mirzaei Alavijeh, Mehdi; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Mithra, Prasanna; Moazen, Babak; Moghadaszadeh, Masoud; Mohamadi, Efat; Mohammad, Dara K.; Mohammad, Yousef; Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser; Mohammadian Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadpourhodki, Reza; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mokdad, Ali H.; Molokhia, Mariam; Momen, Natalie C.; Monasta, Lorenzo; Mondello, Stefania; Mooney, Meghan D.; Moosazadeh, Mahmood; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Masoud; Moradi Lakeh, Maziar; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah; Moraga, Paula; Morales, Linda; Morawska, Lidia; Moreno Velásquez, Ilais; Morgado da Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosser, Jonathan F.; Mouodi, Simin; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Munro, Sandra B.; Muriithi, Moses K.; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Naderi, Mehdi; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagel, Gabriele; Naghshtabrizi, Behshad; Nair, Sanjeev; Nandi, Anita K.; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Nayak, Vinod C.; Nazari, Javad; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Netsere, Henok Biresaw Netsere; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Nguyen, Cuong Tat; Nguyen, Jason; Nguyen, Michele; Nguyen, Minh; Nichols, Emma; Nigatu, Dabere; Nigatu, Yeshambel T.; Nikbakhsh, Rajan; Nixon, Molly R.; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Nomura, Shuhei; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nowak, Christoph; Nunez Samudio, Virginia; Oţoiu, Adrian; Oancea, Bogdan; Odell, Christopher M.; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oh, In Hwan; Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera; Oladnabi, Morteza; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike; Omar Bali, Ahmed; Omer, Muktar Omer; Ong, Kanyin L.; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Orji, Aislyn U.; Orpana, Heather M.; Ortiz, Alberto; Ostroff, Samuel M.; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Øverland, Simon; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; P. A., Mahesh; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Pakhare, Abhijit P.; Palladino, Raffaele; Pana, Adrian; Panda Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Anamika; Park, Eun Kee; Parmar, Priya G. Kumari; Pasupula, Deepak Kumar; Patel, Sangram Kishor; Paternina Caicedo, Angel J.; Pathak, Ashish; Pathak, Mona; Patten, Scott B.; Patton, George C.; Paudel, Deepak; Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza; Peden, Amy E.; Pennini, Alyssa; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Peprah, Emmanuel K.; Pereira, Alexandre; Pereira, David M.; Perico, Norberto; Pham, Hai Quang; Phillips, Michael R.; Pigott, David M.; Pilgrim, Thomas; Pilz, Tessa M.; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Plana Ripoll, Oleguer; Plass, Dietrich; Pokhrel, Khem Narayan; Polibin, Roman V.; Polinder, Suzanne; Polkinghorne, Kevan R.; Postma, Maarten J.; Pourjafar, Hadi; Pourmalek, Farshad; Pourmirza Kalhori, Reza; Pourshams, Akram; Poznańska, Anna; Prada, Sergio I.; Prakash, V.; Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga; Pupillo, Elisabetta; Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin; Rabiee, Mohammad; Rabiee, Navid; Radfar, Amir; Rafiee, Ata; Rafiei, Alireza; Raggi, Alberto; Rahimi Movaghar, Afarin; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rajabpour Sanati, Ali; Rajati, Fatemeh; Ramezanzadeh, Kiana; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Rao, Puja C.; Rao, Sowmya J.; Rasella, Davide; Rastogi, Prateek; Rathi, Priya; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Rawal, Lal; Razo, Christian; Redford, Sofia Boston; Reiner, Robert C.; Reinig, Nickolas; Reitsma, Marissa Bettay; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renjith, Vishnu; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Nima; Rezai, Mohammad sadegh; Rezapour, Aziz; Rhinehart, Phoebe Anne; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P.; Ribeiro, Daniel Cury; Ribeiro, Daniela; Rickard, Jennifer; Roberts, Nicholas L. S.|; Roberts, Shaun; Robinson, Stephen R.; Roever, Leonardo; Rolfe, Sam; Ronfani, Luca; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Roth, Gregory A.; Rubagotti, Enrico; Rumisha, Susan Fred; Sabour, Siamak; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Sadeghi, Masoumeh; Saeidi, Shahram; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sajadi, S. Mohammad; Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza; Salamati, Payman; Salehi Zahabi, Saleh; Salem, Hosni; Salem, Marwa R. 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• Tipo de recurso: Article of journal
• Fecha de publicación: 2021
• Institución: Universidad El Bosque
• Repositorio: Repositorio U. El Bosque
• Idioma: eng
• OAI Identifier: oai:repositorio.unbosque.edu.co:20.500.12495/5478
• Acceso en línea: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12495/5478; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9
• Palabra clave: Mortality rate; Global health; Life expectancy
• Rights: openAccess
• License: Attribution 4.0 International